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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽公安职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Heistooyoungtobeableto________betweenrightandwrong.

问题1选项

A.discard

B.discern

C.disperse

D.disregard

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“抛弃”;B选项“辨别,察觉”;C选项“分散”;D选项“不理睬”。句意:他太年轻了不能()对与错。对错之间是需要判断的,所以答案选B。

2.单选题

Alieisasmuchalie,whenitiswhisperedorwhenitis()atthemarketcross.

问题1选项

A.proclaimed

B.reclaimed

C.acclaimed

D.claimed

【答案】A

【解析】形近词词义解析。proclaim“声明”;reclaim“指收回或利用废物”;acclaim“喝彩”;claim“声称”。句意:谎言就是谎言,不管是小声说的,还是在街上大声宣扬的。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslytheshakinessinthefinancialsystemwill()downtheeconomy.

问题1选项

A.put

B.settle

C.drag

D.knock

【答案】C

【解析】动词词组辨析。putdown放下;settledown安居,安定下来;dragdown向下拖,其比喻义为:使衰弱,拖垮;knockdown击倒,拆卸。句意:没人知道金融体系的动荡会拖垮经济多长时间、有多严重。根据howlongandhowseriously可知,选项C更符合语境。

4.单选题

Thefilmwasgiventheabsent().

问题1选项

A.treatment

B.board

C.applause

D.comment

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项treatment“治疗,疗法,处理,对待”;B选项board“董事会,木板,甲板,膳食”;C选项applause“欢呼,喝彩,鼓掌欢迎,掌声”;D选项comment“评论,意见,批评,描述”。begiventheabsenttreatment指被冷落。句意:这部影片受到了观众冷落。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Hefearsthismonth'sincreasedviolencemayharmKenya'svitaltouristindustry,muchofwhichcenterson_______toseeitsexoticanimals.

问题1选项

A.sahib

B.shamble

C.severity

D.safaris

【答案】D

【解析】sahib先生,阁下,大人;shamble蹒跚,摇晃的脚步;severity严肃,严重;safari旅行,狩猎远征,旅行队。句意:他担心这个月暴力事件的增加可能会损害肯尼亚至关重要的旅游业,肯尼亚的旅游业主要是以在旅行中观赏野生动物为主。选项D符合句意。

6.单选题

Wemust()theproblemofpovertyassoonaspossible.

问题1选项

A.abolish

B.tackle

C.remove

D.encounter

【答案】B

【解析】abolish废除;tackle解决,

处理,

对付;remove移除;encounter遭遇,

邂逅。句意:我们必须尽快处理贫困问题。选项B符合句意。

7.单选题

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisacceptableandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtoarts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower;norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascismWhathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherband,Mozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.

ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.TheauthorimpliesthatBeethoven'smusicwasstrikinglyoriginalbecauseBeethoven().

2.Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe().

3.ThepassagestatesthattheoperasofFlorentineCamerataare().

4.Theauthorregardstheideathatallhighlycreativeartistictranscendslimitswith().

5.ThepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringallofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT().

问题1选项

A.manipulatedtheestablishedconventionsofmusicalcompositioninahighlyinnovativefashion

B.fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhispredecessorsbyadoptingarichlyinventivestrategy

C.embellishedandInterwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreatcomposerswhoprecededhim

D.strovetooutdohispredecessorsbybecomingthefirstcomposertoexploitlimits

问题2选项

A.basisforreaffirmingawell-establishedscientificformulation

B.byproductofanaestheticexperience

C.resultofhighlycreativescientificcreativity

D.toolusedbyascientisttodiscoveranewparticular.

问题3选项

A.unjustifiablyignoredbymusicologists

B.notgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalueeventhoughtheyareimportantinthehistoryofmusic

C.amongthoseworksinwhichpopularhistoricalthemeswereportrayedinamusicalproduction

D.ofteninappropriatelycitedasexamplesofmusicalworksinwhichanewprincipleoforganizationwasintroduced

问题4选项

A.moderateamusement

B.strongindignation

C.markedindifference

D.deepskepticism

问题5选项

A.Hasunusualcreativeactivitybeencharacterizedasrevolutionary?

