考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学商学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽财经大学商学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.问答题

Inspirittheirworkwasclosertothehumorofthefast-developingcomicstripandgagcartoon

A

B

thantothestringofpoliticalsatire.Theirsubjectsweremoreoftenamusingthanoffendedby

C

D

amiableattacks.

【答案】试题答案：D;amused

【解析】考查形容词辨析。amusing一般形容物；amused一般形容人。theirsubjects意为“他们的绘画对象”，表示人。

2.单选题

Thiscountry'sdevelopmentofsciencewasgreatlyunderminedforlargenumbersofscientific（）wereejectedfromtheirmotherlandsincethedictatorcameintopower.

问题1选项

A.galaxy

B.elite

C.personnel

D.swarm

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A:galaxy“银河”；B:elite“精英”；C:personnel“全体人员”；D:swarm“一大群”。句意：这个国家的科学发展受到严重破坏，因为自从独裁者掌握政权，大量的科学精英就离开了故乡。由句意可知B为正确答案。

3.翻译题

TheEnglishlanguageoftodayreflectsmanycenturiesofdevelopment.ThepoliticalandsocialeventsthathaveinthecourseofEnglishhistorysoprofoundlyaffectedtheEnglishpeopleintheirnationallifehavegenerallyhadarecognizableeffectontheirlanguage.TheRomanChristianizingofBritainin597broughtEnglandintocontactwithLatincivilizationandmadesignificantadditionstoourvocabulary.TheScandinavianinvasionsresultedinaconsiderablemixtureofthetwopeoplesandtheirlanguages.TheNormanConquestmadeEnglishfortwocenturiesthelanguagemainlyofthelowerclasseswhilethenoblesandthoseassociatedwiththemusedFrenchonalmostalloccasions.AndwhenEnglishoncemoreregainedsupremacyasthelanguageofallelementsofthepopulation,itwasanEnglishgreatlychangedinbothformandvocabularyfromwhatithadbeenin1066.

【答案】今天的英语反映了许多世纪的发展。在英国历史进程中深刻影响英国人国家生活的政治和社会事件，通常也对他们的语言产生了明显的影响。597年罗马人对不列颠的基督教化使英国接触了拉丁文明，并大大增加了我们的词汇。斯堪的那维亚人的入侵导致了这两个民族及其语言的大量混合。诺曼征服使英语在长达两个世纪的时间里成为下层阶级的主要语言，而贵族和与他们有关的人几乎在所有场合都使用法语。当英语再次成为所有人口的语言时，它的形式和词汇都比1066年发生了巨大的变化。

4.单选题

Thechild’sbadbehaviorisoftenmorethanawayoftryingto（

）hismother’sattentionawayfromhissister.

问题1选项

A.reflect

B.catch

C.deflect

D.reduce

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。reflect“反映”；catch“赶上，抓住”；deflect“使转向；转移”；reduce“减少”。虽然catchone’sattention是固定搭配，意思是“引起某人的注意”，但此处是“将某人的注意力转移”，因此选项B不正确，选项C符合题意。

5.翻译题

Readingisnotsimplyanintellectualpursuitbutanemotionalandspiritualone.Itlightsthecandleinthehurricanelampofself;that’swhyitsurvives.TherearebookclubsandbookWebsitesandbooksontapeandbookonline.Therearestillmillionsofpeoplewholikethepaperversion,atleastfornow.Andi£thatchanges-well,whatisabook,really?Isititsbody,oritssoul?(10%)

Nomatterwhereintheworldyouliveorwhatsectoryouareinvolvedin,youhavetotakeintoaccountChina’srise.ChinacontinuestoinvestandbuythingsabroadinitsdrivetosecureaccesstonaturalresourcesinplaceslikeAfghanistanandAustraliaandtoexertpower.True,Chinahasfartoomanypoorpeople,anditshealthcareandsocialsecuritysystemsstilllagbehinddozensofcountries.ManyanalystspointtoitspovertyandalackofmilitarypresenceindifferenthemispheresreadytostrikeatwilltoarguefoolishlythatChinaisinfactaweaknationconcernedwiththepotentialcollapseofitspoliticalandeconomicsystems.

