考研考博-英语-天津石油职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津石油职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Behaviorsthatwedonotunderstandoftenbecomenearlyinvisible—evenwhen,inretrospect,weseehowtrulystrangetheyare.

WhenIwasapsychiatricresident,wehadafacultymemberwhowasfamousforhismessyoffice:stacksofpapersandoldjournalscoveredeverychairandtableaswellasmuchofthefloor.Oneday,asIwalkedpasttheopenofficedoorwithoneofmysupervisors,hemurmuredmildly,“Oddduck.”Andthatwasasfarasanyoneseemedtoreflectonthispeculiarstateofaffairswithinaninstitutionstaffedbypsychiatrists.Eventually,thefacultymemberhadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients.

Notsurprisingly,thepsychiatricdiagnosticmanualdoesnotlist“messyroom”intheindex.Butitdoesmentionasymptom:inability“todiscardworn-outorworthlessobjectsevenwhentheyhavenosentimentalvalue.”Itcomesunderthediagnosisobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder,anobscurecousinofthemorefamousobsessive-compulsivedisorder.

Iwasbarelyawareofthediagnosis.Everyerahasmentaldisordersthatforculturalorscientificreasonsbecomepopular.InFreud’sdayitwashysteria.Currently,depressionhasmovedtocentrestage.Butotherailmentsgorelativelyignored,andthisdisorderwasone.

Itcamewithalistofadditionalsymptomsthatappearedtobepeculiarbedfellow:anxietyaboutspendingmoney,excessivedevotiontoworktotheexclusionofleisureactivities,rigidityaboutfollowingrules,perfectionismindoingtasks—attimestothepointofinterferingwithfinishingthem.

Inmoderation,thesymptomsseemedtofitrightinwithourworkaholicculture—perhapsexplainingthelowprofileofthediagnosis.Relentlessworkorientationandperfectionismmayevenbeassetsinrule-and-detail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw.

Butwhenthesymptomsaretoointenseorpervasive,theybecomecrippling.Beneathseeminglyadaptivebehaviorsliesacentraldisability.Peoplewiththisdiagnosishaveenormousdifficultymakingdecisions.Theylacktheinternalsenseofcompletionthatmostofusexperienceattheendofachoiceoratask,evenoneassimpleasthrowingsomethingoutormakingapurchase.Inobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder,thisfeelingoccursonlyafterendlessdeliberationandrevision,ifatall.

Theneedtocomeupwiththe“correct”answer,thebestpurchaseortheperfectproposalleadstoexcessruminationovereachdecision.Itcanevenleadtocompleteparalysis.Forsuchpeople,rulesofallkindsareagodsend—theyrepresentpre-madedecisions,open-endedassignments,likewritingpapers,arenightmares.

Forsuchapatientorforapsychiatrist,understandingaclusterofdiagnosticsymptomscanbearevelation.Thepictureleapsoutfromthepreviouslydisorganizedbackground.Butundoubtedly,attimeswecanbecometooreductionistic,seeingpatternswherenoneexist:sometimesamessyroomisjustamessyroom.

6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribespeople’sattitudetowardsthefacultymember?

7.Thepopularmentaldisorderofcurrenttime,accordingtotheauthor,is____.

8.Thereasonwhysymptomsofthe“obsessive-compulsivedisorder”gounnoticedisthat____.

9.Rulesaregodsendtopersonswiththeobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderbecause____.

10.Fromthelastparagraphwecanseethattheauthor’sviewisthat____.

问题1选项

A.Theydislikedhim,andthat’swhyhegothisseparateroomtoseepatients.

B.Theythoughtheisalittlestrange,butdidn’tpaymuchattentiontohisbehavior.

C.Theywereinterestedinhisbehavior,astheywereallpsychiatrists.

D.Theythoughthehadsomementalretardation.