B.WhobesidesMonteverdiwrotemusicthattheauthorwouldconsidertoembodynewprinciplesoforganizationandtobeofhighaestheticvalue?

C.IsMozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroanexampleofacreativeworkthattranscendedlimits?

D.DidBeethovenworkwithinamusicaltradition:thatalsoincludedHandelandBach?

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者认为贝多芬的音乐具有一种令人瞩目的独创性,因为贝多芬……”。文章最后一段提到贝多芬打破了常规,把音乐从令人窒息的陈规陋习中解放出来。但是仔细研究他的作品会发现,贝多芬并没有推翻认为原则。相反,他是一位无与伦比的战略家,他以惊人的独创方式利用各种从前辈那里继承下来的限制条件,比如规则、形式和惯例(IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways),由此可知选项A“以一种高度创造性的方式利用已有的惯例”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者认为一种把各种现象连贯地联系起来的新理论是……”。文章第一段提到“对于科学来说,一个新的理论是创造行为的目标和最终结果。创新的科学产生新的命题,在这些命题中,不同的现象可以以更连贯的方式彼此关联”(Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways),由此可知选项C“是高创造性科学的结果”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章中提出佛罗伦萨歌剧是……”。文章第二段提到一般来说,一首乐曲是否在音乐史上确立了一个新的原则与它的美学价值几乎没有关系。一些音乐作品,比如佛罗伦萨乐团的歌剧,因为包含了一种新的组织形式,而具有显著的历史重要性,但是很少有听众或音乐家会把这些作品列入伟大的音乐作品之列(Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic),因此选项B“虽然它们在音乐史上很重要,但一般认为没有很高的美学价值”符合题意。

4.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者认为一切具有高度创造性的艺术都是超越界限的……”。文章第一段提到“由高创造性艺术产生的美学细节只会是对现有模式限制的延伸,而不会是对其超越”(Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform),由此可知作者对于那种认为创造性艺术可以超越现有模式限制的观点是不认可的,因此选项D“深度怀疑”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题目问的是“这篇文章提供了回答以下所有问题的信息,除了……”。文章第一段提到“非凡的创造性活动被认为是革命性的”(Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary),由此可知选项A“不寻常的创造性活动被定性为革命吗?”在文章中有回复的信息,排除;文章最后一段提到“莫扎特的《费加罗的婚礼》无疑是音乐的杰作之一,尽管它的适度创新仅限于扩展现有的手段”(Mozart'sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans),由此可知选项C得到了回答,排除;文章最后一段提到贝多芬打破了常规,把音乐从令人窒息的陈规陋习中解放出来。但是仔细研究他的作品会发现,贝多芬并没有推翻认为原则。相反,他是一位无与伦比的战略家,他以惊人的独创方式利用各种从前辈那里继承下来的限制条件,比如规则、形式和惯例(IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits--therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach--instrikinglyoriginalways),由此可知选项B在文章得到了回答,排除。综上,选项D符合题意。

8.翻译题

没有一流的人文教育,我们就不可能有世界一流大学。要建好文科院系,也要抓好对全体学生的人文教育。不同学科要各按步伐,按各自的内在规律发展。“科学求真,人文求善,艺术求美”,达到真善美在学科层面的统一。我们是用世界上最少的钱,办了最大的教育。我一直坚信,到本世纪中叶,中国一定能够成为世界一流的教育大国!

学校和教师的责任是真正发挥所有学生的潜能,使学生成长为既有宽厚基础、又有广阔视野,既有活生生的个性、又能团结他人、能够引领中国未来发展的精英人才。

【答案】Withoutfirst-classliberalartseducation,wecannothaveworld-classuniversities.Tobuildagoodliberalartscollegesanddepartments,butalsotopayattentiontothehumanitieseducationofallstudents.Differentdisciplinesshoulddevelopattheirownpaceandaccordingtotheirowninternallaws."Scienceseekstruth,humanityseeksgoodness,artseeksbeauty",achievingtheunityoftruth,goodnessandbeautyatthedisciplinelevel.Wegotthebiggesteducationintheworldwiththeleastmoney.Ihavealwaysbelievedthatbythemiddleofthiscentury,Chinawillbecomeaworld-classeducationcountry.

