考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theorganizationhadbrokennorules,but（

）haditactedresponsibly.

问题1选项

A.neither

B.so

C.either

D.both

【答案】A

【解析】考查连词。本句式由连词but连接的并列句结构，前面是否定结构，后面应该与其一致，因此选项A符合题意。

2.翻译题

Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theymaystarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan'trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrainfades,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments”.Whileseeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhaveadamagingimpactonourprofessional,socialandpersonallife.

Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.Itturnsoutthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmentalworkoutscansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitivefunctions.Thinkingisessentiallyaprocessofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Tosomeextent,ourabilitytoexcelinmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.

【答案】随着许多人步入中年，他们可能会开始注意到，他们的记忆力和思维清晰度已经不如从前了。我们突然记不起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者记不起一个老相识的名字，或者记不起一个我们曾经喜欢过的老乐队的名字。当大脑衰退时，我们将这些现象称为“老年时刻”，虽然看起来很无辜，但这种精神注意力的丧失可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人生活造成潜在的破坏性影响。

神经科学家，研究神经系统的专家，越来越多地表明实际上有很多事情可以做。事实证明，大脑和我们的肌肉一样需要锻炼，正确的脑力锻炼可以显著提高我们的基本认知功能。思考本质上是在大脑中建立联系的过程。在某种程度上，我们在建立驱动智力的联系方面的卓越能力是遗传的。

3.单选题

Hesayshehasn’tgotanymoney（）infacthe’sgotthousandsofdollarsinhisaccount.

问题1选项

A.as

B.since

C.while

D.for

【答案】C

【解析】句意：他说他一分钱都没拿到,

但实际上,

他的账户进账几千美元。上下有转折的关系,

用while更适合。

4.单选题

Idaresayheisnotyourtruefriend,becauseatruefriend______differentlywhenyouwereintrouble.

问题1选项

A.acted

B.hadacted

C.wouldact

D.wouldhaveacted

【答案】D

【解析】考查语法结构。句子中when引导条件状语从句，表示虚拟语气。根据从句中的谓语动词were可判断这是一个与过去事实相反的假设，那么空格处应该用过去将来完成时，故D项符合结构。句意：我敢说他不是你真正的朋友，因为一个真正的朋友会在你遇到困难时采取不同的行动。因此，该题选择D项正确。

5.单选题

Hedecidedtotake______golftoprovidehimselfwithsomerelaxation.

问题1选项

A.on

B.over

C.up

D.with

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.on在……之上B.over关于，在……上方

C.up向上D.with和……在一起

【考查点】介词辨析。

【解题思路】按照句意“他决定______高尔夫球来放松一下”可知，空格处表示“打”，分析句子可知，空格处是填入一个介词与take搭配，而takeup表示“开始从事”，在这里可以表示“开始打高尔夫”，所以该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A项takeon表示“承担，呈现”；

B项takeover表示“接管，接收”；

D项takewith表示“将……戴上”；

都不符合句子逻辑。

【句意】他决定开始打高尔夫球来放松一下。

6.单选题

AmongthemorecolorfulcharactersofLeadville'sgoldenagewereH.A.W.Taborandhissecondwife,ElizabethMcCourt,betterknownas“BabyDoe”.TheirhistoryisfastbecomingoneofthelegendsoftheOldWest.HoraceAustinWarnerTaborwasaschoolteacherinVermont.WithhisfirstwifeandtwochildrenheleftVermontbycoveredwagonin1855tohomesteadinKansas.Perhapshedidnotfindfarmingtohisliking,orperhapshewasluredbyrumorsoffortunestobemadeinColoradomines.Atanyrate,afewyearslaterhemovedwesttothesmallColoradominingcampknownasCaliforniaGulch,whichhelaterrenamedLeadvillewhenhebecameitsleadingcitizen.“Greatdepositsofleadaresuretobefoundhere.”hesaid.

Asitturnedout,itwassilver,notlead,thatwastomakeLeadville’sfortuneandwealth.Taborknewlittleaboutmininghimself,soheopenedageneralstore,whichsoldeverythingfrombootstosalt,flour,andtobacco.Itwashiscustomto“grubstake”prospectiveminers,inotherwords,tosupplythemwithfoodandsupplies,or“grub”，whiletheylookedforore,inreturnforwhichhewouldgetashareinthemineifonewasdiscovered.Hedidthisforanumberofyearsbutnoonethatheaidedeverfoundanythingofvalue.