【答案】阅读不仅仅是一种简单的知识性的追求，而是一种情感和精神的追求。它点燃了人们心中的飓风灯，这个就是阅读一直存在人们心中的原因。有图书俱乐部、读书网站、读书磁带、在线图书。至少在现在，仍然有上百万人喜欢纸质的书。如果事情发生了变化，那么究竟什么是一本书呢？是书的躯体还是它的灵魂。

无论你住在世界的哪个地方，或者你进入到了哪个领域，你都必须考虑到中国的崛起。中国不断在海外投资和采购，在阿富汗、澳大利亚等国家获得资源以发挥更大的影响力。实际上，中国还有很多贫困人口，并且中国的医疗保障和社会保障体系仍然落后于许多国家。许多分析家指出，中国的贫穷以及军事力量的匮乏，在不同地区可随时受到打击，因此愚蠢地认为，中国实际上是一个脆弱的国家，担心它的政治和经济体系的崩溃。

6.单选题

Inanageofperpetualdigitalconnectedness,whydopeopleseemsodisconnected?InaDukeUniversitystudy,researchersfoundthatfrom1985to2004,thepercentageofpeoplewhosaidtherewasnoonewithwhomtheydiscussedimportantmatterstripled,to25%;thesamestudyfoundthatoverall,Americanshadone-thirdfewerfriendsandconfidantsthantheydiddecadesago.

Anotherrecentstudy,byresearchersattheUniversityofMichigan,foundthatcollegestudentstodayhavesignificantlylessempathythanstudentsofgenerationspastdid.Thereason,psychologistsspeculate,mayhavesomethingtodowithourincreasingrelianceondigitalcommunicationandotherformsofnewmedia.

It’spossiblethatinsteadoffosteringrealfriendshipsoff-line,e-mailandsocialnetworkingmaytaketheplaceofthem—andthedistanceinherentinscreen-onlyinteractionsmaybreedfeelingsofisolationoratendencytocarelessaboutotherpeople.Afterall,ifyoudon’tfeellikedealingwithafriend’sproblemonline,allyouhavetodoistologoff.

Theproblemis,asempathywanes,sodoestrust.Andwithouttrust,youcan’thaveacohesivesociety.Considerthefindingsofanewstudyco-authoredbyKevinRockmannofGeorgeMasonUniversityandGregoryNorthcraftattheUniversityofIllinoiswhospecializesinworkplacecollaboration.Northcraftsayshigh-techcommunicationslikee-mailand(toalesserextent)videoconferencing—whicharesometimesknownas“leancommunication”becausetheyhavefewercueslikeeyecontactandpostureforpeopletorelyon—stripawaythepersonalinteractionneededtobreedtrust.Inabusinesssetting—asinallothersocialrelationshipsoutsidetheworkplace—trustisanecessaryconditionforeffectivecooperationwithinagroup.“Technologyhasmadeusmuchmoreefficientbutmuchlesseffective,”saidNorthcraftinastatement.“Somethingisbeinggained,butsomethingisbeinglost.Thesomethinggainedistime,andthesomethinglostisthequalityofrelationships.Andqualityofrelationshipsmatters.”

InRockmannandNorthcraft’sstudy,200studentsweredividedintoteamsandaskedtomanagetwocomplicatedprojects:onehavingtodowithnucleardisarmament;theother,pricefixing.Somegroupscommunicatedviae-mail,someviavideo-conferenceandothersfacetoface.Intheend,thosewhometinpersonshowedthemosttrustandmosteffectivecooperation;thoseusinge-mailweretheleastabletoworktogetherandgetthejobdone.

Northcraftthinksthisisbecausereal-lifemeetings,duringwhichparticipantscanseehowengagedtheircolleaguesare,breedmoretrust.Overe-mail,meanwhile,confirmationofhardworkgetslost,whichtendstoencouragemutualslackingoff.

