美国文学史复习要点课件

Introductionto

Americanliterature1.TheColonialPeriod2.TheRomanticPeriod(the

firsthalfof19thcentury)3.TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism4.ThePeriodaroundWWI5.TheModernPeriodI.TheColonialPeriod(the

early17thand18thcentury)1.Puritanism:idealismandopportunism2.BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林:

→“TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin”自传→PoorRichard’sAlmanac穷查理历书(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)3.PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普·弗伦诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲AmericanPuritanismPuritans→Theearlysettlers☆foundingfathersoftheAmericanation☆Topurifytheritualsandlessentheauthorityofbishops→escapedtothenewworld,createanewparadise→advocatehighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.→AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.LogicThreadAmericanRomanticismPre-romanticism1770s-1830sPost-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)FloweringtimebeforeAmericanCivilWar1830-1860DecliningtimeafterAmericanCivilWar1865-1875Representativefiguresofthetime:

Pre-romanticism:WashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooper库珀

Post-romanticism:Novelists:NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvillePoets:HenryWadesworthLongfellow,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmanEmilyDickinsonEssayists:RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauAmericanRomanticism

TheromanticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865).

1.Background

(1)Politicalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopment

TerritorialExpansion

IndustrialGrowth

TheCivilWarThe“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.→optimismandhopeamongthepeopleThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.(2)foreigninfluence–RomanticmovementinEuropeancountries

AmericanRomanticismRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.JamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851

詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀

早期浪漫主义小说家 “LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集→aseriesoffivenovels,thatis☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)☆theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆ThePrairie(1827)大草原☆ThePathfinder(1840)探路者☆TheDeerslayer(1841)杀鹿者

→adventureintothewildernessoftheWest/Post-romanticism

(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)WhatisTranscendentalism?1.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)爱默生→TheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmericanScholar论美国学者2.HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)

→Transcendentalist\Emerson’sfriend→WaldenTheDevelopmentofTranscendentalism☆

Nature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmersonNature’svoicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism.TranscendentalistClub☆TranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligiousidealismoftheirPuritanpast.Transcendentalists’emphasisontheindividualwasdirectlytraceabletothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.ThusthereisgoodreasontostatethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil.☆NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson.

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)☆Novels:

ScarletLetter《红字》HesterPrynne;TheHouseofSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》;TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》;TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》

☆Shortstorycollections:Twice-ToldTales《故事新编》MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891

MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比·迪克/白鲸EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849→ThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmericaThefirstwriterofdetectivestoryintheworld-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);→TheRaven乌鸦(poem)

TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木儿和其他诗;

ToHellen致海伦

（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）

WaltWhitman(1819-1892)

沃尔特·惠特曼OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetryFreeverseGrowingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducationLeavesofGrass草叶集→SongofMyself”自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy.HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托1811-1896

UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋Chapter3TheAgeofRealismandNaturalismHenryJames

1842-1910

→James’novel’s“internationalsituation”aresetagainstabackgroundbetweenAmericaandEurope→James’contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmense.Tohim,“artwithoutlifeisapooraffair”.“theaimofthenovelistorepresentlife”.→HisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism.Hewasesp.anobserverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes.TheAmerican,DaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady贵妇人画像TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼TheAmbassadors大使MarkTwain马克·吐温1.“TheAdventuresofTomSawyer”汤姆·索耶历险记2.“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn”----hismasterpiece/哈克贝利·费恩历险记TheGildedAge镀金时代3.Famousforhislocalism,colloquialstyle,humorandbitterattacksAmericanNaturalism4.AmericanNaturalistwriters:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondon,HenryAdams,TheodoreDreiser.StephenCrane(1871-1900)

斯蒂芬·克莱恩Maggie:

AGirloftheStreets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）TheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)Dreiser’sworksSisterCarrie1900(Afeatherinwind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehendandcontrol.Shedoesnotseemtopossesswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher.)JennieGerhardt1911TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,TheTitan巨人1914,TheStoic斯多葛1915)AnAmericanTragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）JackLondon(1876-1916)

杰克·伦敦MartinEden—masterwork马丁·伊登TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤TheSea-Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙OHenry(1862---1910)欧·享利1.“TheGiftofMagi”2.“TheCopandtheAnthem”3.Famousforhisfascinatingplot,humoroustouch,interestingpuns,localism,andunexpectedendings.Americanliteratureinthe1920sand1930s1.Poets:T.S.Eliot/“theWasteLand”RobertFrost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“theGreatGatsby”Hemingway/“FarewelltoArms”Faulkner/wroteabouttheSouthAmericanliteratureinthe1920sPoetry:T.S.EliotTheWasteland.