Finallyonedayintheyear1878,sothestorygoes,twominerscameinandaskedfor“grub”.Taborhaddecidedtoquitsupplyingitbecausehehadlosttoomuchmoneythatway.Thesewerepersistent,however,andTaborwastoobusytoarguewiththem.“Ohhelpyourself.Onemoretimewon’tmakeanydifference,”Hesaidandwentonsellingshoesandhatstoothercustomers.Thetwominerstook$17worthofsupplies,inreturnforwhichtheygaveTaboraone-thirdinterestintheirfindings.Theypickedabarrenplaceonthemountainsideandbegantodig.Afterninedaystheystruckarichveinofsilver.Taborboughtthesharesoftheothertwomen,andsotheminebelongedtohimalone.Thismine,knownasthe“PittsburghMine，”made$1300000forTaborinreturnforhis$17investment.

LaterTaborboughttheMatchlessMineonanotherbarrenhillsidejustoutsidethetownfor$117000.ThisturnedouttobeevenmorefabulousthanthePittsburgh,yielding$35000worthofsilverperdayatonetime.Leadvillegrew.Taborbecameitsfirstmayor,andlaterbecamelieutenantgovernorofthestate.

1.LeadvillegotitsnameforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT（）.

2.Theword“grubstake”inparagraph2means（）.

3.Tabormadehisfirstfortune（）.

4.TheunderlyingreasonforTabor’slifecareeris（）.

5.Ifthispassageisthefirstpartofanarticle,whomightbeintroducedinthefollowingpart?

问题1选项

A.becauseTaborbecameitsleadingcitizen

B.becausegreatdepositsofleadisexpectedtobefoundthere

C.becauseitcouldbringgoodfortunetoTabor

D.becauseitwasrenamed

问题2选项

A.tosupplyminerswithfoodandsupplies

B.toopenageneralstore

C.todoone'scontributiontothedevelopmentofthemine

D.tosupplyminerswithfoodandsuppliesandinreturngetashareinthemine,ifonewasdiscovered

问题3选项

A.bysupplyingtwoprospectiveminersandgettinginreturnaone-thirdinterestinthefindings

B.becausehewaspersuadedbythetwominerstoquitsupplying

C.bybuyingthesharesoftheother

D.asalandspeculator

问题4选项

A.purelyaccidental

B.basedontheanalysisofminer’sbeingverypoorandtheirpossibilityofdiscoveringprofitableminingsite

C.throughthehelpfromhissecondwife

D.heplannedwellandaccomplishedtargetsstepbystep

问题5选项

A.Tabor'slife.

B.Tabor'ssecondwife,ElizabethMcCourt.

C.Othercolorfulcharacters.

D.Tabor'sothercareers.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“Atanyrate,afewyearslaterhemovedwesttothesmallColoradominingcampknownasCaliforniaGulch,whichhelaterrenamedLeadvillewhenhebecameitsleadingcitizen.“Greatdepositsofleadaresuretobefoundhere.”hesaid.不管怎么说，几年后，他搬到了西部一个名为加利福尼亚峡谷的科罗拉多小采矿营地，当他成为那里的主要公民后，他把这个营地重新命名为莱德维尔。“这里肯定能找到大量的铅矿藏。”他说。”可知有三个原因分别对应ABD项，C项“因为Leadville可以给Tabor带来财富”不正确，因为后来发现的是银矿，并且给他带来财富。

2.推理判断题。由第二段“Itwashiscustomto“grubstake”prospectiveminers,inotherwords,tosupplythemwithfoodandsupplies,or“grub”,whiletheylookedforore,inreturnforwhichhewouldgetashareinthemineifonewasdiscovered.他的习惯是“喂饱”潜在的矿工，换句话说，就是给他们提供食物和给养.如果发现了矿石，他可以得到一份矿石作为回报。”可知tosupply…是对该词的解释，故D项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第三段“Thetwominerstook$17worthofsupplies,inreturnforwhichtheygaveTaboraone-thirdinterestintheirfindings.Theypickedabarrenplaceonthemountainsideandbegantodig.Afterninedaystheystruckarichveinofsilver.Taborboughtthesharesoftheothertwomen,andsotheminebelongedtohimalone.Thismine,knownasthe“PittsburghMine，”made$1300000forTaborinreturnforhis$17investment.这两名矿工获得了价值17美元的补给品，作为回报，他们将他们发现的三分之一的股份给了塔博尔。他们在山坡上拣了一块贫瘠的地方开始挖。九天之后，他们发现了一个丰富的银矿矿脉。Tabor买下了另外两个人的股份，所以这个矿就归他一个人了。这个矿，被称为“匹兹堡矿”，为塔伯赚了130万美元，回报是他17美元的投资。”可知Tabor的第一份财富来自于他给别人提供食物，然后别人给了三分之一的股份给他。故A项正确。