Itistheresponsibilityofschoolsandteacherstotrulygiveplaytothepotentialofallstudents,sothatstudentscangrowintoeliteswhohaveagenerousfoundation,broadvision,livelypersonality,unitywithothers,andcanleadChina'sfuturedevelopment.

9.单选题

AlthoughtheArabcutbacksrepresentedalossoflessthan7percentinworldsupply,theycreatedpaniconthepartofoilcompanies,consumers,oiltraders,andsomegovernments.

问题1选项

A.fright

B.deficit

C.strain

D.misfortune

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。panic表示“恐慌,惊慌”;A项fright“惊吓,惊骇”,B项deficit“赤字,不足额”,C项strain“张力,拉紧,负担”,D项misfortune“不幸,灾祸,灾难”。句意:尽管阿拉伯的减产代表着全球供应减少了不到7%,但却引起了石油公司、消费者、石油交易商和一些政府的恐慌。因此,根据句意可知A选项正确。

10.单选题

______conflictamongcity-statescausedtheeventualdeclineofGreekcivilization.

问题1选项

A.Continuous

B.Continual

C.Constant

D.Contrary

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。continuous“连续的,持续的”,中间没有间断;continual“持续不断的;频繁的”,中间可能有间断;constant“不变的;恒定的;经常的”;contrary“相反的,对立的”。句意:城邦之间持续不断的冲突最终导致了希腊文明的衰落。选项B符合题意。

11.翻译题

Color-blindpeoplehaveproblemsthatpeoplewhoperceivecolorneverthinkabout.Oneveryrealproblemisthatoftrafficsignsandsignals.Thosethatarered-greencolorblindhavetroubleseeingstopsignsfoundonshadystreetsbecausetheymaynotnoticethemagainsttheleaves.Inaddition,theyhavetroubleidentifyingsignallightsandmustmemorizethepositionofthelightstoknowwhichsignalisbeinggiven.Perhapslessofaproblemisthatofdressing.Thosewhoarefashion-consciousavoidbrightlycoloredwardrobessothattheywillnotwearclashingcolors.Perhapsthegreatesthandicapofcolor-blindpersonsisevidentwhentheyselectoccupations.Forexample,theycannotworkasinteriordecorators,commercialphotographers,painters,airlineorshippilots,orrailroadengineers.

【答案】答:

色盲群体可能遭遇一些能够正常感知颜色群体从未想过的问题。一个非常现实的问题是交通标志和信号灯。那些红绿色盲的人很难看到在树荫底下的停车标志,因为他们可能不会注意到绿叶下面的停车标志。此外,因为他们在识别信号灯方面有困难,所以他们必须记住信号灯的位置才能知道发出的是哪个信号。或许还有一个没有那么严重的问题,那就是着装。追求时尚的色盲群体会避免色彩鲜艳的衣柜,这样他们就不会穿颜色不协调的衣服。也许在选择职业时,色盲群体所面临的最不利的因素会更加明显。例如,他们不能从事室内装潢师、商业摄影师、画家、航空或船舶驾驶员或铁路工程师的工作。

12.单选题

Abeautifulautumndaylikethis(

)forthewetsummerwehavehad.

问题1选项

A.compensates

B.revenges

C.balances

D.compels

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项compensates“补偿”;B选项revenges“复仇”;C选项balances“平衡”;D选项compels“强迫”。句意:像今天这样美的秋天()我们经历的潮湿的夏天。根据句意排除B,D。C选项一般不与介词搭配,所以答案选A。compensatefor“弥补,补偿”。

13.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Whatremainspertinentisthereport'svisionoftheroleofgovernmentinresearch,includinghisassertionthatthefederalgovernmenthadboththeauthorityandtheobligationtosupportbasicresearch.

2.Thecriticismandbudgetcutsdirectedatuniversitieshavecreateduneaseandacorrespondingsearchforsolutions.

3.Wewouldn'thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn'tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintotheuniverse.

4.Ratherthanevaluatingprogramsintermsofhowhappytheymakepeople,howsatisfiedthosepeoplebecome,programsmustbeevaluatedintermsofthequalityofthediscontenttheyengender.

