考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thereissupposedtobeasafety（）whichmakesitimpossiblefortrainstocollide,thusitcanavoidheavylosses.

问题1选项

A.appliance

B.accessory

C.machine

D.mechanism

【答案】D

【解析】句意:应该要有一个可以避免火车相撞的机制，从而避免重大损失。

考查名词辨析。appliance器具，器械，装置，家用电器；accessory配件，附件，［法］从犯，（衣服的）配饰；machine机械；mechanism机制，机械装置。因此D符合句意。

2.单选题

IfIkeepthisoathfaithfully,mayIenjoymylifeandpracticemyart,（

）byallmenandinalltimes;butifIswervefromitorviolateit,maythereversebemylot.

问题1选项

A.beingrespected

B.respecting

C.respectfully

D.respected

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语动词。题干主句中谓语动词为enjoy，后面接动词ing形式。空格后有by，可推测前面应该是被动语态。因此应使用being+done的形式。A选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Everymaninthiscountryhastherighttolivewherehewantsto（）thecolorofhisskin.

问题1选项

A.withtheexceptionof

B.inthelightof

C.byvirtueof

D.regardlessof

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。withtheexceptionof“除了…情况”；inthelightof“根据，按照，当作”；byvirtueof“由于，凭借”；regardlessof“不管，不顾”。句意：这个国家的每个人，不论肤色，都有权利住在他想住的地方。D项符合题意。

4.单选题

Theloveofpoetrywas____inhimbyherreaching.

问题1选项

A.banished

B.kindled

C.hardened

D.smashed

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.banished放逐；驱除B.kindled激起（兴趣、情感等）

C.hardened硬化；更严厉D.smashed打碎；猛烈碰撞

【答案】B

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】前文内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，后文内容为“她的到达”，空格处所填动词搭配的内容为“对诗歌的热爱”，B选项kindled“激起（兴趣、情感等）”与原句语义衔接最恰当。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】她的到达激起了他对诗歌的热爱。

5.填空题

A:Ihaveaballetticketforthisevening.

B:（1）

dowe!Why（2）weallgotogether?

A:That’sagood（3）.Thatwaywecansharea（4）andsaveabitofmoney.

B:When（5）wemeet?

A:Let’ssayat6:30in（6）ofBuilding5.

B:Fine.I’llseeyouthereat6:30.

【答案】1.so

2.don’t

3.idea

4.taxi

4.shall

6.front

【解析】1.语法题。考查倒装。这里表示“我们也有”。

2.语法题。考查否定疑问。这里是否定疑问句表示肯定。

3.固定搭配。Agoodidea好主意。

4.语义题。由后面的saveabitofmoney推测这里表示“我们可以一起打的”。

5.语义题。句意:我们什么时候见面？

6.固定搭配。infrontof在…前面。

6.单选题

Asoneoftheyoungestprofessorsintheuniversity，MissKingiscertainlyonthe（）ofabrilliantcareer.

问题1选项

A.edge

B.porch

C.threshold

D.course

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的

。

edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线。因此，C项threshold符合句意。

7.单选题

There’s______whenweshallmeetagain.

问题1选项

A.notknow

B.noknowing

C.nottoknow

D.neverknowing

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句型。句意：我们什么时候再见面还不知道。考查therebe句型，横线处应该填名词，knowing是动名词，B选项noknowing正确，A选项notknow和C选项nottoknow错误。结合语境，这里没有永远都不知道的意思，D选项neverknowing错误。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Darwinstatedthatthemoresurvivalcharacteristicsacreaturehas（

）thechancethatnewspecieswilladoptthesecharacteristics.

问题1选项

A.thebest

B.thebetter

C.betterthan

D.asgoodas

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。“The+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越……就越……”，B选项正确。句意是‘达尔文指出，一个生物拥有的生存特征越多，该物种拙有这些特征的机会越大。’

9.单选题

Thesoilispartoftheearth,（）theatmosphere.