4.推理判断题。Tabor的财富来源具有一定的偶然性，但也是基于他开创的grubstake模式，分析选项可知只有B项正确。

5.推理判断题。全文花了大量笔墨写了男主人公Tabor的故事，其中提到了她的第二任妻子，所以如果文章继续写下去，接下来会讲述他妻子的故事。故B项正确。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

7.单选题

NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.Manythingshavechangedintheinterveningyears.Thehotelindustryworriesmoreaboutoverbuildingthanovercrowding,andiftheyhadtomeetanunexpectedinflux,fewinnswouldhaveamanagertoaccommodatethewearyguests.Nowitisthecensustakerthatdoesthetravelinginthefondhopethatahighlymobilepopulationwillstaylongenoughtogetagoodsampling.Methodsofgathering,recording,andevaluatinginformationhavepresumablybeenimprovedagreatdeal.AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes,nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearmentwhichwe,atleastinouryoungeryearswhenthesethingsmattered,wouldhaveassociatedmorereadilywiththedescriptionofafairmaiden.ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets,andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.

43.TaxationinRomandaysapparentlywasbasedon______.

44.TheAmericanStatisticalAssociation______.

45.Themessagetheauthorwishesthereadertogetis______.

46The“greateststoryevertold”referredtointhepassageisthestoryof______.

问题1选项

A.wealth

B.mobility

C.population

D.censustakers

问题2选项

A.isconvertingstatisticalstudyfromanarttoascience

B.hasanexcellentrecordinbusinessforecasting

C.isneitherhopefulnorpessimistic

D.speakswithmathematicalexactitude

问题3选项

A.statisticianshavenotadvancedsincethedaysoftheRoman

B.statisticsisnotasyetascience

C.statisticianslovetheirmachine

D.computerishopeful

问题4选项

A.Christmas

B.TheMets

C.Moses

D.RomanCensusTakers

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】43.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“罗马时代的税收显然是基于……”。文章第六句指出AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes（那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单）可知，罗马时代的税收是基于人口，C项“人口”正确。B项“流动性”是人口的特点，D项“人口普查员”是普查人口的执行者，这两项都不符合题干；A项“财富”没提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

44.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“美国统计协会……”。根据文中第六句开始讲的观点：…nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearment…（现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向理科发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统……）可知，美国统计协会正把统计学从文科转向理科发展，所以A项“正把统计研究从文科转变成理科”正确。文中提到ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets…（但也有人指出，那些备受尊敬的预测和预测者的平均成功率还低于Mets的糟糕记录）可知，B项“在商业预测方面有出色的记录”不正确。C项“不乐观也不悲观”文章没有提到，只提到了他们半喜半忧地离开协会。由最后一句thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。）可知，D项“以精确的数学说话”不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

45.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者希望读者得到的信息是……”。根据文中的描述：…andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（连统计协会的主席也告诫说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着喜忧参半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是新近才有的信念，相信只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。），可知只要不把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性预测，那么统计法在经济预测中就有它的贡献，从中我们可以推知，统计学还不是一门科学（理科），所以B项“统计学还不是一门科学”正确。A项“统计学家从罗马时代起就没有进步”和C项“统计学家喜欢他们的计算机”没有提到过。D项“电脑是有希望的”，文中只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学“系统”，暗示了计算机大有希望，但不是所有人都这样认为的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“本文中提到的‘有史以来最伟大的故事’是……的故事”。根据题干定位到文章第一句话NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.（自从凯撒奥古斯都下令进行的人口普查成为有史以来最伟大的故事的一部分以来，已经过去了近两千年），其中提到了凯撒奥古斯都颁布的征税法令，而这个故事是被基督徒称为圣诞故事的经文，所以这是圣诞节的故事，A项“圣诞节”正确。B项“theMets”、C项“摩西”和D项“罗马人口普查员”都不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