问题2选项

A.hysteria

B.depression

C.messiness

D.obsessive-compulsivedisorder

问题3选项

A.theyarehighlythoughtofinaccordingtolaw

B.someofthemildsymptomsfitinwithaworkaholicculture

C.theyhavealowprofile

D.theytakealongtimetobecomeintenseorpervasive

问题4选项

A.theydonotinvolvedecisionmaking

B.theyareopen-endedassignments

C.theyleadtocompleteparalysis

D.theyaremadebyothers

问题5选项

A.amessyroomisjustamessyroom

B.amessyroomisanindicationoftheobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder

C.psychiatristsshouldpayattentiontoamessyroom

D.psychiatristsshouldseepatternsofseeminglydisorganizedbehaviors,butshouldn’tbetooreductionistic

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】6.【选项释义】

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribespeople’sattitudetowardsthefacultymember?下列哪项最好地描述了人们对那位同事的态度？

A.Theydislikedhim,andthat’swhyhegothisseparateroomtoseepatients.A.他们不喜欢他，所以他才有单独的房间去看病。

B.Theythoughtheisalittlestrange,butdidn’tpaymuchattentiontohisbehavior.B.他们觉得他有一点儿奇怪，但是没有太注意他的行为。

C.Theywereinterestedinhisbehavior,astheywereallpsychiatrists.C.他们对他的行为感兴趣，因为他们都是精神病医生。

D.Theythoughthehadsomementalretardation.D.他们认为他有智力障碍。

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词people’sattitudetowardsthefacultymember定位到原文第2段。本段第3句提到作者和他的一位同事“路过那个医生的房间时，这个同事说（hemurmuredmildly）‘奇怪的家伙（Oddduck）’”，并且第4句说“在一个由精神科医生组成的机构里，这似乎是所有人对这种奇特状况的反映（thatwasasfarasanyoneseemedtoreflect）。”由此可知，人们都觉得这个医生的行为很奇怪，但他们对这种行为的反应也仅限于说一句奇怪而已，B选项“他们觉得他有一点儿奇怪，但是没有太关注他的行为”，符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“他们不喜欢他，所以他才有单独的房间去看病”，虽然原文第2段最后一句提到“最后，不得不另外给这名医生分配一间诊室看病（hadtobegivenanotherofficeinwhichtoseepatients）”，但是原文并没有说之所以这么做是因为人们不喜欢他，并且原文也没有说人们不喜欢他，只是说觉得他奇怪，该选项属于过度推理；

C选项“他们对他的行为感兴趣，因为他们都是精神病医生”，原文提到人们的反应也不过是说一句奇怪而已，说明人们对他的行为不感兴趣，该选项属于曲解原文；

D选项“他们认为他有智力障碍”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。

7.【选项释义】

Thepopularmentaldisorderofcurrenttime,accordingtotheauthor,is____.据作者介绍，目前流行的精神障碍是____。

A.hysteriaA.癔症

B.depressionB.抑郁症

C.messinessC.混乱

D.obsessive-compulsivedisorderD.强迫症

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Thepopularmentaldisorderofcurrenttime定位到原文第4段。本段第2句提到“每个时代都有因文化或科学原因而流行的精神障碍（mentaldisorders）。”另外，本段倒数第2句提到“目前（Currently），抑郁症（depression）已成为人们关注的焦点。”由此可知，B选项“抑郁症”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“癔症”，可定位到原文第4段第3句，该句提到“在弗洛伊德的时代（InFreud’sday），这是癔症（hysteria）。”由此可知，癔症是弗洛伊德时代流行的精神疾病，而不是现在，该选项属于张冠李戴；

C选项“混乱”原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“强迫症”，虽然原文第3段提到了强迫性人格障碍（obsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorder），但是第4段最后一句说到这是现在“被忽视的（relativelyignored）疾病之一”，因此，该选项表述错误，属于曲解原文。

8.【选项释义】

Thereasonwhysymptomsofthe“obsessive-compulsivedisorder”gounnoticedisthat____.“强迫症”的症状没有被注意到的原因是____。

A.theyarehighlythoughtofinaccordingtolawA.根据法律它们评价很高

B.someofthemildsymptomsfitinwithaworkaholiccultureB.一些轻微的症状符合工作狂的文化

C.theyhavealowprofileC.这些症状不引人注目

D.theytakealongtimetobecomeintenseorpervasiveD.它们需要很长时间才会变得强烈或普遍

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词obsessive-compulsivedisorder和gounnoticed定位到原文第4段最后一句，该句提到“强迫症在当今时代被忽略了”。接下来的第5-6段对此进行了进一步介绍。第6段第1句提到“适度地情况下（inmoderation），这些症状似乎符合我们的工作狂文化（fitrightinwithourworkaholicculture）——这也许可以解释为什么该症状的诊断不那么引人注目”，由此可知，强迫症不那么引人注目可能是因为在适度的时候，符合工作狂的文化，B选项“一些轻微的症状符合工作狂的文化”表述正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“根据法律它们评价很高”，原文第6段最后一句提到“不懈的工作导向和完美主义甚至可能是会计或法律等注重规则和细节的职业（inrule-and-detail-orientedprofessionslikeaccountingorlaw）的资产。”由此可知，原文指的是在法律行业，轻度的强迫症会被认为是优势，并不是说法律要求给强迫症很高的评价，该选项属于偷换概念；

