国际商务环境(英文)Chapter 2 The External Environment of Bu课件

Chapter2TheExternalEnvironmentofBusiness1Chapter2TheExternalEnvironmLearningObjectivesindicatethebasicfeaturesofbusinessactivityportraythebusinessorganizationasasysteminteractingwithitsenvironmentdemonstratetherangeandcomplexityoftheexternalinfluencesonbusinessactivityidentifythecentralthemesinherentinthestudyofthebusinessenvironment2LearningObjectivesindicatethText:TheBusinessOrganizationandItsEnvironmentBusinessactivityisafundamentalanduniversalfeatureofhumanexistence.Narrowviewofbusiness“大商务”Broadviewofbusiness“小商务”3Text:TheBusinessOrganizatioAmodelofbusinessactivity

Allbusinessorganizationsareultimatelyinvolvedinthesamebasicactivity---thetransformationofinputs(resources)intooutputs(goodsorservices).4AmodelofbusinessactivityA

Thebusinessorganizationasatransformationsystem5ThebusinessorganizationasThefirminitsenvironment6Thefirminitsenvironment6Twolevelsofenvironment7Twolevelsofenvironment7Environmentalinfluencesonafirm’smarketingsystem

8EnvironmentalinfluencesonaThegeneralorcontextualenvironmentThepoliticalenvironmentTheeconomicenvironmentThesocial,culturalanddemographicenvironmentThetechnologicalenvironmentLegalenvironmentTheethicalenvironment9ThegeneralorcontextualenviTheimmediateoroperationalenvironmentResourcesandresourcemarketCustomersCompetitors

10TheimmediateoroperationaleAnalyzingthebusiness

environmentInteractionwiththeenvironmentInteractionbetweenenvironmentalvariableThecomplexityoftheenvironmentEnvironmentalvolatilityandchangeEnvironmentaluniquenessDifferentspatiallevelsofanalysisTwo-wayflowofinfluence11AnalyzingthebusinessenvironKeytermsinputs投入outputs产出profit-makingorganization营利性组织non-profit-makingorganization非营利性组织international(ormultinational)corporation跨国公司distributor分销商immediate(oroperational)environment直接环境general(orcontextual)environment宏观环境tradeunion工会parentcompany母公司tradingbloc贸易区exchangerates汇率environmentalchange环境演变externalenvironment外部环境opensystem开放式体系PESTLEanalysis

PESTEL分析模型，又称大环境分析transformationsystem转化式体系12Keytermsinputs投入tradeunionSummaryofkeypointsBusinessactivityisessentiallyconcernedwithtransforminginputsintooutputsforconsumptionpurposes.Allbusinessesoperatewithinanexternalenvironmentwhichshapestheiroperationsanddecisions.Thisenvironmentcomprisesinfluenceswhicharebothoperationalandgeneral.Theoperationalenvironmentofbusinessisconcernedwithsuchfactorsascustomers,suppliers,creditorsandcompetitors.ThegeneralenvironmentfocusesonwhatareknownasthePESTLEfactors.Inanalyzingafirm’sexternalenvironmentattentionneedstobepaidtotheinteractionbetweenthedifferentenvironmentalvariables,environmentalcomplexity,volatilityandchangeandtothespatialinfluences.Whileallfirmsareaffectedbytheenvironmentinwhichtheyexistandoperate,attimestheyhelptoshapethatenvironmentbytheiractivitiesandbehavior.13SummaryofkeypointsBusinessComprehensionQuestions1.Assumingthatyouarearesearcherofthebusinessfield,howwouldyoudifferentiatebetweenthevariousbusinessorganizations?2.Whatdoesthegeneralenvironmentandtheimmediateenvironmentofbusinessorganizationscompriserespectively?3.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’?4.Accordingtothetext,whatarethemainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironment?5.Whenanalyzingtheexternalenvironmentofabusinessorganization,whataretheaspectsthatweshouldconsider?

14ComprehensionQuestions1.Assu1.Howwouldyoudifferentiatebetweenthevariousbusinessorganizations?