5.Whenamaniswrong,heiswrong,andthereisnoneedforonetobeimpressedandoverawedbyagreatnameorbythenumberofbooksthathehasreadandwehaven’t.

【答案】1.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯,他认为联邦政府有权利,也有义务支持基础研究。

2.针对大学的批评以及削减其财政预算,既造成了不安定因素,又激发了解决相应问题的探索精神。

3.如果物理学家和天文学家不曾连续发明工具,以便更深入地探讨宇宙的话,我们就不会有能够处理大量信息的网络系统。

4.对于各项计划的评估,不要看其令人们高兴的程度,让人们满意的程度,而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。

5.当一个人犯错误时,他就是错了,不必因震于他的大名,或震于他的高深学问,而对他有所畏惧。

14.单选题

AlthoughAsiancountriesaregenerallymore()insocialcustomsthanWesterncountries,therehavebeenseveralnotableexamplesofwomenleadersinbothChinaandIndia.

问题1选项

A.conservative

B.confidential

C.comprehensible

D.consistent

【答案】A

【解析】句意:尽管亚洲国家在社会习俗上普遍比西方国家保守,但中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子。

考查形容词辨析。conservative保守的;confidential机密的;获信任的;comprehensible可理解的;consistent始终如一的,坚持的。此句后半部分表示:中国和印度都有几位女性领导人的典型例子,而且前面用了转折让步连词although,因此A符合句意。

15.单选题

His(

)thathehadnothingtodowiththeaffairwasgreetedwithsomesuspicion.

问题1选项

A.necessity

B.statement

C.promotion

D.disposal

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。necessity“需要;必然性;必需品”;statement“声明;陈述”;promotion“提升,晋升;推销”;disposal“处理;支配”。句意:他声称自己与此事无关,受到了一些质疑。选项B符合题意。

16.翻译题

如果遇到的竞争对手是受到各自政府过度保护的企业,强大的美国企业通常都能迅速地把它们压制住。事实已经证明,利伯维尔场体制比任何中央计划体制都能更有效地分配资金和资源,美国人也已经利用了这一点。因为美国在基础层次上有这样的优势,它处于国际财经界的最高层也就不足为奇了。美国具有这样的优势进而使它能够制定游戏规则,当然是对它自己有利的规则。

【答案】Whenitcomestocompetingwithcompaniesover-protectedbytheirrespectivegovernments,powerfulAmericancompaniesareusuallyquicktoneutralizethem.TheLibrevillecanallocatefundsandresourcesmoreefficientlythananycentrallyplannedeconomy,whichhasbeenprovedandtheAmericanshaveutilized.Withsuchanadvantageatafundamentallevel,itisnotsurprisingthattheUnitedStatesisatthetopoftheinternationalfinancialpeckingorderandsettherulesofthegame,whichofcoursearebeneficialforit.

17.单选题

Youwillonlybeallowedtoleaveearlyin(

)circumstances.

问题1选项

A.exceptional

B.coincidental

C.peculiar

D.imperative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exceptional“特殊的;例外的”;coincidental“巧合的”;peculiar“不寻常的;特有的;古怪的”;imperative“紧急的;不可避免的;必要的”。句意:你只有在特殊时刻才被允许提前离开。选项A符合题意。

18.不定项选择题

Stayinginahotelcosts()rentingaroominadormitoryforaweek.

问题1选项

A.twicemorethan

B.asmuchtwiceas

C.twiceasmuchas

D.asmuchtwice

【答案】A;C

【解析】考查倍数的比较级使用。英语中倍数的常用表达有三种:1.……倍数+形容词(或副词)的比较级+than表示“比……多……倍”;2.……倍数+as+形容词(或much)或副词+as表示“是……的……倍”;3.……倍数+thesize(length,height…)of表示“是……的……倍”;B选项和D选项不符合语法规则,排除。本题A选项和C选项都符合语法规则,但两者翻译有区别。A选项代入原文之后翻译为:住在旅馆比在宿舍租一个房间一周要贵两倍;B选项带入后句意为:住在旅馆一周的费用是在宿舍租一个房间一周的两倍。由于没有上下文,两个选项的含义和语法都正确,都可以选择。

19.单选题

Thistimehecouldaffordtomakenomistake:histeacherwasthere_______,watchingeverymove.