C选项“这些症状不引人注目”，这是“它不受关注”的另一种说法，而不是原因；

D选项“它们需要很长时间才会变得强烈或普遍”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。

9.【选项释义】

Rulesaregodsendtopersonswiththeobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderbecause____.规则是强迫症患者天赐的礼物，因为____。

A.theydonotinvolvedecisionmakingA.它们不涉及决策

B.theyareopen-endedassignmentsB.它们是开放式作业

C.theyleadtocompleteparalysisC.它们会导致完全瘫痪

D.theyaremadebyothersD.它们是别人制定的

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Rulesaregodsend定位到原文第8段最后一句，该句提到“对这些人来说，各种各样的规则都是天赐的礼物——它们代表着预先做出的决定”，由此可知，规则代表着预先做出的决定。第8段第1句提到“需要想出‘正确的’答案，最好的购买或完美的建议导致对每个决定的过度思考（excessruminationovereachdecision）。”由此可知，强迫症患者不擅长做决定。综上所述，因为规则是已经做好的决定，所以对于不擅长做决定的人来说是天赐的礼物。因此，A选项“它们不涉及决策”表述正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“它们是开放式作业”，可定位到原文第8段最后一句，该句提到，对强迫症患者来说，“开放式作业（open-endedassignments），比如写论文，都是噩梦（nightmares）。”由此可知，首先规则并不是开放式的作业；其次，开放式的作业对强迫症患者来说并不是天赐的礼物，反而是他们不擅长的，该选项属于曲解原文；

C选项“它们会导致完全瘫痪”，可定位到第8段第2句，该句提到“它甚至会导致完全瘫痪。”但是联系前一句可知，“它”指的是“需要想出‘正确的’答案，最好的购买或完美的建议”，即对完美的追求，而不是“规则”，该选项属于张冠李戴；

D选项“它们是别人制定的”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。

10.【选项释义】

Fromthelastparagraphwecanseethattheauthor’sviewisthat____.从最后一段我们可以看出作者的观点是____。

A.amessyroomisjustamessyroomA.凌乱的房间就是凌乱的房间

B.amessyroomisanindicationoftheobsessive-compulsivepersonalitydisorderB.房间凌乱是强迫症的表现

C.psychiatristsshouldpayattentiontoamessyroomC.精神科医生应该注意凌乱的房间

D.psychiatristsshouldseepatternsofseeminglydisorganizedbehaviors,butshouldn’tbetooreductionisticD.精神科医生应该看到看似混乱的行为模式，而不应该过于简单化

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词lastparagraph定位到原文最后一段。本题询问的是作者的观点，应该与本文的主旨相关，本文的话题是强迫症。本段第1句提到“对于这样的病人或精神病医生来说，理解一系列诊断症状可能是一种启示。”而本段最后一句指出，“但是有时我们可能变得过于简化，看到一些不存在的模式：有时一个凌乱的房间就是一个凌乱的房间。”由此可知，作者认为，精神科医生应该“理解一系列诊断症状”，但是在这个过程中不要“过于简化”，D选项“精神科医生应该看到看似混乱的行为模式，而不应该过于简单化”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“凌乱的房间就是凌乱的房间”。虽然文章最后一句提到“有时一个凌乱的房间就是一个凌乱的房间”，但是该选项与文章主题无关，“凌乱的房间”只是作者用来引出话题的一个事例，也就是说它只是一个例子，该选项属于本末倒置；

B选项“房间凌乱是强迫症的表现”，通读全文可知，强迫症患者的特点是有序和注重规则，“房间凌乱”不是强迫症的表现，该选项属于曲解全文；

C选项“精神科医生应该注意凌乱的房间”，本文的主题是强迫症，“凌乱的房间”只是作者用来引出话题的一个事例，该选项属于本末倒置。

2.单选题

TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasastunningreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeraninstinctiveresponsenomatterhowcloseorfarawayfromhometheventhappened.

Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoralsoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.

Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen'tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.

Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.

WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?“Theuseofterrorismasatacticisbaseduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisdisproportionatewiththeactualthreat.”saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBullietofColumbiaUniversity.“Everytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolentbecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”

“Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson,”BulliettellsWebMD.“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.”Forexample,BullietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed,buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.

Bullietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcriminalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized,”saysBulliet.“Therandomnessandtheubiquity（无处不在）ofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities.”

PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16s.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping,”saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.

“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheading（斩首）canhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1.000oftheenemy,”HarountellsWebMD.“Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization.”

1.Whathaschangedtherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?

2.Thegoalofpsychologicalwarfareisto（

）.

3.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,publicizinganactofviolencebecomesanimportantpartofterrorismitselfbecause

（

）.

4.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat

（

）.

5.Inthispassagetheauthor（

）.

问题1选项

A.Terroristattacks.

B.Theincreaseofmilitaryconflicts.

C.Advancesinnuclearweapons.

D.Prosperityofthemedia.

问题2选项

A.changetheideologyoftheopponent

B.winabattlewithoutmilitaryattacks

C.generateagreatersenseoffear

D.bringaboutmorephysicaldamage

问题3选项

A.psychologicalterrorismisatactic

B.terrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat

C.theuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatismoredestructivethantheactualthreat

D.publicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthreat

问题4选项

A.meansdetermineseffects

B.hostagecrisesareprevalent

C.psychologicalterrorsremainharmless

D.theAmericanmediaiseffective

问题5选项

A.emphasizesthegreatimpactofpsychologicalwarfare

B.criticizestheviolenceofterrorism

C.callsforanendtopsychologicalwarfare

D.opposesthehostagecrisis

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.（但由于科技的进步、互联网的普及和新闻报道的扩散，这种心理战的交战规则已经改变）可知D选项“媒体的繁荣”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.（相反，这些攻击的目的是灌输一种比实际威胁本身更大的恐惧感）可知C选项“产生更大的恐惧感”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第五段中的Theuseofterrorismasatacticisbaseduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisdisproportionatewiththeactualthreat.（将恐怖主义作为一种战术是基于制造一种与实际威胁不相称的恐惧气氛）可知C选项“使用恐怖主义是为了激起比实际威胁更具破坏性的恐惧”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章第六段中的Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butit’showit’scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect.（关键不是你做了什么，而是它的报道方式决定了效果）可知A选项“手段决定效果”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出恐怖活动；第二段引出心理战；第三至六段介绍了心理战带来的影响比实际威胁更大；第五段介绍了伊朗人质危机给美国人带来的心理创伤；第六段介绍了恐怖分子随机性和普遍性给人心理上产出更大的威胁；第七段介绍了恐怖组织利用心理战作战；最后一段引用Haroun的话，再次强调心理战带来的影响。因此A选项“强调心理战的巨大影响”符合题意。

3.单选题

Hisspeechwascarefuland（）,buthiswordsseemedtomakenosense.

问题1选项

A.distinct

B.distract

C.distinguishable

D.diligent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项distinct“清楚的，明显的，独特的”；B选项distract“转移，分心”；C选项distinguishable“可区分的”；D选项diligent“勤勉的，用功的”。根据句意“他的讲话仔细而清晰，但这些言语似乎毫无意义。”选项A符合句意。

4.单选题

Companiesspendmillionsofdollarsonadsandcommercials,tryingto（）theAmericanpublicintopurchasingtheirproducts.

问题1选项

A.misplace

B.mock

C.maneuver

D.manifest

【答案】C

【解析】misplace放错地方；mock嘲笑；maneuver调动,调遣；manifest证明,显示。句意：公司花费数百万美元在广告和商业上,试图调动美国民众购买他们的产品。选项C符合句意。

5.单选题

Dr.ElizabethHurdondistinguishedherselfasasurgeonatatimeinwhichmedicalprofessionwas（）male.