Differentiatethevariousbusinessorganizationsintermsoftheirsize,typeofproductand/ormarket,methodsoffinance,scaleofoperations,legalstatusandsoon.151.Howwouldyoudifferentiate2.Whatdoesthegeneralenvironmentandtheimmediateenvironmentofbusinessorganizationscompriserespectively?Thegeneralenvironmenteconomicenvironmentpoliticalenvironmentsocial,culturalanddemographicenvironmenttechnologicalenvironmentlegalenvironmentethicalenvironmentTheimmediateenvironmentresourcesandresourcemarketcustomerscompetitors162.Whatdoesthegeneralenvir3.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’?‘PESTLE’factorsincludepolitical,economic,social-cultural,technological,legalandethicalinfluencesonthebusiness.A‘PESTLEanalysis’isanapproachtoanalyzeafirm’scurrentandfuturepolitical,economic,social-cultural,technological,legalandethicalenvironmentaspartofthestrategicmanagementprocess.173.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’4.Whatarethemainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironment?

Accordingtothetext,themainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironmentincludeitsresourcesandresourcemarket,competitorsandcustomers.

184.Whatarethemainfactorso5.Whenanalyzingtheexternalenvironmentofabusinessorganization,whataretheaspectsthatweshouldconsider?

InteractionwiththeenvironmentInteractionbetweenenvironmentalvariableThecomplexityoftheenvironmentEnvironmentalvolatilityandchangeEnvironmentaluniquenessDifferentspatiallevelsofanalysisTwo-wayflowofinfluence195.WhenanalyzingtheexternalApplyyourunderstandingTakingexamplesfromarangeofqualitynewspapers,illustratewaysinwhichbusinessorganizationsareaffectedbytheirexternalenvironment.Giveexamplesofthewaysinwhichbusinessorganizationscanaffecttheexternalenvironmentinwhichtheyoperate.Inwhatsensescouldacollegeoruniversitybedescribedasabusinessorganization?Howwouldyoucharacterizeits‘inputs’and‘outputs’?20ApplyyourunderstandingTakingEssayquestionsPleasewriteanessayofabout500wordstodescribetheimpactthattheInternethashadontheexternalenvironmentbusinessesface.21Essayquestions21Casestudy:

Disney’sStrategyinChinaCase-relatedquestions:1.WhatstrategydidDisneyemploywhenitre-enteredChina’smarket?2.HowdoyouusePESTLEmodeltoanalyzetheChina’sgeneralenvironmentforDisneyland?3.Amongtheseenvironmentfactors,whicharepositivetothecompany’sdevelopmentandwhicharenegative?22Casestudy:

Disney’sStrategyPoint-counterpointDoBusinessEnvironmentReformsHaveGreatImpactonPovertyReductioninAfrica?23Point-counterpointDoBusinessPointPeace,macroeconomicstability,andastablebusinessenvironmentareallimportantforAfrica’sdevelopment.ReformsinbusinessenvironmentarecriticalinstimulatingthegrowthAfricaneedsandbringingtheemploymentwhichiscriticalinaddressingpoverty.Thebestwaytocreatejobsforthepoorintheprivatesector,andallowtheinformaloperatorstojointheformalsectorisbusinessenvironmentreform.Withoutagoodenablingenvironment,thereisnoincentiveforanindividualtoinvest.24PointPeace,macroeconomicstabCounterpointTheideaofpovertyreductionthroughbusinessenvironmentreformissimplisticandbasedonunrealisticassumptions.hereisnoempiricalevidencethatBusinessEnvironmentReform(BER)isgoodforGDPgrowth.Whatdrivessuccessfulreformsispassionwhichcanonlybecreatedatthelocallevelwherepresentimpactsareleastfelt.BERriskstreatingthesymptomsratherthanthedisease,andassuchthereislittlehopethatitwillachievemuch.BusinessEnvironmentreformisonlythewayforwardin1/3ofAfricancountries;thosethatareresourcepoorandonthecoast.25CounterpointTheideaofpovertEnvironmentScanningEnvironmentalscanningisaprocessofgathering,analyzing,anddispensinginformationfortacticalorstrategicpurposes.Theenvironmentalscanningprocessentailsobtainingbothfactualandsubjectiveinformationonthebusinessenvironmentsinwhichacompanyisoperatingorconsideringentering.