问题1选项

A.asitis

B.thesameis

C.sois

D.andsois

【答案】D

【解析】asitis

实际上,

事实上,

既然如此；same常用搭配是thesameas；选项C缺少连词，所以本题选项D。句意：土地是地球的一部分,

大气也是。

10.单选题

Managerswhoarepermittedtotradeoninsideinformationhavean______toacquireordevelopvalueinformation,whichinvolvesrisks.

问题1选项

A.incentive

B.orientation

C.argument

D.identity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项incentive“动机，刺激”，B项orientation“方向，定向，适应”，C项argument“论证，论据，争吵”，D项identity“身份，同一性，一致”。由arepermittedtotradeoninsideinformation“被允许内幕信息交易”和toacquireordevelopvalueinformation“获取或发展有价值的信息”可知，“动机”符合语境。句意：被允许利用内幕信息进行交易的经理人有获取或开发价值信息的动机，这涉及到风险。因此，该题选择A项正确。

11.单选题

Itriedinvainto（）themantheslip.

问题1选项

A.give

B.omit

C.offer

D.serve

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项give“给；产生；让步；举办；授予”；B选项omit“省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽；没做”；C选项offer“提供；出价；试图；意图；录取通知书”；D选项serve“招待，供应；为……服务；对……有用；可作……用”。根据固定搭配givesomebodytheslip“趁某人不备时溜掉”可知该题选give。句意：我试图甩掉那个人，但没有成功。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Somecultureshavecustomsthat（）theclothingfashionsofpeopleincertainsocialclasses.

问题1选项

A.modify

B.alter

C.regulate

D.revise

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。modify"修改,更改;修饰";alter"改变,更改";regulate"控制,管理,调节";revise"修订,修改"。modify是指略微的修改,alter范围较广,指任何的改变,revise通常指修订课本,制度的管理和规定经常用regulate。句意：某些文化有一些习俗,这些习俗规定了某些社会阶层中人们的穿衣时尚。所以选项C正确。

13.单选题

Thegovernment（）regulationsthatputthisarcheologicalsiteunderprotection.

问题1选项

A.discharged

B.released

C.issued

D.published

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项discharge“准许（某人）离开，释放，排出”；B选项release“释放，发泄，免除”；C选项issue“发行，发布”；D选项publish“出版，发表，公布”。句意：政府颁布条例来保护这个考古遗址。由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句意。

14.单选题

Somedisputesamongthesecountriesare____byhistory.

问题1选项

A.leftover

B.turnedover

C.handedover

D.takenover

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.leftover留下B.turnedover移交给；翻阅；反复考虑

C.handedover（把某事）交给……负责D.takenover接管；接替

【答案】A

【考查点】词组辨析与语义衔接

【解题思路】空格处前后语义为“这些国家之间的一些争端是被历史____”，由此可知，与空格处所填短语搭配的是“国家间的一些争端”和“历史”，A选项leftover“留下”最符合原句语义衔接，指“被历史遗留下来的争端”。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】这些国家之间的一些争端是历史遗留下来的。

15.单选题

Thenumberofcopiesthepaperseilsseemstobein（）proportiontotheamountofnewsitcontains.

问题1选项

A.diverse

B.inverse

C.reverse

D.averse

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。inreverse“相反”，本句意为“这份报纸的发行量似乎与它所包含的新闻量成反比”，这句话想要表达的是报纸发行量太少，inreverse表达“相反”的意思使得句子逻辑成立。因此选项C正确。

16.单选题

PainterFridaKahlo(1910―1954)oftenusedharrowingimagesderivedfromherMexicanheritagetoexpresssufferingcausedbyadisablingaccidentandastormymarriage.Suggestingmuchpersonalandemotionalcontent,herworks—manyofthemself-portraits—havebeenexhaustivelypsychoanalyzed,whiletheirpoliticalcontenthasbeenlessstudied.YetKahlowasanardentpoliticalactivistwhoinherartsoughtnotonlytoexploreherownroots,butalsotochampionMexico’sstruggleforanindependentpoliticalandculturalidentity.