17.ThestudyofinterpersonalrelationshipsbyDukeUniversityrevealsthat（）.

18.Thereasonwhypeoplefeelisolatedandbecomelessempatheticisthat（）.

19.Accordingtothepassage,the“leancommunication”（）.

20.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthepassage?

问题1选项

A.peoplebecomeshyerandtimiderthanbefore

B.peopletendtobelesscompassionatethanbefore

C.peoplemayfeelmoreisolatedthanbefore

D.peopleprefercommunicatingwithothersonline

问题2选项

A.itisverychallengingtofosterafriendshipinreallife

B.theyhavemoreopportunitiestogettoknownewpeople

C.digitalcommunicationisreplacingreal-lifefriendships

D.itiseasytoescapefromhelpingtheirfriendsiftheylike

问题3选项

A.makesusworkmoreeffectively

B.lacksnon-verbalinteraction

C.helpspeopletodeveloptrust

D.facilitatesworkplacecooperation

问题4选项

A.Digitalcommunicationishurtingpersonalrelationship.

B.Onlinenetworkingmaytaketheplaceofofflinerelationship.

C.Newmediacontributelesstofosteringrealfriendship.

D.Real-lifemeetingscanbreedtrustamongstudents.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】17.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句InaDukeUniversitystudy,researchersfoundthatfrom1985to2004,thepercentageofpeoplewhosaidtherewasnoonewithwhomtheydiscussedimportantmatterstripled,to25%;thesamestudyfoundthatoverall,Americanshadone-thirdfewerfriendsandconfidantsthantheydiddecadesago.（在杜克大学的一项研究中，研究人员发现，从1985年到2004年，说找不到可以一起讨论重要事情的人的比例增加了两倍，达到25%；同样的研究发现，总体而言，美国人的朋友和知己比几十年前少了三分之一。），说明杜克大学的研究发现和以前相比，人们的朋友更少，更孤立。因此C选项“人们可能会感到比以前更加孤立”正确。A选项“人们会变得比以前更害羞、更胆小”，B选项“人们的同情心往往不如以前了”，D选项“人们更喜欢在网上与人交流”均不属于杜克大学的研究发现内容，所以A，B，D错误。

18.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段Anotherrecentstudy,byresearchersattheUniversityofMichigan,foundthatcollegestudentstodayhavesignificantlylessempathythanstudentsofgenerationspastdid.Thereason,psychologistsspeculate,mayhavesomethingtodowithourincreasingrelianceondigitalcommunicationandotherformsofnewmedia.（密歇根大学的研究人员最近进行的另一项研究发现，与上一代人相比，如今的大学生明显缺乏同情心。心理学家推测，原因可能与我们越来越依赖数字交流和其他形式的新媒体有关。），说明人们变得缺乏同情心的原因是越来越依赖线上交流。因此C选项“数字交流正在取代现实生活中的朋友关系”正确。A选项“在现实生活中培养友谊是非常具有挑战性的事情”，B选项“他们有更多的机会认识新朋友”，D选项“如果他们想的话，可以轻松逃避帮助朋友”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

19.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词“leancommunication”可以定位到文章第四段第四句Northcraftsayshigh-techcommunicationslikee-mailand(toalesserextent)videoconferencing—whicharesometimesknownas“leancommunication”becausetheyhavefewercueslikeeyecontactandpostureforpeopletorelyon—stripawaythepersonalinteractionneededtobreedtrust.（诺斯克拉夫特说，像电子邮件和视频会议这样的高科技沟通方式，有时被认为是“低效沟通”，因为它们很少有眼神交流和人们可以依赖的姿势等线索，它们剥夺了培养信任所需的人际互动。），说明“低效沟通”意味着缺乏眼神交流和肢体语言，即缺乏人与人之间的交流与互动。因此B选项“缺乏非语言互动”正确。A选项“使我们的工作更有效率”，由原文可知，作者并不认为科技能使我们工作更加有效，所以A错误。C选项“有助于人们建立信任”，原文说到stripawaythepersonalinteractionneededtobreedtrust（剥夺了人们培养信任所必需的人与人之间的互动），说明“低效沟通”并不能加强信任，所以C错误。D选项“促进职场合作”，由原文可知，科技让人失去了人际关系的品质，通过电子邮件等高科技通讯手段交流的小组在合作以及完成任务方面表现得是最差的，说明“低效沟通”不能促进职场合作，所以D错误。

