(新高考)高考英语二轮复习课时精炼考向44 概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义(解析版)

考向44概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文的篇章结构。根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。[提醒]一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息·明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。例如：eq\a\vs4\al(Don'tforgettheclock)—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeq\a\vs4\al(eatslowly)tendtoeq\a\vs4\al(consume)about70eq\a\vs4\al(fewercalories)(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.eq\a\vs4\al(Beginkeepingtrackofthetime)，andtrytoeq\a\vs4\al(makedinnerlastatleast30minutes).Andwhileyou'reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.(画线部分为主题句)本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Recordthetimeandsetdinnertimeforhalfanhouraseatingslowlyhelpstakeinlesscalories.第三步：归纳要点合理转换表达明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。转换表达注意遵循2个原则①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。例如：Yourhousemayhaveaneq\a\vs4\al(effect)onyoureq\a\vs4\al(figure).Expertssaythewayyoueq\a\vs4\al(design)youreq\a\vs4\al(home)couldeq\a\vs4\al(playarolein)whetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomeeq\a\vs4\al(ways)toturnyoureq\a\vs4\al(home)intopartofyoureq\a\vs4\al(diet)plan.(画线句为主题句)主题句关键词如画线所示：The_wayyoudesignyourhomemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips;Thewayyoudesignyourhome改为Howtohaveyourhomedesigned。主题句转换为Howtohaveyourhomedesignedaffectsyourfigure.Belowaretipstodesignyourhometohelpdiet.第四步：句式多样注意过渡衔接在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。【策略演示】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018年11月，浙江卷)It'sareallyeq\a\vs4\al(goodidea)toeq\a\vs4\al(visitcolleges)beforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyifeq\a\vs4\al(theschoolsyouareapplyingto)eq\a\vs4\al(happentobemorethanacarrideaway).Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'seq\a\vs4\al(noexcuse)nottoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)inyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,eq\a\vs4\al(gotocheckitout)！Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldeq\a\vs4\al(findsometime)betweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstoeq\a\vs4\al(visit)theeq\a\vs4\al(schools)you'dliketoattend.It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,theneq\a\vs4\al(checkout)theeq\a\vs4\al(onlinecollegefairs)atCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顾问),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【思路点拨】第1步读懂原文，明确篇章结构原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳为3个要点。第2步去次留精，提炼关键信息本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现，其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信息。第3步归纳要点，合理转换表达采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“goodidea”可用wisechoice转述；“inyourlocalarea”可转换为whereyoulive。②第三段主题句可概括为要点2:该要点中的“visitingandseeingforyourself”可转换为payapersonalvisit。③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“timeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible”可转换为alltheaboveisnotaffordable。第4步句式多样，注意过渡衔接句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。【参考范文】Asasenioryearstudent,it'sawisechoicetovisitwould­becollegesnearwhereyoulivebeforeattendingthemforseeingisbelieving.(要点1)Youshouldfindachancetopayapersonalvisitevenatyourwaitingincaseyoufeeldisappointedafterwards.