KahlowasinfluencedbyMarxism,whichappealedtomanyintellectualsinthe1920sand1930s,andbyMexicannationalism.InterestinMexico’scultureandhistoryhadrevivedinthenineteenthcentury,andbytheearly1900s,Mexicanindigenistatendenciesrangedfromaviolentlyanti-SpanishidealizationofAztecMexicotoanemphasisoncontemporaryMexicanIndiansasthekeytoauthenticMexicanculture.Mexicannationalism,reactingagainstcontemporaryUnitedStatespoliticalinterventioninlabordisputesaswellasagainstpastdominationbySpain,identifiedtheAztecsasthelastindependentrulersofanindigenouspoliticalunit.Kahlo’sformofMexicanidad,aromanticnationalismthatfocusedupontraditionalartunitingallindigenistas,reveredtheAztecsasapowerfulpre-ColumbiansocietythathadunitedalargeareaoftheMiddleAmericasandthatwasthoughttohavebeenbasedoncommunallabor,theMarxistideal.

Inherpaintings,KahlorepeatedlyemployedAztecsymbols,suchasskeletonsorbleedingheartsthatweretraditionallyrelatedtotheemanationoflifefromdeathandlightfromdarkness.TheseimagesofdestructioncoupledwithcreationspeaknotonlytoKahlo’spersonalbattleforlife,butalsototheMexicanstruggletoemergeasanation—byimplication,toemergewiththepoliticalandculturalstrengthadmiredintheAzteccivilization.Self-portraitontheBorderbetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates(1932),forexample,showsKahlowearingabonenecklace,holdingaMexicanflag,andstandingbetweenahighlyindustrializedUnitedStatesandanagricultural,preindustrialMexico.OntheUnitedStatessidearemechanisticandmodemimagessuchassmokestacks,lightbulbs,androbots.Incontrast,theorganicandancientsymbolsontheMexicanside—ablood-drenchedSun,lushvegetation,anAztecsculpture,apre-Columbiantemple,andaskullalludingtothosethatlinedthewallsofAztectemples—emphasizetheinterrelationoflife,death,theearth,andthecosmos.

KahloportrayedAztecimagesinthefolkloricstyleoftraditionalMexicanpaintings,therebyheighteningtheclashbetweenmodemmaterialismandindigenoustradition;similarly,shefavoredplannedeconomicdevelopment,butnotattheexpenseofculturalidentity.Heruseoffamiliarsymbolsinareadilyaccessiblestylealsoservedhergoalofbeingpopularlyunderstood;inturn,KahloisviewedbysomeMexicansasamythicfigurerepresentativeofnationalismitself.

31.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?

32.WhichoneofthefollowingstatementsconcerningpsychoanalyticandpoliticalinterpretationsofKahlo'sworkwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?

33.WhichoneofthefollowingstancestowardtheUnitedStatesdoesthepassagementionascharacterizingMexicannationalistsintheearlytwentiethcentury?

34.Inthecontextofthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingphrasescouldbestbesubstitutedfortheword"romantic"（Paragraph2,Line7）withoutsubstantiallychangingtheauthor'smeaning?

35.ThepassageimpliesthatKahlo'sattitudetowardtheeconomicdevelopmentofMexicowas（）.

问题1选项

A.ThedoctrinesofMarxistideologyandMexicannationalismheavilyinfluencedMexicanpaintersofKahlo’sgeneration.

B.Kahlo’spaintingscontainnumerousreferencestotheAztecsasanindigenousMexicanpeoplepredatingEuropeaninfluence.

C.AnimportantelementofKahlo’sworkisconveyedbysymbolsthatreflectheradvocacyofindigenousMexicancultureandMexicanpoliticalautonomy.

D.TheuseofAztecimagesandsymbolsinKahlo’sartcanbetracedtothelatenineteenth-centuryrevivalofinterestinMexicanhistoryandculture.