20.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章首先介绍了研究表明线上交流会让人感觉更孤单、缺乏同情心，接着又介绍了线上交流不利于职场合作，并举出具体的例子来证明这一点。由此可知本文的主题是线上交流会危害人际关系。因此A选项“数字交流正在伤害人际关系”正确。B选项“线上网络可能会取代线下关系的地位”，C选项“新媒体对培养真正的友情贡献较小”，D选项“现实生活中的见面可以培养学生之间的信任”均不能完整地概括本文的主旨，所以B，C，D错误。

7.单选题

Heknewat（）levelthathewasguilty.

问题1选项

A.Spirit

B.gut

C.soul

D.eye

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项spirit“精神，心灵，情绪，志气，烈酒”，专指人的内在品质、意志和精神或者某事物的主要目的、含义、代表的精神；B选项gut“勇气，胆量，肠子”；C选项soul“灵魂，心灵，精神，鬼魂”；D选项eye“眼睛，视力，眼光，见解，观点”。句意：他知道他在精神上是有罪的。因此A选项正确。

8.单选题

FirstlaunchedinAprilthisyear,NetMySingaporealsoincludeseffortsthat（

）training,development,andtheexplorationofnewtechnologiesbasedon.

问题1选项

A.obliterate

B.sequester

C.encompass

D.terminate

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。obliterate“消灭，清除”；sequester“使隔绝”；encompass“包含，涉及”；terminate“使终止”。句意：于今年四月开始的“净化我的新加坡”运动还包括一系列的培训、发展和与之相关的新技术的开发。选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

（）,wedrovethehorsesintothestable.

问题1选项

A.Awarethatatornadowasbrewing

B.Becauseatornadobrewing

C.Althoughatornadowasbrewing

D.Atornadowasbrewing

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词作状语辨析。形容词短语作状语，相当于“being+形容词”的分词短语作状语。句意：……我们把马赶到马厩里。结合句意，A选项“Awarethatatornadowasbrewing”（意识到一场龙卷风正在酝酿）符合题意，可知A选项正确。因此答案为A选项。

10.单选题

Generally,itisonlywhenanimalsaretrappedthatthey（

）toviolenceinordertoescape.

问题1选项

A.proceed

B.appeal

C.resort

D.incline

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。proceed“开始”；appeal“呼吁，请求”；resort“诉诸”；incline“倾向”。句意：通常，动物只有在他们受困想要逃跑的情况下才会采取攻击行为。选项C符合题意。

11.单选题

Ⅴ.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw)

TheConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently.Aconstitutionalclaimisaclaimthataparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpowerortransgressedarestriction.Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.Thepredicatesofjudicialreviewinevitablydependuponthesubjectsofjudicialreview.Currentpracticespeaks,euphemistically,ofchallengesto“statutes,”thusobscuringthesubjectsofconstitutionalclaims.ButtheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitstatutes;itprohibitsactions—theactionsofparticulargovernmentactors.Thus,everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwiththesubjectoftheconstitutionalclaim.Andthefirstquestioninanysuchinquiryshouldbethewhoquestion:whohasallegedlyviolatedtheConstitution?