Novel:SinclairLewisMainStreet

1920TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy

1925,sistercarrieF.S.Fitzgerald

TheGreatGatsby1926,ErnestHemingway,

TheSunAlsoRises

1926,A

FarewelltoArms,1929,WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,1929,Drama:EurgeneO’Neill,TheEmperorJones,1920,

AnnaChristie,1921,TheHairyApe1922,

HarlemRenaissance.JazzAgeHistoricalBackground:WWI,peace-makingperiod/boomtime.AfterWWI,peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblems,thatthewarwasjustthetrapsofpoliticalleaders.Suchadisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar,accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrovepeopletocynicalhedonism.Peopleexperimentwithnewamusements.Theyrestlesslypursuedstimulusandpleasures,wallowinheavydrinking,fastdrivingandcasualsex.Bythese,theyhopedtoseekrelieffromseriousproblems.TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代→adisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar→disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayoflifeinAmericaWhentheFirstWorldWarbrokeout,manyidealisticyoungAmericansvolunteeredtotakepartinthewarandtesttheirownbravery.Theydiscoveredthatmodernwarfarewasnotgloriousorheroic.Disillusionedbyslogansofpatriotismandglory,disgustedbythenewfrivolous,greedywayoflifeinAmerica,manyoftheseyoungAmericasbegantowrite.SomewritersleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis.Theystoodaside,asonlookers,andwroteabouttheysaw.Theywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar,andtheirownobservations.他们不再相信虚伪的道德说教，而以玩世不恭的生活态度来表示自己的消极抗议。“迷惘的一代”的代表作是海明威的《太阳照样升起》（1926）。

TheLostGeneration迷惘的一代AnAmericanwomanwriternamedGertrudeStein(1874-1946),whohadlivedinParissince1903,welcomedtheyoungAmericanwriterstoherapartmentwhichwasalreadyfamousasaliterarysalon.GertrudeSteinwastheadvisor,friendofsomeoftheAmericanartistsandwritersofthetime.EzraPoundjoinedhergroupforafewyearsintheearly1920’s.Together,theyencouragedandhelpedsuchyoungwritersasthenovelistErnestHemingwayandE.E.Cummings,andF.ScottFitzgerald.ManyotherwritersweredrawntoGertrudeStein’shome.Shecalledthem“TheLostGeneration”,anamewhichstucktothem,becausetheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastinAmericainordertocreatenewtypesofwritingwhichhadneverbeentriedbefore.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedyIcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926AFarewelltoArms1929《永别了，武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls1940以西班牙内战为背景的反法西斯主义的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》

TheOldManandtheSea1952《老人与海》塑造了以桑提亚哥为代表的“可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他”的“硬汉形象”一个人并不是生来要被打败的，你尽可以把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。HemingwayheroHeissensitive,intelligent.Heisamanofactionandoffewwords.Heisaloneevenwhenwithotherpeople.Heissomewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhenonecannotgethappiness.Inaworldwhichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair,butHemingwayheropossessesakindofdespairingcourage.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.ThisistheessenceofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway’sheroesbelieve.F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)→TheliteraryspokesmanofJazzAge→ThisSideofParadise1920人间天堂→TheBeautifulandDamned1921漂亮冤家→TheGreatGatsby1925了不起的盖茨比(TheAmericanDreamisdead)→TenderIsTheNight1934夜色温柔→TheLastTycoon1941最后的巨头WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)getNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930stream-of-consciousnessandmultiplepointofview.约克纳帕塔法世系小说（YoknapatawphaCounty）TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》