(要点2)Ifalltheaboveisnotaffordable,youareadvisedtosearchtheonlinecollegefairatCollegeWeekLivewhereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.(要点3)【检测训练】1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Choosingtherightcollegecanbeadifficulttask.Therearethousandsofcollegesanduniversitiesforyoutochoosefromandmanyareworthyofbeingconsidered.Foreachpotentialcollege,findoutthesuccessrateofstudents'gettingtheirjobs,especiallythoserelatedtoyourmajors.Herearesomestrategies（策略）foryoutomaketherightchoice.Collegeswhichofferpracticeinsomeofthefieldsareworthyofyourattention.Itcanprovideyouwithalargeamountofinformationonjobhunting.Companiesoftenpreferemployeesthatperformwell.Practicegivesyouthevaluableexperienceandnecessaryopportunities.Somepracticalskillsthatyoulearnwillreallyprepareyourselfforthecertainjobs.Besides,choosingacollegethathasteachermemberswithgoodreputationsintheirfieldscanalsobeveryusefulsincetheseteachermemberscanprovideyouwithstepsintotheworkingworldbypractice.Schoolrankingsandanationalreputationofacademicsuccessareoftentheimportantfactors（因素）foryourpotentialemployers.ThistypeofinformationcanbefoundeasilyontheInternetandinmagazines.Totheemployers,graduatesfromhighrankingcollegesareoftenconsideredmorereliable.Theyhaveastrongerabilitytolearnandaremorelikelytocreatewealthforthecompany.Sometimesitcanevenbeamoreimportantfactorinlookingforajobthantheactualqualityofeducationthecollegeprovides.Afternarrowingdownyourchoicestoafewcolleges,it'stimetovisitthem.Takingalookatthecampus（校园）canchangeyourattitudetoaparticularschool.Planyourtourandthendosomeresearchonyourown.Itisalsoimportanttotalktoasmanystudentsasyoucanandfindoutifearningadegreefromtheschoolishelpfulingettingajob.Meanwhile,youcanspeaktothestudentsinthemajorsyou'reconsideringtoknowwhatthecoursesarelike,whatyou'lllearn,andwhatyourexpectedoutcomewillbe.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Challengingasitistochooseanidealcollege,there’resometipsthatmayhelp.(要点1)First,collegesthatprovidepracticeandhavedistinguishedteachersincertainfieldsareworthconsidering.(要点2)Second,it’sadvisabletosearchforacademicrankingsandreputation,whichyourfutureemployersmaycareabout.(要点3)Afteryouhavecandidates,visitthemandenquiremoreofrelatedstudents.(要点4)【写作分析】这是一篇议论文，文章就如何选择一个好的大学给出几点建议。【写作步骤】第一步：概括每个段落的大意第一段主要说明了选择一个理想的大学是一个挑战，会影响到未来的工作，所以作者给出几点选择大学的建议。可以用Challengingasitistochooseanidealcollege,there’resometipsthatmayhelp.表示。第二段给出第一个建议，第一句就给出了主旨句子Collegeswhichofferpracticeinsomeofthefieldsareworthyofyourattention提供实践经验的大学值得考虑，后文又说到choosingacollegethathasteachermemberswithgoodreputationsintheirfieldscanalsobeveryuseful，选择一个有好的老师，老师的名声不错的学校也是有用的。即collegesthatprovidepracticeandhavedistinguishedteachersincertainfieldsareworthconsidering.。第三段给出第二个建议：Schoolrankingsandanationalreputationofacademicsuccessareoftentheimportantfactors（因素）foryourpotentialemployers.学校的等级和学术成功通常也是潜在雇主考虑的重要因素。即Second,it’sadvisabletosearchforacademicrankingsandreputation,whichyourfutureemployersmaycareabout.第四段给出第三个建议：Afternarrowingdownyourchoicestoafewcolleges,it'stimetovisitthem.在缩小大学的选择时，是时候去参观大学了，后文接着说Itisalsoimportanttotalktoasmanystudentsasyoucanandfindoutifearningadegreefromtheschoolishelpfulingettingajob.和尽可能多的学生交流，弄清楚在学校获得学位是否有助于找工作，这也是很重要的。即Afteryouhavecandidates,visitthemandenquiremoreofrelatedstudents.第二步：连句成篇（衔接词）1.表文章结构顺序：Firstofall,Firstly/First,Secondly/Second…Andthen,Finally,Intheend,Atlast2.