问题2选项

A.ThepsychoanalyticinterpretationsofKahlo’sworktendtochallengethepoliticalinterpretations.

B.PoliticalandpsychoanalyticinterpretationsarenetplementaryapproachestoKahlo’swork.

C.RecentpoliticalinterpretationsofKahlo’sworkarecausingpsychoanalyticcriticstorevisetheirowninterpretations.

D.Unlikethepoliticalinterpretations,thepsychoanalyticinterpretationsmakeuseofbiographicalfactsofKahlo’slife.

问题3选项

A.OppositiontoUnitedStatesinvolvementininternalMexicanaffairs.

B.DesiretodecreaseemigrationoftheMexicanlaborforcetotheUnitedStates.

C.DesiretoimproveMexico’seconomiccompetitivenesswiththeUnitedStates.

D.ReluctancetoimitatetheUnitedStatesmodelofrapidindustrialization.

问题4选项

A.Dreamyandescapist.

B.Nostalgicandidealistic.

C.Fancifulandimaginative.

D.Transcendentalandimpractical.

问题5选项

A.enthusiastic

B.condemnatory

C.cautious

D.noncommittal

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】31.文章主旨题。浏览全文，本文的主题人物是PainterFridaKahlo,全文的主题句为原文第一段最后一句，“YetKahlowasanardentpoliticalactivistwhoinherartsoughtnotonlytoexploreherownroots,butalsotochampionMexico’sstruggleforanindependentpoliticalandculturalidentity.（然而，卡罗是一位热情的政治活动家，在她的艺术中，她不仅寻求探索自己的根源，而且还支持墨西哥争取独立的政治和文化身份的斗争。）”其中的关键词为herart，politicalactivist和politicalandculturalidentity。从而得出本题答案。

32.

细节推断题。原文第三段第二句中的byimplication体现了作者的想法，“byimplication,toemergewiththepoliticalandculturalstrengthadmiredintheAzteccivilization.Self-portraitontheBorderbetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates(1932),forexample,showsKahlowearingabonenecklace,holdingaMexicanflag,andstandingbetweenahighlyindustrializedUnitedStatesandanagricultural,preindustrialMexico.”而political与选项B重现；notonly...butalso...体现了Kahlo作品中Political和psychoanalytic为互相补充的关系。从而得出本题答案。

33.事实细节题。根据题干关键词theearlytwentiethcentury可定位原文第二段第二句。“InterestinMexico’scultureandhistoryhadrevivedinthenineteenthcentury,andbytheearly1900s,Mexicanindigenistatendenciesrangedfromaviolentlyanti-SpanishidealizationofAztecMexicotoanemphasisoncontemporaryMexicanIndiansasthekeytoauthenticMexicanculture.（19世纪，人们对墨西哥文化和历史的兴趣重新燃起，到20世纪初，墨西哥原住民主义的倾向从对阿兹特克墨西哥的强烈反西班牙理想化，到强调当代墨西哥印第安人是真正墨西哥文化的关键。）”从而得出本题答案。

34.语义题。根据题干信息定位到第二段最后一句。“Kahlo’sformofMexicanidad,aromanticnationalismthatfocusedupontraditionalartunitingallindigenistas,reveredtheAztecsasapowerfulpre-ColumbiansocietythathadunitedalargeareaoftheMiddleAmericasandthatwasthoughttohavebeenbasedoncommunallabor,theMarxistideal.”romantic的意思为“浪漫的；多情的；空想的”，根据原文中的traditional,ideal判断得出本题答案。

35.