ThisArticle’spredecessor,TheSubjectsoftheConstitution,demonstratedtheanalyticalpowerofthisseeminglyinnocuousquestion.Tobeginwith,thewhoquestionrevealsconstitutionalculprits,triggeringtheessentialbackstopsofconstitutionalaccountability.IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.Inthetypicalconstitutionalcase,thelegislaturewillmakealaw,theexecutivewillexecuteit,andsomeonewillclaimthathisconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated.ThefirstquestiontoasksuchaclaimantiswhohasviolatedtheConstitution?Thelegislature,bymakingthelaw?Ortheexecutive,byexecutingit?

Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.ItisthisdichotomythattheCourthasobscuredwithitsanthropomorphictropethat“statutes”—ratherthangovernmentactors—violatetheConstitution.AnditisthisdichotomythattheCourthasbeengraspingforwithitsmuddleddistinctionbetween“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”.Properlyunderstood,a“facialchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetolegislativeaction,andan“as-appliedchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetoexecutiveaction.

Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.

67.WhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedcannotbedecidedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolateditbecause___.

68.ThewhoquestionrelatestothefollowingBUT____.

69.Thefundamentaldichotomyaddressedinparagraph3refersto___.

70.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedword“enterprises”isclosestinmeaningwith___.

问题1选项

A.aparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpower

B.theConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently

C.differentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowers

D.differentgovernmentactorsareboundbydifferentrestrictions

问题2选项

A.theviolatorsoftheConstitution

B.thebasicformsofjudicialreview

C.peoples’knowledgeoftheConstitution

D.thepublicopinionregardinggovernmentalofficers

问题3选项

A.“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”

B.statutesandgovernmentactors

C.legislativeactionandexecutiveaction

D.judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction

问题4选项

A.project

B.courageandwillingnesstobeinvolved

C.businessactivity

D.BusinessCompany

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】67.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.（但是，由于不同的政府行为者被赋予不同的权力，受到不同的限制，如果不知道是谁违反了宪法，就无法确定宪法是否被违反了）可知选B选项“宪法赋予和限制不同的官员不同的权力”；A选项“一个特定的政府行为者已经超越了权力的授予”，C选项“不同的政府角色被赋予不同的权力”以及D选项“不同的政府行为者受到不同的限制”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

68.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“whoquestion”定位到原文第二段IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.（如果宪法被违反了，人民必须知道是谁违反了宪法，这样他们才能知道该责怪谁，该投票反对谁，该弹劾谁）可知“whoquestion”涉及到A选项“违反宪法的人”以及C选项“人民对宪法的了解”，只有人民对宪法有了解，才能知道如何责怪，投票以及弹劾；第二段Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.（谁的问题也确立了司法审查的两种基本形式）可知“whoquestion”涉及到B选项“司法审查的基本形式”；在原文中“whoquestion”没有涉及D选项“公众对政府官员的意见”。因此D选项符合题意。

69.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Thefundamentaldichotomy”定位到原文第三段Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.（这种对立法行为的司法审查与行政行为的司法审查之间的基本二分法，就是宪法的组织二分法）可知选C选项“立法行动和行政行动”；A选项“‘成文法面临的挑战’和‘成文法已应用的挑战’”，B选项“法规和政府角色”以及D选项“立法行为的司法审查和行政行为的司法审查”都不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

70.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】词义推测题。根据题干关键字定位到原文最后一段Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.（对立法行为的司法审查与对行政行为的司法审查是两个形式上、结构上、时间上完全不同的项目。这些基本差异决定了司法审查的结构和实质），“enterprises”本身表示企业，但是根据原文，探讨的内容是宪法的问题，和商业无关，排除C选项“商业活动”和D选项“商业公司”；B选项“参与的勇气和意愿”并不是原文所表达的内容；从原文可以判断出“enterprises”表示“项目”，A选项“项目”符合原文。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

Evenwhentextbooksare（）throughaschoolsystem,methodsofteachingmayvarygreatly.