8.单选题

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccomplishedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,sillicons,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefindings,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources;thatonlytheprodigiousassetsofthegiantcorporationorconglomeratecanaffordthekindofexpenditurethatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpenditureforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswillaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,domuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocessisnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructure,andthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholderswhomightbemoreconcernedwithcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudget,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoassumethatthemonopolisticproducershouldbeequatedwithbountifulexpendituresforresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Furthermore,thefirmwithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesanddifferentproducts,sincewithlittlevestedinterestincapitalequipmentorplantitisnotdeterredfrominvestmentininnovation.Insomecases,whereinter-industrycompetitionisreducedorevenentirelyeliminated,theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures;thereareinstancesinwhichthey,too,mustcompete,asagainstanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

41.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsoftwentiethcentury______.

42.Itistheauthor’sbelief,asexpressedorimpliedinthepassage,that______.

43.Managementandstockholdersmightbedeeplyconcernedwithcost-cuttingratherthaninnovationif______.

44.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor______.

45.Theamountofmoneyspentbythefederalgovernmentfornon-militaryresearchandproductdevelopmentis______.

46.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisneitherexpressednorimpliedinthepassage?

47.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto______.

48.Whichofthefollowingbestsupportsthethesisthatindustrialgiantsdonotbestservetoprovidetheinnovationweneedtoimproveourstandardoflivingandprotectourdiminishingresources?

49.Theindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Thesentencemeans______.

50.Accordingtotheauthor,theconglomeratesmayspendlargeamountoninnovationbecause______.

问题1选项

A.arenotnecessarilyproducedasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopment

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

问题2选项

A.monopolypowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation

B.governmentprotectionformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources

C.industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchange

D.firmswithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment

问题3选项

A.theircompanyisfacedwithstrongcompetitioninafieldnotdominatedbyoneoftheindustrialgiants

B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustry

C.theyarepartofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandaretherecipientsoffederalfundsforproductdevelopment

D.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscentury

问题4选项

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefuture

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishment

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproduction

D.whileadmittingthatmorethanhalftheimportantinventionsofthecenturywereproducedbyindependentinventors,feelthatthefutureliesinthehandsofgiantindustry

问题5选项

A.morethan$36billioneachyear

B.approximately$24billioneachyear

C.morethan$18billioneachyear

D.lessthan$12billioneachyear

问题6选项

A.Importantinventionshavebeenproduced,inthepast,byindividualsaswellasbycorporateteams.

B.Thefederalgovernment’sresearchfundsarefunneledintopureresearchaswellasmilitaryresearch.

C.Thedevelopmentoftheautomatictransmissionisnotcreditedtoorganizedindustrialresearch.

D.Industrialgiantsmaydeliberatelysuppressinnovationstoavoidcapitallossresultingfromobsolescence.

问题7选项

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

问题8选项

A.Morethanhalftheimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.

B.Morethanhalfthegovernmentexpenditureforresearchgoestomilitaryresearch.

C.Themissileindustryisonethatbenefitsfromgovernmentspendingforresearch.

D.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances.

问题9选项

A.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallossbecauseofobsolescencebypurposelypreventingtechnologicalprogress

B.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebypurposelypromotingtechnologicalprogress

C.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebydeliberatelyspendingmoremoneyontechnologicalprogress

D.thattheindustrialgiantsmayseektoavoidcapitallosscausedbyobsolescencebypurposelyinvestingmoremoneyoninnovation

问题10选项

A.theyarecompletelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures

B.theyaresupportiveofinnovation

C.theycanaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneeded

D.they,too,mustcompeteagainstanotherindustrialGoliath

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:B

第8题:D

第9题:A

第10题:D

【解析】41.【选项释义】

41.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsoftwentiethcentury______.41.根据文章，20世纪的重要发明______。

A.arenotnecessarilyproducedasaresultofgovernmentalsupportformilitaryweaponsresearchanddevelopmentA.不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolyindustriesB.主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteamsC.至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomeratesD.对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“最近一项对世纪之交以来的重要发明的研究表明，超过一半的发明是独立于工业研究组织的个体发明者独自工作的成果”，和第三句“当工业实验室贡献了像尼龙和晶体管这样重要的产品时，独立的发明家发明了空调、自动变速器、喷气发动机、直升机、胰岛素和链霉素。”，可知20世纪的重要发明至少是由独立发明家和研究团队共同创造的，那么C项意思与之相符。故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“不一定是政府支持军事武器研发的结果”，在原文中并没有提到20世纪的重要发明和政府支持军事武器研发的关系，无中生有；