细节推理题。根据题干关键词Kahlo’sattitude,theeconomicdevelopmentofMexico可以定位到最后一段第一句，“KahloportrayedAztecimagesinthefolkloricstyleoftraditionalMexicanpaintings,therebyheighteningtheclashbetweenmodemmaterialismandindigenoustradition;similarly,shefavoredplannedeconomicdevelopment,butnotattheexpenseofculturalidentity.”第一句中提到了Kahlo’sattitude，她支持plannedeconomicdevelopment，接着but转折，不能以culturalidentity为代价。从而得出本题答案。

17.不定项选择题

Noonecanbeagreatthinkerwhodoesnotrealizethatasathinkeritisherfirstdutytofollowherintellecttowhateverconclusionsitmaylead.Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.Notthatitissolely,orchiefly,toformgreatthinkersthatfreedomofthinkingisrequired.Onthecontrary,itisasmuchorevenmoreindispensabletoenableaveragehumanbeingstoattainthementalstaturewhichtheyarecapableof.Therehavebeenandmayagainbegreatindividualthinkersinageneralatmosphereofmentalslavery.Butthereneverhasbeen,noreverwillbe,inthatatmosphereanintellectuallyactivepeople.Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed:wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.

Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheartheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithhermind.Shemustbeabletohearthemfrompersonswhoactuallybelievethem:whodefendtheminearnest,anddotheirveryutmostforthem.Shemustknowthemintheirmostplausibleandpersuasiveform;shemustfeelthewholeforceofthedifficultywhichthetrueviewofthesubjecthastoencounteranddisposeof:elseshewillneverreallypossessherselfoftheportionoftruthwhichmeetsandremovesthatdifficulty.Ninety-nineinahundredofwhatarecallededucatedpeopleareinthiscondition;evenofthosewhocanarguefluentlyfortheiropinions.Theirconclusionmaybetrue,butitmightbefalseforanythingtheyknow;theyhaveneverthrownthemselvesintothementalpositionofthosewhothinkdifferentlyfromthemandconsideredwhatsuchpersonsmayhavetosay;andconsequentlytheydonot,inanypropersenseoftheword,knowthedoctrineswhichtheythemselvesprofess.

1.Thebesttitleforthispassageis（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,itisalwaysadvisableto（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,inagreatperiodsuchastheRenaissancewemayexpecttofind（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thepersonwhoholdsorthodoxbeliefswithoutexaminationmaybedescribedinallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTas（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldbemostlikelytoagreewith?

问题1选项

A.TheAgeofReason

B.TheNeedforIndependentThinking

C.TheValueofRefutation

D.StirringPeople’sMinds

问题2选项

A.haveopinionswhichcannotberefuted

B.adoptthepointofviewtowhichonefeelsthemostinclination

C.beacquaintedwiththeargumentsfavoringthepointofviewwithwhichonedisagrees

D.suspendheterodoxspeculationinfavorofdoctrinaireapproaches

问题3选项

A.acceptanceoftruth

B.controversyoverprinciples

C.inordinateenthusiasm

D.adreadofheterodoxspeculation

问题4选项

A.enslavedbytradition

B.lessthanfullyrational

C.determinedoncontroversy

D.havingaclosedmind

问题5选项

A.Atrulygreatthinkermakesnomistakes

B.Periodsofintellectualachievementareperiodsofunorthodoxreflection

C.Therefutationofacceptedideascanbestbeprovidedbyone’sownteachers

D.Excessivecontroversypreventsclearthinking

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。分析文章行文结构，文章由问句导入引出文章主题“思考者的首要职责是跟随自己的思维能力达成其可能带来的结论，没有认识到这一点的人不可能是一位伟大的思考者”，然后指出“思考者需要独立思考”的观点以及后续段落围绕“独立思考的重要性”进行论述，可推知B项“对独立思考的需要”正确。

A选项“理性时代”，文章第一段虽然有提及但是不是文章的重点，这是独立思考带来的好处，属于以偏概全。

C选项“反驳的价值”，文章第一段虽然有提及但是不是文章的重点，这是独立思考带来的好处，属于以偏概全。

D选项“激动人心的人们的思想”，文章第一段虽然有提及但是不是文章的重点，这是独立思考带来的好处，属于以偏概全。

第2题:事实细节题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到文章第二段第一二三句话Shewhoknowsonlyherownsideofthecaseknowslittleofthat.Herreasonsmaybegood,andnoonemayhavebeenabletorefutethem.Butifsheisequallyunabletorefutethereasonsoftheoppositeside;ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeitheropinion.（只知道自己一方（观点）的人对这个知之甚少。她的（辩护）理由也许很好，没人能反驳。但是如果她同样不能反驳对方的理由；如果她连它们（对方的论点）是什么都不知道，她就没有理由偏爱任何一种观点），由此可知答案选C选项“要熟悉赞成某人不同意的观点的论点”。