问题1选项

A.athiselbow

B.offhishand

C.onhisfeet

D.inhiseyes

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.athiselbow近在手边,在身边B.offhishand(getsth.offofone’shand把某物从某人手上甩掉)

C.onhisfeet站立着D.inhiseyes在他眼里

【答案】A

【考查点】词组辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词watchingeverymove,可知他不能再犯错的原因是老师在关注他的一举一动,athiselbow符合语境,也就是说老师就在旁边,因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语境。

【句意】这次他可不敢犯错了:他老师就在他身边,注视着他的一举一动。

20.单选题

Thestate,afterall,has4.3millionregisteredDemocrats,a(an)________1.1millionedgeoverRepublicans.

问题1选项

A.marginal

B.astounding

C.amusing

D.critical

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.marginal微不足道的,边缘的B.astounding令人震惊的,使大吃一惊的

C.amusing有趣的,好笑的D.critical关键的,重要的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】anedgeoversb./sth.是固定搭配,意为“多出,具有优势”,空格处作定语修饰下文的“1.1millionedge(多出110万名)”,结合前半句句意“毕竟(afterall),该州拥有430万名登记在册的民主党人(4.3millionregisteredDemocrats)”可知,此处应该是通过指出民主党人比共和党人多110万名的事实,进一步强调民主党人数之多,110万是一个庞大的数字,说明两党人数差距之大,令人吃惊。astounding指惊讶到难以置信,因此B选项astounding“令人震惊的,使大吃一惊的”最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项marginal“微不足道的,边缘的”指处于边缘,幅度、范围小,故价值或重要性不大,与题干语义相矛盾,应该是“优势很大”而不是“优势很小”;

C选项amusing“有趣的,好笑的”指引起笑声或享受,不符合题干的语义逻辑;

D选项critical“关键的,重要的”指非常重要,将影响到未来的形势,不符合题干的语义逻辑。

【句意】毕竟,该州拥有430万名登记在册的民主党人,比共和党人多出惊人的110万名。

21.单选题

Excellentfilmsarethosewhich(

)nationalandculturalbarriers.

问题1选项

A.transcend

B.traverse

C.abolish

D.suppress

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项transcend“胜过,超越”;B选项traverse“穿过;C选项abolish“废除,取消”;D选项suppress“抑制”。

句意:优秀的电影是那些超越国家和文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。

22.单选题

Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography.Theemphasisofthisnew"communityecology"wasonthecompositionandstructureofcommunitiesconsistingofdifferentspecies.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theAmericanecologistFredericClementspointedoutthatasuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.Anabandonedfield,forinstance,willbeinvadedsuccessivelybyherbaceousplants(plantswithlittleornowoodytissue),shrubs,andtrees,eventuallybecomingaforest.Light-lovingspeciesarealwaysamongthefirstinvaders,whileshade-tolerantspeciesappearlaterinthesuccession.

Clementsandotherearlyecologistssawalmostlawlikeregularityintheorderofsuccession,butthathasnotbeensubstantiated.Ageneraltrendcanberecognized,butthedetailsareusuallyunpredictable.Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizations,andmanyotherrandomprocesses.

Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.Nevertheless,maturenaturalenvironmentsareusuallyinequilibrium.Theychangerelativelylittlethroughtimeunlesstheenvironmentitselfchanges.

ForClements,theclimaxwasa"superorganism,"anorganicentity.EvensomeauthorswhoacceptedtheclimaxconceptrejectedClements1characterizationofitasasuperorganism,anditisindeedamisleadingmetaphor.Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances.Butthereisnoevidenceforsuchaninteractingcommunicativenetworkinaclimaxplantformation.Manyauthorsprefertheterm"association"totheterm"community"inordertostresstheloosenessoftheinteraction.

Evenlessfortunatewastheextensionofthistypeofthinkingtoincludeanimalsaswellasplants.Thisresultedinthe"biome,"acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna.Thoughitistruethatmanyanimalsarestrictlyassociatedwithcertainplants,itismisleadingtospeakofa"spruce-moosebiome,"forexample,becausethereisnointernalcohesiontotheirassociationasinanorganism.Thesprucecommunityisnotsubstantiallyaffectedbyeitherthepresenceorabsenceofmoose.Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose.TheoppositiontotheClementsianconceptofplantecologywasinitiatedbyHerbertGleason,soonjoinedbyvariousotherecologists.Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspeciesandthatthereforethevegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualplantspecies.