26EnvironmentScanningEnvironmenMethodsforEnvironmentalScanningAd-hocscanning-Shortterm,infrequentexaminationsusuallyinitiatedbyacrisisRegularscanning-Studiesdoneonaregularschedule(say,onceayear)Continuousscanning-(alsocalledcontinuouslearning)-continuousstructureddatacollectionandprocessingonabroadrangeofenvironmentalfactorsMostcommentatorsfeelthatintoday'sturbulentbusinessenvironmentthebestscanningmethodavailableiscontinuousscanning.Thisallowsthefirmtoactquickly,takeadvantageofopportunitiesbeforecompetitorsdo,andrespondtoenvironmentalthreatsbeforesignificantdamageisdone.27MethodsforEnvironmentalScanTheMacro-environmentEnvironmentalscanningusuallyrefersjusttothemacroenvironment,butitcanalsoincludeindustryandcompetitoranalysis,consumeranalysis,productinnovations,andthecompany'sinternalenvironment.Macroenvironmentalscanninginvolvesanalyzing:TheeconomyGovernmentLegalTechnologyEcologySocio-culturalPotentialsuppliersstakeholders

28TheMacro-environmentEnvironmeTheEconomicFactorsGDPpercapitaeconomicgrowthunemploymentrateinflationrateconsumerandinvestorconfidenceinventorylevelscurrencyexchangeratesmerchandisetradebalancefinancialandpoliticalhealthoftradingpartnersbalanceofpaymentsfuturetrends29TheEconomicFactorsGDPpercTheGovernmentalFactorspoliticalclimate-amountofgovernmentactivitypoliticalstabilityandriskgovernmentdebtbudgetdeficitorsurpluscorporateandpersonaltaxratespayrolltaxesimporttariffsandquotasexportrestrictionsrestrictionsoninternationalfinancialflows

30TheGovernmentalFactorspolitiTheLegalFactorsminimumwagelawsenvironmentalprotectionlawsworkersafetylawsunionlawscopyrightandpatentlawsanti-monopolylawsSundayclosinglawsmunicipallicenseslawsthatfavorbusinessinvestment

31TheLegalFactorsminimumwageTheTechnologicalFactorsefficiencyofinfrastructure,including:roads,ports,airports,rollingstock,hospitals,education,healthcare,communication,etc.industrialproductivitynewmanufacturingprocessesnewproductsandservicesofcompetitorsnewproductsandservicesofsupplychainpartnersanynewtechnologythatcouldimpactthecompanycostandaccessibilityofelectricalpower

32TheTechnologicalFactorsefficTheEcologicalFactorsecologicalconcernsthataffectthefirmsproductionprocessesecologicalconcernsthataffectcustomers'buyinghabitsecologicalconcernsthataffectcustomers'perceptionofthecompanyorproduct

33TheEcologicalFactorsecologicTheSocio-culturalFactorsdemographicfactorssuchas:populationsizeanddistributionagedistributioneducationlevelsincomelevelsethnicoriginsreligiousaffiliationsattitudestowards:materialism,capitalism,freeenterpriseindividualism,roleoffamily,roleofgovernment,collectivismroleofchurchandreligionconsumerismenvironmentalismimportanceofwork,prideofaccomplishmentculturalstructuresincluding:dietandnutritionhousingconditions34TheSocio-culturalFactorsdemoPotentialSuppliersLaborsupplyquantityoflaboravailablequalityoflaboravailablestabilityoflaborsupplywageexpectationsemployeeturn-overratestrikesandlaborrelationseducationalfacilitiesMaterialsuppliersquality,quantity,price,andstabilityofmaterialinputsdeliverydelaysproximityofbulkyorheavymaterialinputslevelofcompetitionamongsuppliersServiceProvidersquantity,quality,price,andstabilityofservicefacilitatorsspecialrequirements35PotentialSuppliersLaborsupplStakeholdersLobbyistsShareholdersEmployeesPartners