A选项“有无法反驳的观点”，见正确答案解析，这里属于反向干扰。

B选项“选择自己最喜欢的观点”，见正确答案解析，这里属于反向干扰。

D选项“暂停异端的推测，支持教条主义的方法”，定位到第一段倒数第二句话Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.（任何异端猜测在那一段时间内停止，在任何策略会议中其原则是不能争议的，在任何讨论中，那些能主导人性的讨论被认为是停止了的，我们都别想找到通常高标准的精神活动，这些活动就是让某些时间段的历史被人们记住的原因），停止了异端猜测反而会导致思想停滞不前，这里属于反向干扰，不选。

第3题:推理判断题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段倒数第二句话Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.（任何异端猜测在那一段时间内停止，在任何策略会议中其原则是不能争议的，在任何讨论中，那些能主导人性的讨论被认为是停止了的，我们都别想找到通常高标准的精神活动，这些活动就是让某些时间段的历史被人们记住的原因），从这里可知是异端猜测暂停会导致我们进入不了伟大的时代，也就是说异端学说活跃才导致思想活跃才会把人们带入到伟大时代，而文艺复兴是思想活跃的时期，所以我们会经常发现B选项“争议原则”。

A选项“接受真理”，文中没有提及属于无中生有，所以不选。

C选项“过度的热情”，文中没有提及属于无中生有，所以不选。

D选项“对异端猜测的恐惧”，见正确解析，这里属于反向干扰。

第4题:事实细节题。C选项文章没有提及属于无中生有，所以答案选C；

A选项“被传统奴役”定位到第二段第四句Therationalpositionforherwouldbesuspensionofjudgment,andunlessshecontentsherselfwiththat,sheiseitherledbyauthority,oradopts,likethegeneralityoftheworld,thesidetowhichshefeelsthemostinclination.（对她来说，理性的立场是停止判断，除非她满足于这一点，否则她要么被权威人士所左右，要么像世界上大多数人一样，站在她觉得最倾向的一边），由此可知A选项正确；

B选项“不完全理性”，定位到第二段第三句话…ifshedoesnotsomuchasknowwhattheyare,shehasnogroundforpreferringeither（……如果她连它们是什么都不知道，她就没有理由偏爱任何一种观点），由此可知B选项正确；

D选项“封闭的思想”，定位到第二段第六句Thatisnotthewaytodojusticetothearguments,orbringthemintorealcontactwithhermind.（这不是公正对待这些论点的方法，也不是让它们与她的思想真正接触的方法），从这里作者委婉地表达出像题干那样做的人思想是封闭的，并没有真正的接触到反方思想，由此D选项正确。

第5题:事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段倒数第二句话Whereanyofheterodoxspeculationwasforatimesuspended,wherethereisatacticconventionthatprinciplesarenottobedisputed,wherethediscussionofthegreatestquestionswhichcanoccupyhumanityisconsideredtobeclosed,wecannothopetofindthatgenerallyhighscaleofmentalactivitywhichhasmadesomeperiodsofhistorysoremarkable.（任何异端猜测在那一段时间内停止，在任何策略会议中其原则是不能争议的，在任何讨论中，那些能主导人性的讨论被认为是停止了的，我们都别想找到通常高标准的精神活动，这些活动就是让某些时间段的历史被人们记住的原因），第二步，综合理解，从这里可知那些没有异端邪说的时代很难孕育出伟大的思想，反推就是伟大的时代存在异端学说，所以B选项正确；