1.Ecologyhadbeenrootedin()beforeitgrewintoanindependentscience.

2.AccordingtoFredericClements,()afteravolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.

3.Successionisinfluencedbythefollowingfactorsexcept().

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabout“climax”,accordingtothepassage?

5.Theconceptof"biome"wouldemphasizethat().

问题1选项

A.communityecology

B.thescienceofspecies

C.thestudyofcommunitystructure

D.naturalhistoryandplantgeography

问题2选项

A.onlylight-lovingspeciescangrow

B.plantcommunitiescandevelop

C.forestscanhardlysurvive

D.fewplantscangrow

问题3选项

A.regularrainfalls

B.chancecolonizations

C.exposuretosun

D.natureofthesoil

问题4选项

A.Itsnatureisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.

B.Itchangesrelativelylittlethroughtimeatmaturity.

C.Itisahighlyinteractingcommunicativenetwork.

D.Itisthefinalstageofasuccession.

问题5选项

A.animalsandplantsdonotsubstantiallyaffecteachother

B.plantcommunitiesalwaysrelyoncoexistinganimalstosurvive

C.thereisinternalcohesionintheassociationofanimalswithplants

D.thedistributionofagivenspeciesiscontrolledbythehabitatrequirements

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography”可知,19世纪后期,生态学从其自然历史和植物地理学的根源开始成长为一门独立的科学。由此可判断本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“社区生态学”,B选项表示“物种学科”,C选项表示“社区结构的研究”。

2.细节事实题。题干询问:根据FredericClements的理论,在火山爆发、洪水或森林大火之后……。根据题干关键信息定位到原文第一段第三句“asuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire”可知,一系列的植物群落会在火山爆发、洪水或者森林火灾后形成。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“只有喜光的物种才能生长”,C选项表示“森林很难生存”,D选项表示“很少植物能生长”。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段最后一句“Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizationsandmanyotherrandomprocesses”可知,生态演替受到多种因素的影响:土壤土质、暴露到阳光和风中、降水的规律性、定居生长的机会以及许多其它随机过程。因此本题正确答案为A选项。

4.推理判断题。题干询问:根据文章可知,下面关于“climax”的表述哪个选项是不正确的?由原文第三段第一句“Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.”可知,“climax”指的是生态演替的最后一个阶段——顶级群落。可判断D选项正确。由原文第三段第二句“Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.”可知,即使在一个成熟的群落中,物种组成通常也有很大的变化,可判断B选项错误。由第三段第三句“Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession”可知,影响生态演替的因素同样也影响顶级群落的性质,可判断A选项表述正确。由第四段第三句“Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances”可知,一个蚁群可能被合法地称为顶级群落,因为它的交流系统是高度组织化的,由此可判断C选项正确。综上所述,本题正确答案为B选项。

5.推理判断题。题干询问:“生态群系”的概念强调的是……。根据题干关键信息“biome”可定位到原文最后一段,根据“acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna”可知,“biome”是指共生的动植物群的组合。由最后一段最后一句“Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspecies”可知,一种特定物种的分布是由该物种的栖息地需求控制的,由此可判断,本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“动物和植物之间没有实质性的相互影响”,B选项表示“植物群落总是依靠共存的动物生存”,C选项表示“在动物与植物的联系中有一种内在的凝聚力”。

23.单选题

Whatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinking?Istherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguage,namelyinconceptsandconcept-combinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomind?Hasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween“thing”wasalreadyclear?

Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditions,wouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether.

Whatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguageasweordinarilyunderstandtheword?Howisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational?Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.Asanillustration,letustakethelanguageofEducationgeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconcepts,respectivelysymbols,suchastheintegralnumber,thestraightline,thepoint,aswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentaloperations,thatistheconnectionsbetweenthosefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandsensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined.

Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations.

Whathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankind?Idonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputaquestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexist,thescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.ThescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereitwouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstandingPerfectionsofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacteriz

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