问题1选项

A.only

B.occasionally

C.predominantly

D.regrettably

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在医学界以男性为主导的时代,ElizabethHurdon博士作为一名外科医生而闻名。predominantly主要地,占主导地位地,选项C符合句意。

6.单选题

Whenthestrangerwalkedtowardshim,hefled,thedoor（）behindhim

问题1选项

A.slammed

B.toslam

C.slant

D.slamming

【答案】D

【解析】slamming做形容词,修饰door,表示门的状态。如果填slammed,后面构成一个完整的句子,需要连接词and连接前后两个句子。

7.单选题

TheGermancompanyretaineda（）positioninhormoneresearch.

问题1选项

A.chair

B.pole

C.soap

D.floor

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项chair“椅子；讲座；主席位；大学教授的职位”；B选项pole“杆；极点；电极”；C选项soap“肥皂；将肥皂涂在……上；对……拍马屁”；D选项floor“地板，地面；楼层；基底；议员席”。poleposition指的是方程式赛车中的“竿位”，即决赛中排在第一位出发的选手。“竿位”由决赛前排位赛中成绩最好的车手获得。此外，poleposition还可表示“跑道内圈；有利位置”。句意：这家德国公司在激素研究方面保持着有利地位。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Don’tletsucha（）matterasthiscomebetweenussothatwecanconcentrateonthemajorissue.

问题1选项

A.trivial

B.partial

C.slight

D.minimal

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项trivial“不重要的，琐碎的”，trivialmatter是固定搭配，表示“琐事”；B选项partial“偏爱的，不公平的”；C选项slight“轻微的，少量的”；D选项minimal“最低的，最小限度的”。句意：不要让这件小事造成我们之间的障碍，以便我们能够将精力集中在主要的事情上。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

9.单选题

Plasticsheetingshouldbewrappedaroundthetreeinwinnerto（）itfromthewindandthefrost.

问题1选项

A.recover

B.shield

C.shade

D.rescue

【答案】B

【解析】recoverfrom恢复;shield与from庇护,使免遭……;shade不与from搭配,rescuefrom从...中营救。句意：应该用塑料布把树裹起来,以防止风和霜冻。选项B符合句意。

10.单选题

Thejudgerebukedthepolicefortheirtreatmentoftheprisoner.

问题1选项

A.defended

B.reproved

C.approved

D.ratified

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项defendedv.辩护，防护，保卫；B选项reprovedv.责骂，谴责，刁难；C选项approvedv.批准，赞成，审核；D选项ratifiedv.批准，认可。根据题意法官指责了警官对待犯人的方式可知，B项符合题意。

11.单选题

WillthereeverbeanotherEinstein?ThisistheundercurrentofconversationatEinsteinmemorialmeetingsthroughouttheyear.AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.Afterall,morethan200yearsseparatedEinsteinfromhisnearestrival,IsaacNewton.

ManyphysicistssaythenextEinsteinhasn’tbeenbornyet,orisababynow.That’sbecausethequestforaunifiedtheorythatwouldaccountforalltheforcesofnaturehaspushedcurrentmathematicstoitslimits.Newmathmustbecreatedbeforetheproblemcanbesolved.

ButresearcherssaytherearemanyotherfactorsworkingagainstanotherEinsteinemerginganytimesoon.

Foronething,physicsisamuchdifferentfieldtoday.InEinstein’sday,therewereonlyafewthousandphysicistsworldwide,andthetheoreticianswhocouldintellectuallyrivalEinsteinprobablywouldfitintoastreetcarwithseatstoshare.

Educationisdifferent,too.OnecrucialaspectofEinstein’strainingthatisoverlookedistheyearsofphilosophyhereadasateenager—Kant,SchopenhauerandSpinoza,amongothers.Ittaughthimhowtothinkindependentlyandabstractlyaboutspaceandtime,anditwasn’tlongbeforehebecameaphilosopherhimself.

“Theindependencecreatedbyphilosophicalinsightis—inmyopinion—themarkofdistinctionbetweenamereartisan(IE)orspecialistandarealseekeraftertruth，”Einsteinwrotein1944.

Andhewasanaccomplishedmusician.Theinterplaybetweenmusicandmathiswell-known.Einsteinwouldfuriouslyplayhisviolinasawaytothinkthroughaknottyphysicsproblem.

Today,universitieshaveproducedmillionsofphysicists.Therearen’tmanyjobsinscienceforthem,sotheygotoWallStreetandSiliconValleytoapplytheiranalyticalskillstomorepractical—andrewarding—efforts.

“MaybethereisanEinsteinouttheretoday,”saidColumbiaUniversityphysicistBrianGreene,“butitwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard.”