问题1选项

A.commonplace

B.standardized

C.competitive

D.generalized

【答案】B

【解析】commonplace陈腐的,平凡的;standardized标准化的;competitive有竞争力的,竞争的;generalized广泛的,普遍的。句意：即使是通过学校的系统把教科书规范化,教学的方法也会有很大的不同。

13.单选题

Theuniversity（）anhonorarydoctor'sdegreeonthedistinguishedscholarwhowasgenerallyregardedasacredittohisowncountry.

问题1选项

A.donated

B.conferred

C.subscribed

D.granted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:donate“捐赠”；B:confer“经批准授予（学位、称号等）”；C:subscribe“订阅”；D:grant“上级对下级的赐予或答应给什么”。句意：大学授予了这位被视为国家荣誉的卓越学者荣誉博士学位。根据句意可知B为正确答案。

14.单选题

Inthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthsbeforetheyarefully（

）.

问题1选项

A.admitted

B.acknowledged

C.absorbed

D.considered

【答案】D

【解析】句意：在这家工厂，建议往往要等几个月才能得到充分考虑。只有选项D符合句意。

15.单选题

I（

）severalinterestingfactsaboutMexicointhatbook.

问题1选项

A.cameto

B.cameinto

C.cameover

D.cameacross

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我在那本书中无意发现了有关墨西哥的几个有趣的事实。

考查短语辨析。四个选项均为对应动词短语的过去式。cometo想起，共计，苏醒，来到;comeinto进入，得到（财产）；come过来，顺便来访，抓住；comeacross偶遇，无意中发现，讲得清楚明白。由关键信息“severalinterestingfactsaboutMexico”可知D符合句意。

16.问答题

LessonsfromthePandemicThatWasn’tTheswineflupandemicdidn’tturn（1）tobethescourgeinternationalhealthagenciespredicted.OnJan.29theWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredthateventhoughtheH1N1virusisstillspreadinginpartsofEurope,Africa,andAsia,thenumberofconfirmedcasesworldwideisdeclining.About14,000deathsfromswinefluhavebeenreported.That’satragicloss,butit'sasmallnumberconsideringthattherun-of-the-millseasonalflukillsupto500,000peopleeachyear,accordingtotheWHO.

Sowhathavehealthauthorities,scientists,andvaccinemakerslearnedfromtheglobalcatastrophethatwasn’t?Thatviraloutbreaksofthissortareevenlesspredictablethanscientiststhoughtandthatthedefenses（2）

placetodaywouldhavebeenutterlyinadequateagainstamorevirulentstrain.“TheoverwhelmingexpressionofHINIwasmild,”saysGregoryHartl,aspokesmanfortheWHOinGeneva,“Nowaprocesshasbeenestablishedtohelpuslearn.”

Thefirstpriority,manyexpertssay,isoverhaulingtheantiquatedvaccineproductionsystem.Thecurrenttechnology,whichinvolvesgrowingfluvaccinesineggs,issocumbersomethatdrugmakershavetostartinFebruarytoensurethey'llhaveenoughforthefollowingfall.H1N1didn’temergeuntilApril2009,forcingtheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC)anddrugcompaniestoscramble.Therewastoolittleofthevaccinewhentheviruswaspeaking,andtoomuchwhenitstartedtowane.“We’reverylimited

（3）

thiseggtechnology,andwehavebeenworkingontheissuesince2006,”saysDr.StephenC.Redd,directoroftheCDC’sinfluenzacoordinationunit.

Companiesanduniversitiesareracingtoupgradetheapproach.BaxterInternationalforexample,testedanewcell-culturetechniqueandwasabletobeginproducingvaccineinjust12weeks,onceithadthevirusspecificationsfromtheCDC.BaxtersoldsomeofthevaccineinEuropeandisworkingtogetitstechnologyapprovedforuseintheU.S.similarly,TexasA&MUniversitySystemisbreakinggroundonamanufacturingresearchplantthatwillhouseseveraldifferentvaccine-makingtechnologies—anyofwhichcouldbestartedupontheflyandadapted（4）

whateverpathogencomesalong.