表并列补充关系：Whatismore,Besides,Moreover,Furthermore,InadditionAswellas,notonly…but(also),including,3.表转折对比关系：However,Onthecontrary,but,Although+clause(从句),Inspiteof+n/doing,Ontheonehand…,Ontheotherhand…Some…,whileothers…,asfor,so…that…4.表因果关系：Because,As,So,Thus,Therefore,Asaresult连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Highschoolexittestsareteststhatstudentsmustpasstograduatefromhighschool.Inthelastfewyears,however,anumberofstatesinAmericahavedroppedthem.Althoughsomestatesstillusethemfordiplomas,thenumberisdownfromahighof27statesduringthetestingcrazepromotedbyNoChildLeftBehind(NCLB).Theappearanceofthisphenomenonissmallwonder.Researchesclearlyshowthatexittestshavelittlepositiveeffectsonstudents.A2014reportfoundexittestingwasassociatedwithlowergraduationrates,negativelyaffectedlabormarketoutcomes,and,mostalarmingly,produceda12.5percentincreaseinincarceration(监禁)rates.Exitexams,thestudyconcluded,hadtendedtoaddlittlevalueformoststudents.Exittestingreliesonthefollowingassumptions.Oneisthatstandardizedtestingcanserveasakindof“qualitycontrol”forhighschoolgraduates,guaranteeingthatgraduatesarecollegeready.Theotheristhattheyhavepredictingvalueforfuturesuccessinacademicsituations.Butthereislittleevidence.Thetestsdon’texactlymeasurewhattheypretendtomeasure.Forexample,qualitiessuchasintelligence,academicability,collegereadinessarenotdetermined.Thosethatshouldbedevelopedinallyoungpeople,likeresponsibility,criticalthinking,andempathy(移植),arenotmeasured,either.Evensupportersofexittestshaveacknowledgedthattheydon’tofferreliabledata.Thus,moreandmorepeoplearesuggestingthatexittestscoresoughttobejustonecomponentofthehighschooldiploma.Schoolsshouldconsidermanyotherrecordsincludingcreditsearned,coursestaken,activities,service,projectsandotherelementsofacademicaccomplishmentsothatstudentscanbeevaluatedflexibly.Inotherwords,exittestscoresshouldneverbetheonlycriterionforhighschooldiplomas.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】HighschoolexittestshavebeencancelledinsomestatesinAmericainrecentyears(要点1).Thisisnotsurprisingbecausestudiesshowtheydolittlegoodtostudents(要点2).Insteadofensuringcollegereadinessandacademicsuccess,theyactuallydon’tmeasurewhatshouldbemeasured(要点3).Therefore,exittestscoresshouldonlybeonepartofthestandardsofhighschooldiplomas(要点4).【写作分析】文章的主要结构为总-分-总。文章介绍了在美国，越来越多的州放弃高中学业测试。文章分析了导致这种现象出现的原因以及解决办法。符合概要写作常规出题思路。【写作步骤】第一段提出一个现象：在美国，越多的州放弃高中结业测试。可以用到的词汇或句型有：Highschoolexittests，cancelled。第二、三、和第四段分析了产生这种现象的原因：高中结业测试对学生没有起到什么积极的作用。它的测试结果没有什么意义。可以用到的词汇或句型有：dolittlegoodto，whatshouldbemeasured。第五段提出结论：学校应该考虑用其他记录来评判学生，结业测试不能成为唯一的标准。可以用到的词汇或句型有：onlybeonepartof，highschooldiploma。【写作亮点】【高分句型1】Fewerstatesusethehighschoolexittestsfordiplomas.采用高中毕业考试用于文凭考试的州少了。Fewer比较级。【高分句型2】Thestudentsshouldbejudgednotonlybygradesbutbytheiractivityandpersonalityaswell.对学生的评判不仅要看成绩，还要看他们的活动和个性。notonly…but…不仅……而且……，bejudgedby根据……判断。