EspeciallyconsideringwhatEinsteinwasproposing.

“Theactualfabricofspaceandtimecurving?MyGod,whatanidea!”GreenesaidatarecentgatheringattheAspenInstitute.“Ittakesacertaintypeofpersonwhowillbanghisheadagainstthewallbecauseyoubelieveyou’llfindthesolution.”

PerhapsthebestexamplesarethefivescientificpapersEinsteinwroteinhis“miracleyear”of

1905.These“thoughtexperiments”werepagesofcalculationssignedandsubmittedtotheprestigiousjournalAnnalenderPhysikbyavirtualunknown.Therewerenofootnotesorcitations.

Whatmighthappentosuchasubmissiontoday?

“Weallgetpaperslikethoseinthemail,”Greenesaid.“Weputtheminthejunkfile.”

1.Whatdoscientistsseemtoagreeupon,judgingfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

2.WhatwascriticaltoEinstein’ssuccess?

3.Whatdoestheauthortellusaboutphysiciststoday?

4.WhatdoesBrianGreeneimplybysaying“itwouldbealotharderforhimtobeheard”(Para.9)?

5.Whenhesubmittedhispapersin1905,Einstein（

）.

问题1选项

A.Einsteinpushedmathematicsalmosttoitslimits.

B.ItwilltakeanotherEinsteintobuildaunifiedtheory.

C.NophysicistislikelytosurpassEinsteininthenext200years.

D.ItwillbesometimebeforeanewEinsteinemerges.

问题2选项

A.Histalentasanaccomplishedmusician.

B.Hisindependentandabstractthinking.

C.Hisuntiringefforttofulfillhispotential.

D.Hissolidfoundationinmaththeory.

问题3选项

A.Theytendtoneglecttraininginanalyticalskills.

B.Theyareverygoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.

C.Theyattachgreatimportancetopublishingacademicpapers.

D.Theyoftengointofieldsyieldinggreaterfinancialbenefits.

问题4选项

A.Peoplehavetocompeteinordertogettheirpaperspublished.

B.Itishardforascientisttohavehispaperspublishedtoday.

C.PaperslikeEinstein’swouldunlikelygetpublishedtoday.

D.Nobodywillreadpapersonapparentlyridiculoustheories.

问题5选项

A.forgottomakefootnotesandcitations

B.waslittleknowninacademiccircles

C.wasknownasayounggeniusinmathcalculations

D.knewnothingabouttheformatofacademicpapers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第一段第三句话AnewEinsteinwillemerge,scientistssay.Butitmaytakealongtime.“科学家们说一个新的爱因斯坦将会出现。但是需要很长一段时间”，根据这句话可知选项D符合题意。

2.文章第五段提到了爱因斯坦所受的教育不同。在他青少年时期他时常阅读卡特、叔本华、斯宾诺莎这些哲学家的作品。这些作品教会了他如何独立以及抽象地去思考时间与空间。由此可推知爱因斯坦“独立以及抽象的思维”是他成功的关键。所以选项B符合题意。

3.文章第八段提到Therearen’tmanyjobsinscienceforthem,sotheygotoWallStreetandSiliconValleytoapplytheiranalyticalskillstomorepracticalandrewarding—efforts.今天的物理学家们很多都去华尔街和硅谷，把他们的分析能力运用到了实践，并且不断努力来获得（经济）回报。选项D符合题意。

4.文章最后一段提到如果我们收到像爱因斯坦那样纸上都是演算公式，没有脚注，没有参考文献的科学论文(getpaperslikethose)，我们会把这些直接放到垃圾邮件里（junkfile）。由此可以推知，BrianGreene是在暗示现在的学术环境——人们不会接受看似非常荒唐的想法。选项D符合题意。

5.文章倒数第三段“byavirtualunkown”,指的是当时的爱因斯坦还默默无闻，选项B符合题意。

12.单选题

ResalepriceMaintenanceisthenameusedwhenaretaileriscompelledtosellatapricefixedbythemanufacturerinsteadofchoosingforhimselfhowmuchtoaddontothewholesalepricehepaysforhissupplies.Thispracticeisassociatedwiththesaleof“branded”goods,whichnowformaveryconsiderableproportionofconsumers’purchases,andithasledtoagreatdealofcontroversy.