Manufacturingisjustonebottleneck.Whentheswinefluvaccinefinallybecameavailablelastfall,somedoctorshadnocluehowmuchtheywouldgetorwhenitwouldarrive—ifever.Manystatesopted

（

5）mass-vaccinationclinics,thenfailedtomovehigh-riskgroupssuchaspregnantwomenandhealthworkerstotheheadoftheline.JeanneS.Ringel,asenioreconomistfortheRANDCorporationwhostudiespandemics,wassurprisedbythepoorpreparationatthevaccinationclinicnearherLosAngeleshome.Eventhoughclinicsweresupposedtofocus

（6）

prioritypatients,“theydidn’tturnanyoneaway,”shesays.

McKesson,whichworkedwiththeCDCtogettheH1N1vaccinetoclinics,hadjusteightweekstobuildanewdistributionnetwork,saysJeffReinke,avicepresidentatthecompany.OrderscamefromstatesthroughtheCDCandthentoMcKessen—aprocessthecompanyrealizedwastooslow.McKessentighteneditspackagingandshippingtimelines.Inanemail,ReinkesaidhewelcomestheCDC’sinputoncontinuingtoimprovetheprocess.

Flawedcommunicationsalsostymiedvaccinationefforts.Manypeople（7）

highriskwereafraidtogettheH1N1vaccinebecausetheythoughtitwasunproven.Inreality,itwasmanufacturedjustliketheseasonalfluvaccineandtestedenoughtoreassuretheFoodandDrugAdministrationthatitwassafe.Respondingtomisconceptions,theAmericanMedicalAssn,launchedaneducationalWebsiteandAMAmembershoppedonYouTube,Facebook,andTwittertoreassurethepublic.Nexttime,consumeroutreachneedstostartearlierandbemoreaggressive,perhapsincludingTVads,saysMaryAnneMcCaflree,anOklahomaCitypediatricianandAMAboardmembers.“Thebottomlineis,wecame,wesaw,butI’mnotsureweconquered,”McCafifreesays.

SomemisusecamefromtheWHO.Itinitiallyassumedeachpatientwouldneedtwoshotstogetprotection.Onedoseprovedadequateforadults,whichmeantthatmostEuropeancountrieshadenoughvaccine（8）

handtoimmunizealltheirresidents.Butbecauseofconfusionandpublicapathy,thosecountriesendedupprotectingnomorethan10%oftheirpopulations.

Asforvaccinemakers,MorganStanleyanalystsinitiallypredictedthethreelargest—Novartis.Sanofi-Aventis,andGlaxoSmithKline—wouldsellacombined$5.3billionofvaccineduringthesixmonthsendingMarch31.InaDecemberreport,theysaidactualsalesmaybeasmuchas15%lower.FrancehascutbackitsorderstoNovartisandSanofi.AndonJan.26,Novartis'vaccinechief,AndrinOswald,said2010salesofH1N1vaccinewouldbelessthanhalfofthe$1billiontheshotgeneratedin2009.

Evenwithinfectionratedropping,manyfluexpertsareconcernedaboutsomefacetsofswineflu.Whilemortalityislow,childrenmake

（9）manyofthevictims.Andeventhoughnextyear’sseasonalfluvaccinewilllikelyincludeprotectionagainstswineflu,virulentnewstrainscouldemerge.

Asscientistspuzzleoverepidemiologicalquestions,theWHOhasbeenaccusedofunnecessarilyfanningpublicfears.OnecriticisWolfgangWodarg,adoctorandformerGermanparliamentarianwhoisontheCouncilofEurope,anorganizationinStrasbourg,France,thatpromoteshumanrights.DuringaJan.26councilmeeting,WodargaccusedtheWHOoffabricatingapandemicthatled

（10）

littlemorethanrevenuesforthepharmaceuticalindustry.Itwas,hesaidthroughatranslator,“dangerousnonsense.”