3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Wealreadyknowthattheunderwaterworldisanythingbutsilent.Itisfullofnaturalsoundsproducedbyanimalsandbythemotionoftheatmosphereandwater.Buttoday’sresearchersareincreasinglyconcernedabouttheman-madenoisesunderthewater.TheyareconfusingwhalesandothermarineanimalsAlthoughhearingisimportanttoallanimals,thespecialqualitiesoftheunderseaworldemphasizetheuseofsound.Underwatersoundallowsmarineanimalstogatherinformationandcommunicateatgreatdistancesandfromalldirections.Loudunderwaternoisescancausedamagetotheirhearing.Andnowadaysit'sbecomingtoomuchformarinewildlife.Evidenceshowsthatwhaleswillswimhundredsofmiles,rapidlychangetheirdepth,andevenbeachthemselvestogetawayfromthesoundsofsonar.Youmightthinklowernoises,typicallycausedbyshippingorconstruction,donotposeathreattomarineanimals.Infact,whiletheymaynotkilltheanimalsdirectly,theycandisturbtheirabilitytolocatefood,findmatesandavoidpredators(掠食动物)).Scientistslookedattheeffectsofnoisefromsmallmotorboatsoncoral-reeffishattheGreatBarrierReefinAustralia.Inthelab,thefishhadbeentrainedtorecognizethesmellofthreecommonpredatorsasathreat.Somefishweretrainedinthepresenceofboatnoise,whiletheothershadtrainingwiththenaturalsoundsoftheocean.Itturnedoutthatthefirstgroupshowednofrightreactionswhenexposedtothepredator.However,theothergroupwasscared.Andundertheinfluenceofunderwaternoiseonthisgroup,only20percentoffishsurvived,comparedtoalmost70percentofunexposedfish.Humansrelyontheoceanforitsnaturalresourcesandbiodiversity.Theoceanalsoplaysanimportantroleinregulating(调节)temperatures,AsCousteausaid,"Formostofhistory,manhashadtofightnaturetosurvive;inthiscenturyheisbeginningtorealizethat,inordertosurvive,hemustprotectit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Althoughunderwaterworldisnotsilent,man-madesoundisdoinggreatharmtomarineanimal.(要点1)Importantasunderwatersoundistoanimalsthere,loudnoisesintheseathreatenstheirnormallife.(要点2)Accordingtoscientists’research,thesurvivalrateoffishdropssharplyundertheinfluenceofnoise,whetherloudornot.(要点3)Thus,withthebenefitsofoceantotheenvironmentandtemperature,peoplemustprotectitratherthanfightit.(要点4)【写作步骤】1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要说明了虽然水下世界不是无声的，但人为的声音对海洋动物造成了极大的危害。尽管水下声音对那里的动物很重要，但海洋中的巨大噪音威胁着它们的正常生活。根据科学家的研究，在噪音的影响下，鱼的存活率急剧下降，不管噪音是大还是小。因此，随着海洋对环境和温度的好处，人们必须保护它而不是对抗它。2）弄清结构，归纳段意。概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。因此一定要弄清文章结构，归纳文章各段大意。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。本文中要点有三：第一，介绍福建木偶戏；第二，木偶戏目前面临的问题；第三，对此人们采取的措施。4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Therearesomeimportantregulationsparentscantaketomakesuretheirkidsusecellphonesinasafeandresponsibleway.Whenkidsknowwhattheconsequencesarewhenrulesaren’tfollowed,thatmakeslifemorepredictableforthem.Mostkidsarenotpayingfortheircellphonesortheircellphoneplans,soifyoupayforit,youownit,whichmeansyouhavetherighttotakeitawayanytimeiftheydisobeytherulesyousetupearlier.Afterakidhasacellphone,suddenlyparentsdiscoverdatarunsouthalfwaythroughthemonth.Thiscangetexpensiveandyourkidsneedtoknowhowtomonitortheiruse.Also,teencellphoneaddictionshouldbelimited.Generally,it’sagoodideatohavenocellphonepolicywhiletheyaredoinghomeworkandatbedtime.Cometoagreementinadvanceaboutwhattheyareandaren’tallowedtodownloadontheircellphone.Therearesomereallybadappsforkidsthatyoudon’twantontheirphones.Makesureyourkidsunderstandhowtosetuptheirprivacy.Talkwiththemaboutwhyguardingtheirprivacyissoimportant.Manyteenstrulyhavenoconceptabouteverythingthatacellphonecanshareaboutthemincludingpersonalinformationandtheirlocation.Youwanttocoverwhatisandisn’tappropriatetoshareviaacellphone.Thisdefinitelymeansphotosandlanguageusedinemailsandonsocialmedia.Butdon’tforgetsimplerthingslikeprovidingtheiraddress,theirageorwhatschooltheygotoonline.Lastly,therearetimesandplaceswhenusingone’scellphoneisnotappropriate.Inmovietheatersorduringclasstimeatschoolthephoneshouldbeonsilentandputaway.Additionally,whensomeoneishavingafacetofaceconversationwiththem,theyneedtobelookingattheperson,nottheirphone.