B选项“主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室”与原文不符，超过一半的发明是由个体发明者研究出来的，该项曲解原文；

D选项“对小公司的影响大于对大公司的影响”，在原文中说的是研究所需的支出，与题干无关，张冠李戴。

42.【选项释义】

42.Itistheauthor’sbelief,asexpressedorimpliedinthepassage,that______.42.正如文章中所表达或暗示的那样，作者认为______。

A.monopolypowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovationA.垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境

B.governmentprotectionformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresourcesB.政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源

C.industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangeC.拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快

D.firmswithasmallshareofthemarketwillaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipmentD.市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在旧的固定设备中

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第二句“此外，市场份额小的公司将积极追求新技术和不同的产品，因为在固定设备或工厂方面没有什么既得利益，它不会阻止对创新的投资”，可知市场份额小的公司因为在设备和工厂方面都没有既得利益，所以他们不会阻止对创新的投资；理解可推断，市场份额小的公司将积极追求创新，因为他们不会被束缚在设备和工厂中。故该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”在原文第二段提到，但是第二句指出个体发明家和小公司无法承担这种创新所需的支出，只有大公司才能负担，但是第三段作者提到大企业更倾向于保持现状，所以作者并不相信“垄断力量创造了一个支持创新的环境”，该项反向干扰；

B选项“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”定位第二段最后一句“有些人认为，这些与国防有关的研究项目能否改善生活水平，或者能否在保护我们日益减少的资源方面起很大作用，是值得怀疑的”，其中“这”指的是政府对军事研究的支持，理解可知“政府对军事研究的保护将在很大程度上保护我们日益减少的资源”是“值得怀疑的”，该项曲解原文；

C选项“拥有管理机构的工业巨头对技术变革的反应更快”从第三段最后一句“……工业巨头可能会通过故意阻碍技术进步来避免因过时而造成的资本损失”可看出，该项与原文相反，反向干扰。

43.【选项释义】

43.Managementandstockholdersmightbedeeplyconcernedwithcost-cuttingratherthaninnovationif______.43.如果______，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新。

A.theircompanyisfacedwithstrongcompetitioninafieldnotdominatedbyoneoftheindustrialgiantsA.他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争

B.theyareverystableandsecureandholdamonopolypositionintheirindustryB.他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位

C.theyarepartofthemilitary-industrialcomplexandaretherecipientsoffederalfundsforproductdevelopmentC.他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发

D.theyhaveproducedsomeoftheimportantinventionsofthiscenturyD.他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第三段第三句“虽然可以假设（assumed）在一个不是由单个公司主导的（notdominatedbyasinglecorporation）高度竞争的行业中（ahighlycompetitiveindustry），对创新的投资可能会遇到来自管理层和股东的阻力，他们可能更关心削减成本、高效率的组织和大量的广告预算……”，从中可知，在一个不是由单个公司主导的高度竞争的行业中，管理层和股东可能更关心削减成本而不是创新；从ahighlycompetitiveindustry（高度竞争的行业）和notdominatedbyasinglecorporation（不是由单个公司主导）可以看出，这两个是管理层和股东可能不会关心创新的原因。A选项“他们的公司在一个并非由工业巨头主导的领域中面临着激烈的竞争”符合题意，故选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B选项“他们非常稳定和安全，在他们的行业中占有垄断地位”、C选项“他们是军工复合体的一部分，并接受联邦资金用于产品开发”和D选项“他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明”在文中都没有说明，无中生有。

44.【选项释义】

44.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor______.44.从文章中可以推断出作者______。

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefutureA.对垄断企业在未来的创新没有信心

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishmentB.宁愿看到联邦政府把钱花在社会服务而不是国防建设上

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproductionC.偏爱保守的创新方式，并相信大企业集团能够提供高效的生产

D.whileadmittingthatmorethanhalftheimportantinventionsofthecenturywereproducedbyindependentinventors,feelthatthefutureliesinthehandsofgiantindustryD.虽然承认这个世纪有一半以上的重要发明是由个体发明家创造的，但作者认为未来掌握在大企业手中

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第四句“将垄断生产者等同于大量的研究开支（themonopolisticproducershouldbeequatedwithbountifulexpendituresforresearch），那就大错特错了”可知，垄断公司会较