36StakeholdersLobbyists36ChangingExternalEnvironmentMarketsarechangingallthetime.Itdoesdependonthetypeofproductthebusinessproduces;however,abusinessneedstoreactorlosecustomers.SomeofthemainreasonswhymarketschangerapidlyCustomerdevelopnewwantsandneeds.Newcompetitorsenteramarket.Newtechnologiesmeanthatnewproductscanbemade.Governmentintroducesnewlegislation,e.g.increasingminimumwage.37ChangingExternalEnvironmentMBusinessandCompetition(1) Thoughabusinessdoesnotwantcompetitionfromotherbusiness,inevitablymostwillfaceadegreeofcompetition.Theamountandtypeofcompetitiondependonthemarketthebusinessoperatesin:Manysmallbusiness---e.g.ashoppingmalloracitycenterarcade---closerivalryAfewlargerivalfirms---e.g.washingpowderorCokeandPepsiArapidlychangingmarket---e.g.wherethetechnologyisdevelopingveryquickly---themobilephonemarket38BusinessandCompetition(1) TBusinessandCompetition(2)Abusinesscouldreacttoanincreaseincompetition(e.g.alaunchofrivalproduct)inthefollowingways:Cutprice(butcanreduceprofits)Improvequality(butincreasescosts)Spendmoreonpromotion(e.g.domoreadvertising,increasebrandloyalty;butcostsmoney)Cutcosts,e.g.usecheapermaterials,makesomeworkersredundant39BusinessandCompetition(2)AWebalertawebsiteofferingsimplesolutionsandpowerfuladviceconcerningbusinessawebsiteprovidingbusinesstheoriesandbusinesscaseforstudyathttp://www.thetimes100.co.uk/awebsitewhereyoucanfindthenewestbusinessnewsandindustryreports40Webalerthttp://www.allbusinesFurtherreadingMorris,H.&Willey,B.(1996).Thecorporateenvironment.NewJersey:PrenticeHall.Steiner,G.A.&Steiner,J.F.(1994).Business,government,andsociety:Amanagerialperspective.(7thed.).NewYork:McGraw-Hill.Worthington,I.,Britton,C.&Rees,A.(2005).Economicsforbusiness:Blendingtheoryandpractice.(2nded.).NewJersey:PrenticeHall..41FurtherreadingMorris,H.&WiAssignmentAmongalltheexternalfactorswhichabusinessorganizationfaces,whichdoyouthinkisofthemostsignificance?Analyzetheexternalenvironmentofyouruniversityasabusinessorganization.42AssignmentAmongalltheexternThankYou!43ThankYou!43Chapter2TheExternalEnvironmentofBusiness44Chapter2TheExternalEnvironmLearningObjectivesindicatethebasicfeaturesofbusinessactivityportraythebusinessorganizationasasysteminteractingwithitsenvironmentdemonstratetherangeandcomplexityoftheexternalinfluencesonbusinessactivityidentifythecentralthemesinherentinthestudyofthebusinessenvironment45LearningObjectivesindicatethText:TheBusinessOrganizationandItsEnvironmentBusinessactivityisafundamentalanduniversalfeatureofhumanexistence.Narrowviewofbusiness“大商务”Broadviewofbusiness“小商务”46Text:TheBusinessOrganizatioAmodelofbusinessactivity

Allbusinessorganizationsareultimatelyinvolvedinthesamebasicactivity---thetransformationofinputs(resources)intooutputs(goodsorservices).47AmodelofbusinessactivityA

Thebusinessorganizationasatransformationsystem48ThebusinessorganizationasThefirminitsenvironment49Thefirminitsenvironment6Twolevelsofenvironment50Twolevelsofenvironment7Environmentalinfluencesonafirm’smarketingsystem

51EnvironmentalinfluencesonaThegeneralorcontextualenvironmentThepoliticalenvironmentTheeconomicenvironmentThesocial,culturalanddemographicenvironmentThetechnologicalenvironmentLegalenvironmentTheethicalenvironment52ThegeneralorcontextualenviTheimmediateoroperationalenvironmentResourcesandresourcemarketCustomersCompetitors

53TheimmediateoroperationaleAnalyzingthebusiness

environmentInteractionwiththeenvironmentInteractionbetweenenvironmentalvariableThecomplexityoftheenvironmentEnvironmentalvolatilityandchangeEnvironmentaluniquenessDifferentspatiallevelsofanalysisTwo-wayflowofinfluence54AnalyzingthebusinessenvironKeytermsinputs投入outputs产出profit-makingorganization营利性组织non-profit-makingorganization非营利性组织international(ormultinational)corporation跨国公司distributor分销商immediate(oroperational)environment直接环境general(orcontextual)environment宏观环境tradeunion工会parentcompany母公司tradingbloc贸易区exchangerates汇率environmentalchange环境演变externalenvironment外部环境opensystem开放式体系PESTLEanalysis