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Parentscanmakerulestoguidetheirkidstousecellphonessafelyandresponsibly.(要点1)First,parentshavetherighttodeterminehowtousecellphonesbecausetheyownthem.(要点2)Besides,parentsshouldteachkidstousecellphoneswisely.(要点3)Lastly,itisimportanttomakesuretheyknowhowtoprotecttheirprivacy.Meanwhile,whenandwheretousecellphonesshouldalsobetold.(要点4)【写作分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了父母可以采取一些重要的规定确保孩子安全、负责地使用手机。【写作步骤】1要点摘录①Therearesomeimportantregulationsparentscantaketomakesuretheirkidsusecellphonesinasafeandresponsibleway.②soifyoupayforit,youownit,whichmeansyouhavetherighttotakeitawayanytimeiftheydisobeytherulesyousetupearlier.③Thiscangetexpensiveandyourkidsneedtoknowhowtomonitortheiruse.Generally,it’sagoodideatohavenocellphonepolicywhiletheyaredoinghomeworkandatbedtime.Cometoagreementinadvanceaboutwhattheyareandaren’tallowedtodownloadontheircellphone.④Makesureyourkidsunderstandhowtosetuptheirprivacy.⑤Youwanttocoverwhatisandisn’tappropriatetoshareviaacellphone.⑥Lastly,therearetimesandplaceswhenusingone’scellphoneisnotappropriate.2.缜密构思将第3点进行整理概括，将第4、5两个要点进行重组3.遣词造句①Parentscanmakerulestoguidetheirkidstousecellphonessafelyandresponsibly.②Parentshavetherighttodeterminehowtousecellphonesbecausetheyownthem.③Parentsshouldteachkidstousecellphoneswisely.④Itisimportanttomakesuretheyknowhowtoprotecttheirprivacy.⑤Whenandwheretousecellphonesshouldalsobetold.【写作亮点】[高分句型1]Itisimportanttomakesuretheyknowhowtoprotecttheirprivacy.（使用了it作形式主语，概括第四段的内容，表达非常高级。）[高分句型2]Whenandwheretousecellphonesshouldalsobetold.（疑问词+不定式做主语，概括了最后一段的内容，用法比较高级）5.阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Until2017,theEmperorpenguinwaslistedasLeastConcernbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,butasof2018,theyarelistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheyarepredictedtosufferamoderatelyrapidpopulationdeclineoverthenextthreegenerationsowingtotheeffectsofclimatechange.Thenumberonethreattotheirsurvivalisglobalwarming.Here’showithasaffectedEmperorpenguinsandwhatweshoulddo.Adecreaseintheamountofseaiceformation,whichiscausedbyclimatechange,impactsthefutureoftheEmperorpenguin.ManyEmperorpenguinsbreedoniceshelvesthatonlyformduringtheAntarcticwinter.Therehavebeentimesinrecentyearswhentheiceshelveshavemeltedbackfasterorsoonerthanusual.Manyofthechickshaven’tcompletelyfledged(长出飞羽)intotheirwaterprooffeathersbythetimetheicemeltsbacktotheirhabitats,andtheyareforcedintothecoldoceanwaters,wheretheydieofcoldexposureordrowning.Onethingthatlessseaicedefinitelyaffectsisfoodforthepenguins.Oneoftheirfoodsourcesiskrill(磷虾),andthesea-iceshelvesserveasanurseryforthekrill.Thenewly-bornkrillfeedonthealgae(水藻)thatgrowontheundersideoftheseaice.Whenthereislessseaice,thereislessalgaeforthekrilltofeedon,andconsequentlylesskrillisproduced.Measuresshouldbetakentoprotecttheseanimals.PeoplecandonatetoorganizationsthatareworkingtoprotectEmperorpenguinsandotherpenguinspecies,andouroceansingeneral.Reducingyourimpactontheenvironment,inparticular,issomethingyoucando—youcanmakethesetinychangestoloweryourcarbonfootprinteveryday.Youcanalsobemindfulaboutreducingseafoodconsumptionandeatingsustainablycaughtseafood,asoverfishingisthesecondgreatestthreattonearlyeverypenguinspeciestoday.Also,avoidusingsupplementsandotherproductsthatcontainkrillorkrilloil.