Generallysucharticlesarepackedandadvertisedbythemanufacturers,whotrytocreateaspecial“image”inthemindsofpossiblepurchasers—animagemadeupofdielookofthearticle,itsuse,itspriceandeverythingelsewhichmightleadpurchaserstoaskforthatbrandratherthananyother.Ifaretailerisallowedtochoiceanypricehelikeshemayfinditworthwhiletosellonebrandat“cut”priceseventhoughthisinvolvesaloss,becausehehopestoattractcustomerstotheshopwheretheymaybepersuadedtobuymanyothertypesofgoodsathigherprices.Themanufacturerofthebrandthathasbeen“cut”fearsthattheretailermaybetemptedtoreducetheservicesonthisarticle;butevenifhedoesnotthereisadanger;thatthecustomerbecomesunsettled,andisunwillingtopaythe“standard”priceofthearticlebecausehefeelsthatheisbeing“done”.Thismay,andindeedoftendoes,affectthereputationofthemanufacturerandlosehimhismarketinthelongrun.

Itissometimessaidalsothatthehousewife—whoistheprincipalbuyerofmostofthesegoods—prefersafixedpricebecausesheknowswheresheisandissavedthebotherofgoingfromshoptoshopinsearchoflowerprices.Ifoneshopcutallthepricesofitsbandedgoodsshewouldundoubtedlyhaveanadvantageinshoppingthere.Butthisdoesnothappen.Astoreusuallythepriceofoneortwoofitsarticleswhichactasadecoyandmakesupitslossesonothers,andchangesthecut-pricearticlesfromweektoweeksoastoattractdifferentgroupsofcustomers.Andsothehousewifemayfeelratherguiltyifshedoesnotspendtimetrackingdownthecheapergoods.Howfarthisistrueisamatteroftemperamentanditisimpossibletoestimatewhatproportionifpurchaserspreferapricethattheycanrelyonwherevertheychoosetobuyandwhatproportionenjoythechallengeinvolvedinfindingthestorethatoffersthemabargain.

ThosewhoopposeResalePriceMaintenance,ontheotherhand,pointoutthattherearenowagreatmanydifferentchannelsofdistribution—chainstores,departmentstores,cooperativestores,independentorunitshops,supermarkets,mail-orderhouses,andsoon.Itwouldbeabsurdtoassumethatallofthemprice?Iftheywereallowedtochooseforthemselves,themoreefficientretailerswouldsellatlowerpricesandconsumerswouldbenefit.Asitis,theretailpricemustbesufficienttocoverthecostsoftheefficientavenuesofdistributionandthismeanstheothersmakeabiggerprofitthannecessaryattheexpenseofthepublic.Thesupportersofthefixespricearguethatthisisonlyhalfthestory.Theefficienttradercanstillcompetewithoutloweringhisprices.Hecanofferbetterservice—longcredit,orquickdeliveryorapleasantshopdecororhelpfulassistants—andcandothiswithoutimperilingthelong-terminterestsofthemanufacturer.

1.Manufacturersopposeretailerscuttingpricesontheirgoodsmainlybecausetheythink（）.

2.Supportersofthefixedpriceboldthatanefficienttradercanstillmakemoneywithoutloweringpricesby（）.

3.Bysaying“Hefeelsthatheisbeing‘done’,theauthormeansthatcustomerthinks（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSEaccordingtothepassage?

5.Thesentence“Sheknowswheresheis"inthethirdparagraphcanbeparaphrasedas（）

问题1选项

A.retailersmayeventuallystopsellingtheirproducts

B.itmayreducecustomersconfidenceintheirproducts

C.customersmayfeeluneasywhenpricesvary

D.itmaysometimesleadtopoorservice

问题2选项

A.allowingcustomerstimetopay

B.hiringassistantsforlonghoursandlowwages

C.advertisingformoreeffectively

D.establishinglong-termrelationswithmanufacturers

问题3选项

A.someoneisdespisinghim

B.someoneismaltreatinghim

C.someoneisblackmailinghim

D.someoneischeatinghim

问题4选项

A.Goodserviceotherthanpriceisimportantinattractingcustomers

B.AnarticlewithoutabrandnameisnotsubjecttoResalePriceMaintenance

C.Manufacturersattempttoinfluencepossiblepurchasersbymakingtheirproductseasytoidentity.

D.Housewivespreferfixedpricesbecausefixedpricesaremuchles