A选项“真正伟大的思想家是不会犯错的”定位到第一段第二句Truthgainsmoreevenbytheerrorsofonewhowithduestudyandpreparation,thinksforhimself,thanbythetrueopinionsofthosewhoonlyholdthembecausetheydonotsufferthemselvestothink.（即使一个经过适当的学习和准备，自己思考的人犯错误，也比那些仅仅因为不让自己思考而持有正确意见的人更能获得真理），思想家不是不犯错误是那些经过自己思考的人即使想错了也比那些不经思考的更能够成为思想家的，由此可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；

C选项“对已被接受的观点的反驳最好由自己的老师提供”，定位到第二段第五句话Norisitenoughthatsheshouldheartheargumentsofadversariesfromherownteachers,presentedastheystatethem,andaccompaniedbywhattheyofferasrefutations.（她也不应该仅仅从她自己的老师那里听到对手的论点，就像他们陈述的那样，并伴随着他们提出的反驳。），作者并不赞同被动地从老师那接受思想并且附和老师观点，这样思想是得不到提高的，由此可知C选项错误，属于反向干扰；

D选项“过多的争论会妨碍清晰的思考”，定位到第一段最后一句话Neverwhencontroversyavoidedthesubjectswhicharelargeandimportantenoughtokindleenthusiasmwasthemindofapeoplestirredupfromitsfoundationsandtheimpulsegivenwhichraisedevenpersonsofthemostordinaryintellecttosomethingofthedignityofthinkingbeings.（当争论回避那些足以点燃人们热情的大而重要的课题时，一个民族的思想就永远不会从它的基础和冲动中被激发出来，这种冲动甚至把最普通的智力的人提高到有思想的人的尊严的程度），要想民族的思想激发出来就不能回避争论，由此可知选项D错误，属于反向干扰。

18.翻译题

Parentsofwailingbabies,takecomfort:Youarenotalone.Chimpanzeebabiesfuss.Seagullchickssquawk.Buryingbeetlelarvaetaptheirparents’legs.Throughouttheanimalkingdom,babiesknowhowtogettheirparents’attention.Exactlywhyevolutionhasproducedallthisfussing,squawkingandtappingisaquestionmanybiologistsaretryingtoanswer.

(1)Someday,thatanswermayshedsomelightonthemysteryofcryinginhumanbabies.“Itmaypointresearchersintherightdirectiontofindthecausesofexcessivecrying,”saidJosephSoltis,abioacousticsexpertatDisney’sAnimalKingdominLakeBuenaVista,Florida.SoltispublishedanarticleontheevolutionofcryinginthecurrentissueofBehavioralandBrainSciences.

Younganimalsvaryinhowmuchtheycry,squawkorotherwisecommunicatewiththeirparents,andstudieswithmice,beetlesandmonkeysshowthatthisvariationispartlybasedongenes.

Somelevelofcryinginhumans,ofcourse,isbasedongaspainsandmessydiapers.(2)Butasforthegeneticcontribution,youmightexpectthatnaturalselectionwouldfavorgenesfornoisierchildren,sincetheywouldgetmoreattention.

Beforelong,however,thissortofdeceptionmayberuinous.Ifthesignalsofoffspringbecametotallyunreliable,parentswouldnolongerbenefitfrompayingattention.(3)Someevolutionarybiologistshaveproposedthatnaturalselectionshouldthereforefavorso-calledhonestadvertisements.

Somebiologistshavespeculatedthatthesehonestadvertisementsmaynotjusttellaparentwhichoffspringarehungry.Theymightalsoshowtheirparentthattheyarehealthyandvigorousandthereforeworthsomeextrainvestment.

Thebabiesofrhesusmacaquemonkeyscryouttotheirmothersandtendtocryevenmorearoundthetimetheirmotherswean(断奶)them.Themothers,inresponse,begintoignoremostoftheirbabies’distresscalls,sincemostturnouttobefalsealarms.