AsILayDying《我弥留之际》Sanctuary《圣堂》

LightinAugust《八月之光》

Absalom,Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙》

GoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》

SherwoodAnderson(1876-1941)舍伍德·安德森Winesburg,Ohio1919《俄亥俄州的温斯堡》PoorWhite1920穷白人

DeathintheWoods1933最后一本重要短篇集《林中之死及其它》（海明威和菲茨杰拉德都受过他很大影响，海明威曾说：“他是我们所有人的老师”。

SinclairLewis辛·刘易斯

(1885-1951)MainStreet1920Babbitt1922ThefirstAmericanwritertogetNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Babbitt:presentsadocumentarypictureofthenarrowandlimitedmiddle-classmind辛·刘易斯的《大街》（1920）粉碎了“村镇是美好的世外桃源”的神话。他后来的作品对商业、科技、宗教界的问题都作了揭露，他所塑造的巴比特成了庸俗、浮夸、讲求实利的中产阶级的典型人物

Imagism意像派Background：☆ImagismcameasareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetics☆tomeettheneedofexpressingthetemperoftheage.(therapidchangeofsociety)☆theleader:EzraPound(1)"Directtreatment"Directtreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective(2)"EconomyofExpression"Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation:(3)"Rhythm"Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.EzraPound(1885-1972)

艾兹拉·庞德Cantos诗章InaStationoftheMetro在巴黎地铁站RobertFrost(1874-1963)ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe20thcenturyTheRoadNotTaken没有走过的道路雪夜林畔小驻MendingWall修墙20thcentury☆LittleTheatremovementandGeorgePierceBaker(47WorkshopatHarvard)→experimentalplaysbysuchstudentsasEugeneO’NeillandSidneyHoward☆theTheatreoftheAbsurd(荒诞派戏剧)EugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)

尤金·奥尼尔

TheAmerica’sgreatestplaywright,andtheonlyonetoreceivetheNobelPrizeTheEmperorJones琼斯皇TheHairyApe1922毛猿BeyondtheHorizon天边外Desireundertheelms(1923)Theicemancometh(1946)LongDay’sJourneyintonight(1955);送冰的人来了;

ArthurMiller(1915-)PlaywrightDeathOfASalesman1949Americanliteratureinthe1930sBackground:adarkdecade→TheGreatDepression→Left-wingwritingbecomethemainstreamof1930’sAmericanliterature☆JohnDosPassos☆JohnSteibeckJohnSteinbeck(1902-1968)AwardedNobelPrizein1962TheGrapeofWrath1939OfMiceandMen(1937)TortillaFlat煎饼坪1935InDubiousBattle1936胜负未决JohnDosPassos1896-1970→ManhattanTransfer(1925).→HisUSAtrilogy:The42ndParallel(1930),1919(1932)TheBigMoney(1936).

（TheUSAtrilogyalsoincludedwhatbecameknownasnewsreels

）ThebigTime最好的岁月TheGrandDesign伟大的设想VI.Moderntimes1.Agreatvarietyofliterarytrends2.Blackliterature/AlexHaley/“Roots”3.Jewishwriter/SaulBellowAmericanliteratureafterWorldWarIITheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inthemiddleofthe1950’s,agroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedandwell-publicizedrebellionagainst“official”Americanlifeandculture.TheleaderswerepoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistJackKerouac.Kerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克namedthegroupBeat.TheBeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened,conservativepoliticalmoodcreatedbySenatorMcCarthy,againstthegreedy,money-seeking“respectable”lifeofthedominantmiddleclassbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorldWar.TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inliterature,theytookWaltWhitmanastheirmodel,whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrulesofhistimeandlivedanexuberant,freelife.Inrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters,theBeatsinsteadwantedtowritewithcompletespontaneityandhonesty.Theywantedtoexpressemotion“raw”,exactlyasitwasfelt,ratherthan“cooked”throughmemoryandtranslationintoart.JackKerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克《在路上》(OntheRoad,1957)，；艾伦·金斯堡Theyear1960“blackhumor”Theliberationfromofficialstandardsofcorrectnessgaverisetoaburstofsatirical,bizarre,ribaldnovelsbynewAmericanwriterswhospecializedinasawaytocriticizetheArmy,thebureaucracyandotherinflexible,repressiveaspectsofAmericansocie