PESTEL分析模型，又称大环境分析transformationsystem转化式体系55Keytermsinputs投入tradeunionSummaryofkeypointsBusinessactivityisessentiallyconcernedwithtransforminginputsintooutputsforconsumptionpurposes.Allbusinessesoperatewithinanexternalenvironmentwhichshapestheiroperationsanddecisions.Thisenvironmentcomprisesinfluenceswhicharebothoperationalandgeneral.Theoperationalenvironmentofbusinessisconcernedwithsuchfactorsascustomers,suppliers,creditorsandcompetitors.ThegeneralenvironmentfocusesonwhatareknownasthePESTLEfactors.Inanalyzingafirm’sexternalenvironmentattentionneedstobepaidtotheinteractionbetweenthedifferentenvironmentalvariables,environmentalcomplexity,volatilityandchangeandtothespatialinfluences.Whileallfirmsareaffectedbytheenvironmentinwhichtheyexistandoperate,attimestheyhelptoshapethatenvironmentbytheiractivitiesandbehavior.56SummaryofkeypointsBusinessComprehensionQuestions1.Assumingthatyouarearesearcherofthebusinessfield,howwouldyoudifferentiatebetweenthevariousbusinessorganizations?2.Whatdoesthegeneralenvironmentandtheimmediateenvironmentofbusinessorganizationscompriserespectively?3.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’?4.Accordingtothetext,whatarethemainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironment?5.Whenanalyzingtheexternalenvironmentofabusinessorganization,whataretheaspectsthatweshouldconsider?

57ComprehensionQuestions1.Assu1.Howwouldyoudifferentiatebetweenthevariousbusinessorganizations?

Differentiatethevariousbusinessorganizationsintermsoftheirsize,typeofproductand/ormarket,methodsoffinance,scaleofoperations,legalstatusandsoon.581.Howwouldyoudifferentiate2.Whatdoesthegeneralenvironmentandtheimmediateenvironmentofbusinessorganizationscompriserespectively?Thegeneralenvironmenteconomicenvironmentpoliticalenvironmentsocial,culturalanddemographicenvironmenttechnologicalenvironmentlegalenvironmentethicalenvironmentTheimmediateenvironmentresourcesandresourcemarketcustomerscompetitors592.Whatdoesthegeneralenvir3.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’?‘PESTLE’factorsincludepolitical,economic,social-cultural,technological,legalandethicalinfluencesonthebusiness.A‘PESTLEanalysis’isanapproachtoanalyzeafirm’scurrentandfuturepolitical,economic,social-cultural,technological,legalandethicalenvironmentaspartofthestrategicmanagementprocess.603.Whatisa‘PESTLEanalysis’4.Whatarethemainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironment?

Accordingtothetext,themainfactorsofabusinessorganization’simmediateenvironmentincludeitsresourcesandresourcemarket,competitorsandcustomers.

614.Whatarethemainfactorso5.Whenanalyzingtheexternalenvironmentofabusinessorganization,whataretheaspectsthatweshouldconsider?

InteractionwiththeenvironmentInteractionbetweenenvironmentalvariableThecomplexityoftheenvironmentEnvironmentalvolatilityandchangeEnvironmentaluniquenessDifferentspatiallevelsofanalysisTwo-wayflowofinfluence625.WhenanalyzingtheexternalApplyyourunderstandingTakingexamplesfromarangeofqualitynewspapers,illustratewaysinwhichbusinessorganizationsareaffectedbytheirexternalenvironment.Giveexamplesofthewaysinwhichbusinessorganizationscanaffecttheexternalenvironmentinwhichtheyoperate.Inwhatsensescouldacollegeoruniversitybedescribedasabusinessorganization?Howwouldyoucharacterizeits‘inputs’and‘outputs’?63ApplyyourunderstandingTakingEssayquestionsPleasewriteanessayofabout500wordstodescribetheimpactthattheInternethashadontheexternalenvironmentbusinessesface.64Essayquestions21Casestudy:

Disney’sStrategyinChinaCase-relatedquestions:1.WhatstrategydidDisneyemploywhenitre-enteredChina’smarket?2.HowdoyouusePESTLEmodeltoanalyzetheChina’sgeneralenvironmentforDisneyland?3.Amongtheseenvironmentfactors,whicharepositivetothecompany’sdevelopmentandwhicharenegative?65Casestudy:

Disney’sStrategyPoint-counterpointDoBusinessEnvironmentReformsHaveGreatImpactonPovertyReductioninAfrica?66Point-counterpointDoBusinessPointPeace,macroeconomicstability,andastablebusinessenvironmentareallimportantforAfrica’sdevelopment.ReformsinbusinessenvironmentarecriticalinstimulatingthegrowthAfricaneedsandbringingtheemploymentwhichiscriticalinaddressingpoverty.Thebestwaytocreatejobsforthepoorintheprivatesector,andallowtheinformaloperatorstojointheformalsectorisbusinessenvironmentreform.Withoutagoodenablingenvironment,thereisnoincentiveforanindividualtoinvest.67PointPeace,macroeconomicstabCounterpointTheideaofpovertyreductionthroughbusinessenvironmentreformissimplisticandbasedonunrealisticassumptions.hereisnoempiricalevidencethatBusinessEnvironmentReform(BER)isgoodforGDPgrowth.Whatdrivessuccessfulreformsispassionwhichcanonlybecreatedatthelocallevelwherepresentimpactsareleastfelt.BERriskstreatingthesymptomsratherthanthedisease,andassuchthereislittlehopethatitwillachievemuch.BusinessEnvironmentreformisonlythewayforwardin1/3ofAfricancountries;thosethatareresourcepoorandonthecoast.68CounterpointTheideaofpovertEnvironmentScanningEnvironmentalscanningisaprocessofgathering,analyzing,anddispensinginformationfortacticalorstrategicpurposes.Theenvironmentalscanningprocessentailsobtainingbothfactualandsubjectiveinformationonthebusinessenvironmentsinwhichacompanyisoperatingorconsideringentering.

69EnvironmentScanningEnvironmenMethodsforEnvironmentalScanningAd-hocscanning-Shortterm,infrequentexaminationsusuallyinitiatedbyacrisisRegularscanning-Studiesdoneonaregularschedule(say,onceayear)Continuousscanning-(alsocalledcontinuouslearning)-continuousstructureddatacollectionandprocessingonabroadrangeofenvironmentalfactorsMostcommentatorsfeelthatintoday'sturbulentbusinessenvironmentthebestscanningmethodavailableiscontinuousscanning.Thisallowsthefirmtoactquickly,takeadvantageofopportunitiesbeforecompetitorsdo,andrespondtoenvironmentalthreatsbeforesignificantdamageisdone.70MethodsforEnvironmentalScanTheMacro-environmentEnvironmentalscanningusuallyrefersjusttothemacroenvironment,butitcanalsoincludeindustryandcompetitoranalysis,consumeranalysis,productinnovations,andthecompany'sinternalenvironment.Macroenvironmentalscanninginvolvesanalyzing:TheeconomyGovernmentLegalTechnologyEcologySocio-culturalPotentialsuppliersstakeholders

71TheMacro-environmentEnvironmeTheEconomicFactorsGDPpercapitaeconomicgrowthunemploymentrateinflationrateconsumerandinvestorconfidenceinventorylevelscurrencyexchangeratesmerchandisetradebalancefinancialandpoliticalhealthoftradingpartnersbalanceofpaymentsfuturetrends72TheEconomicFactorsGDPpercTheGovernmentalFactorspoliticalclimate-amountofgovernmentactivitypoliticalstabilityandriskgovernmentdebtbudgetdeficitorsurpluscorporateandpersonaltaxratespayrolltaxesimporttariffsandquotasexportrestrictionsrestrictionsoninternationalfinancialflows

73TheGovernmentalFactorspolitiTheLegalFactorsminimumwagelawsenvironmentalprotectionlawsworkersafetylawsunionlawscopyrightandpatentlawsanti-monopolylawsSundayclosinglawsmunicipallicenseslawsthatfavorbusinessinvestment

74TheLegalFactorsminimumwageTheTechnologicalFactorsefficiencyofinfrastructure,including:roads,ports,airports,rollingstock,hospitals,education,healthcare,communication,etc.industrialproductivitynewmanufacturingprocessesnewproductsandservicesofcompetitorsnewproductsandservicesofsupplychainpartnersanynewtechnologythatcouldimpactthecompanycostandaccessibilityofelectricalpower

75TheTechnologicalFactorsefficTheEcologicalFactorsecologicalconcernsthataffectthefirmsproductionprocessesecologicalconcernsthataffectcustomers'buyinghabitsecologicalconcernsthataffectcustomers'perceptionofthecompanyorproduct

76TheEcologicalFactorsecologicTheSocio-culturalFactorsdemographicfactorssuchas:populationsizeanddistributionagedistributioneducationlevelsincomelevelsethnicoriginsreligiousaffiliationsattitudestowards:materialism,capitalism,freeenterpriseindividualism,roleoffamily,roleofgovernment,collectivismroleofchurchandreligionconsumerismenvironmentalismimportanceofwork,prideofaccomplishmentculturalstructuresincluding:dietandnutritionhousingconditions77TheSocio-culturalFactorsdemoPotentialSuppliersLaborsupplyquantityoflaboravailablequalityoflaboravailablest