TheWHO’sDr.KeijiFukuda,whoalsospokeatthehearing,defendedtheagency'sresponse.FlupoliciesandresponsesrecommendedbyWHO“werenotimproperlyinfluencedbythepharmaceuticalindustry,”hesaidinastatement.But,headded,“thereismuchtolearnabouthowtheworldcanimproveitshandlingofsuchevents.”

Fillineachblankinthearticlewithanappropriatepreposition(介词).

Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthemeaningofthewords/phrasesaccordingtothecontext.

run-of-the-mill(inparagraph1)

overhauling(inparagraph3)breakingground(inparagraph4)

pediatrician(inparagraph7)

fabricating(inparagraph11)

WhyistheWorldHealthOrganizationblamedinthearticle?Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheblame?

【答案】1.考查介词搭配。本句意为：猪流感瘟疫没有变成国际卫生机构所预测的灾难。turnout意为“结果是，证明是”

试题答案：out

2.考查介词搭配。inplace意为“准备就绪，就位”。

试题答案：in

3.考查介词搭配。belimitedin意为“受限制”，指在某方面能力有限，根据空格后面的technology，可知此处是表示受技术的限制。

试题答案：in

4.考查介词搭配。adaptfor意为“使适应，使适合(新用途，新情况）”。此处破折号后表示其中任何一种都可以立即启动，并适应于任何病原体的出现。

试题答案：for

5.考查介词搭配。optfor意为“选择”。此句意为：许多州选择了大规模疫苗接种诊所，但未能将孕妇和卫生工作者等高危群体转移到一线。

试题答案：for

6.focuson意为“致力于，使聚焦于”。

试题答案：on

7.考查介词搭配。inhighrisk意为“处于高风险的”

试题答案：in

8.考查介词搭配。inhand意为“在手头，在手边”，指手中掌握的事物，随时可用。

试题答案：in

9.考查介词搭配。makeup意为“组成，构成，占”。此句意为：虽然死亡率较低，但许多受

害者由儿童构成。

试题答案：up

10.考查介词搭配。leadto意为“导致，引起”，lead的过去式为led。

试题答案：to

run-of-the-mill(inparagraph1)

试题答案：普通的

overhauling(inparagraph3)

试题答案：彻底改革

breakingground(inparagraph4)

试题答案：创办，开拓

pediatrician(inparagraph7)

试题答案：儿科医师

fabricating(inparagraph11)

试题答案：编造，捏造

第一问由题干中的关键字blamed可定位到文章倒数第二段第一句中“theWHOhasbeenaccusedofunnecessarilyfanningpublicfears”可知第一问答案。第二问为观点态度题，由文章最后一段的内容可知作者对世界卫生组织采取的措施是赞成的，故对其职责是不赞成的。

试题答案：

BecausetheWHOunnecessarilyfannedpublicfears.

Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheblameisdisapproving.

17.单选题

Itmightbesupposedthatgreaterefficiencyshouldbeachievedifseveralpeoplecollaboratetosolveaproblemthanifonlyoneindividualworksonit.Theassumptionisbynomeansinvariablytrue.

Althoughgroupsoftenmayincreasethemotivationoftheirmemberstodealwithproblems,thereisacounter-balancingneedtocontendwithconflictsarisingamongmembersofagroupandtogiveitcoherentdirections.Problem-solvingisfacilitatedbythepresenceofaneffectiveleaderwhonotonlyprovidesdirectionbutpermitstheorderly,constructiveexpressionofavarietyofopinions;muchoftheleader’seffortmaybedevotedtoresolvingdifferences.Successinproblem-solvingalsodependsonthedistributionofabilitywithinagroup.Solutionssimplymayreflectthepresenceofanoutstandingindividualwhomightperformevenbetterbyhimself.

Althoughgroupsmayreachagreaternumberofcorrectsolutions,ormayrequirelesstimetodiscoverananswer,theirnetman-hourefficiencyistypicallylowerthanthatachievedbyskilledindividualsworkingalone.

Aprocesscalledbrainstorminghasbeenofferedasamethodoffacilitatingtheproductionofnewsolutionstoprob