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Since2018,EmperorpenguinshavebeenlistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheirpopulationtendstodeclineduetotheeffectsofglobalwarming.(要点1)Globalwarmingdecreasestheamountoftheiceformationintheirhabitats.Asaresult,thechicksareforcedintothecoldoceanbeforetheygrowstrongenough(要点2),andtheirfoodsourceisalsoinfluenced(要点3).Sopeopleshouldtakeactiontoprotectthem(要点4).【写作分析】本文是说明文，主要讲述由于全球变暖导致皇帝企鹅面临生存危机，人们应该采取措施保护他们，保护大自然。【写作步骤】1.要点摘录①Until2017,theEmperorpenguinwaslistedasLeastConcernbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature,butasof2018,theyarelistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheyarepredictedtosufferamoderatelyrapidpopulationdeclineoverthenextthreegenerationsowingtotheeffectsofclimatechange.②Adecreaseintheamountofseaiceformation,whichiscausedbyclimatechange,impactsthefutureoftheEmperorpenguin.Manyofthechickshaven’tcompletelyfledged(长出飞羽)intotheirwaterprooffeathersbythetimetheicemeltsbacktotheirhabitats,andtheyareforcedintothecoldoceanwaters,wheretheydieofcoldexposureordrowning.③Onethingthatlessseaicedefinitelyaffectsisfoodforthepenguins.④Measuresshouldbetakentoprotecttheseanimals.2.缜密构思将第1要点自2018年以来，皇帝企鹅被列为近危物种，原因是全球气候变暖进行压缩，将第2、3两个要点全球气候变暖，其对皇帝企鹅的影响体现在两方面进行整合，应在这两点之间增加表并列的关联词and,合并这两个要点。要点4和前面的内容有因果关系，故用so或者therefore连接，使得上下文连贯、紧凑。3.遣词造句Since2018,EmperorpenguinshavebeenlistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheirpopulationtendstodeclineduetotheeffectsofglobalwarming.Globalwarmingdecreasestheamountoftheiceformationintheirhabitats.Asaresult,thechicksareforcedintothecoldoceanbeforetheygrowstrongenoughandtheirfoodsourceisalsoinfluenced.Sopeopleshouldtakeactiontoprotectthem.【写作亮点】[高分句型1]Since2018,EmperorpenguinshavebeenlistedasNear-Threatenedbecausetheirpopulationtendstodeclineduetotheeffectsofglobalwarming.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第一段进行了概括。其中because引导的原因状语从句、dueto短语的使用表达高级。[高分句型2]：Asaresult,thechicksareforcedintothecoldoceanbeforetheygrowstrongenoughandtheirfoodsourceisalsoinfluenced.用before引导时间状语从句对第二段进行了概括，还用了asaresult短语表达非常高级。[高分句型3]：Sopeopleshouldtakeactiontoprotectthem.用so引导句子对上文进行衔接同时概括了第四段内容。同时还用了比较高级短语takeactiontodosth.（采取措施做某事）。6.阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Australia’sgreatestengineeringaccomplishmenttodateistheSnowyMountainsHydro-ElectricScheme.Ittook25yearstobuildandwascompletedin1974atacostof$820million.Theaimsoftheschemeweretoproducelotsofelectricity,andtosupplywatertohouseholdsandforfarmingirrigation.TheschemeworksbycollectingrainandmeltingsnowfromtheSnowyMountainsandstoringitindams.Thisisthendiverted(转移)throughtunnels(隧道)andpipelinestopowerstationsthatproduceelectricity.ThewaterusedtoproducetheelectricitythenflowsintotheMurrayandMurrumbidgeeRivers.TheSnowyMountainsHydro-ElectricSchemeismadeupofsixteenlargedams;sevenmajorpowerstations;apumpingstation;and225kilometresoftunnelsandpipelines.Itcoversover5,000squarekilometresofsouthernNewSouthWales(NSW).Sevenregionaltownshipsandmorethan100temporarycampswereestablishedforthepeoplewhoworkedonthescheme.Whentheschemebeganin1949,Australiadidnotyethaveaworkf