“Initially,mothersrespondanytimeaninfantcries,”saidDarioMaestripieri,aprimatologistattheUniversityofChicago,(4)“Butasthecriesincrease,theyrespondlessandless.Theybecomemoreskeptical.Soinfantsstartcryingless.Sotheygothroughthesecycles,adjustingtheirresponses.”

KimBard,aprimatologistattheUniversityofPlymouthinEngland,hasspentmorethanadecadeobservingchimpanzeebabies.“Chimpscancryforalongtimeifsomethingterribleishappeningtothem,butwhenyoupickthemup,theystop,”Bardsaid.“I’veneverseenanychimpanzeesinthefirstthreemonthsoflifebeinconsolable.”

Maestripieriandotherresearcherssaytheseevolutionaryforcesmayhavealsoshapedthecriesofhumanbabies.“Allprimateinfantscry,”Maestripierisaid.(5)“It’saveryconservedbehavior.It’snotsomethinghumanshaveevolvedontheirown.”

【答案】1.有一天，也许这个答案会解开人类婴儿哭泣之谜。

2.但说到基因方面的原因，你可能会认为自然选择会倾向于吵闹的孩子的基因，因为他们会得到更多的关注。

3.因此，有的进化生物学家提出，自然选择会倾向于所谓的诚实宣传。

4.但随着叫声越来越多，母亲的反应也越来越少，因为她们开始怀疑哭声的真实性。所以婴儿的嗷叫随之变少。

5.“这是一种非常保守的行为。这不是人类自己进化出来的。”

19.单选题

Thegiftofbeingabletodescribeafaceaccuratelyisarareone,aseveryexperiencedpoliceofficerknowstohiscost.AstheLancetputitrecently:“Whenwetrytodescribefacespreciselywordsfailus,andweresorttoidentikit(拼脸型图)procedures.”

Yet,accordingtooneauthorityonthesubject,wecaneachprobablyrecognizemorethan1,000faces,themajorityofwhichdifferinfinedetails.This,whenonecomestothinkofit,isatremendousfeat,though,curiouslyenough,relativelylittleattentionhasbeendevotedtothefundamentalproblemsofhowandwhyweacquirethisgiftforrecognizingandrememberingfaces.Isitaninbornpropertyofourbrains,oranacquiredone?Assooftenhappens,theexpertstendtodiffer.

Thus,somearguethatitisinborn,andthatthereare“specialcharacteristicsaboutthebrain’sabilitytodistinguishfaces”.Insupportofthisthesetheynotehowmuchbetterweareatrecognizingafaceafterasingleencounterthanweare,forexample,inrecognizinganindividualhorse.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,andtheyareprobablyinthemajority,whoclaimthatthegiftisanacquiredone.

Theargumentsinfavorofthislatterview,itmustbeconfessed,areimpressive.Itisahabitthatisacquiredsoonafterbirth.Watch,forinstance,howaquiteyoungbabyrecognizeshismemberbysight.Grantedthathisothersenseshelp-thesoundothervoice,hissenseofsmell,thedistinctivewayshehandleshim.

Butofallthese,sightispredominant.Formedattheverybeginningoflife,theabilitytorecognizefacesquicklybecomesanestablishedhabit,andonethatis,essentialfordailyliving,ifnotnecessarilyforsurvival.Howessentialandvaluableitisweprobablydonotappreciateuntilweencounterpeoplewhohavebeendeprivedofthefaculty.

Thisunfortunateinabilitytorecognizefamiliarfacesisknowntoall,butsuchpeoplecanoftenrecognizeindividualsbytheirvoices,theirwalkingmannersortheirspectacles.Withtypicalhumaningenuitymanyoftheseunfortunatepeopleovercometheirhandicapbyrecognizingothercharacteristicfeatures.

1.Itisstatedinthepassagethat（）.

2.Whattheauthorfeelsstrangeaboutisthat（）.

3.Whatisthefirstsuggestedexplanationoftheoriginoftheability?

4.Accordingtothepassage,ho