考研考博-英语-广东药科大学考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广东药科大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Whennomadicpeoplescouldnotfindenoughfoodtoeatintheirruggedhomelands,theyraidedthevillagepeoplesfortheircrops.

问题1选项

A.attacked

B.compelled

C.deprived

D.pleaded

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.attacked袭击，攻击B.compelled强迫，迫使，使必须

C.deprived剥夺，使丧失，使不能享有D.pleaded乞求，恳求

【答案】A

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】raided的意思为“突然袭击；劫掠，打劫”，和thevillagepeoples构成动宾搭配关系，指的是游牧民族没有东西吃的时候就会袭击村民，抢夺食物，attacked与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】当游牧民族在他们崎岖的家园里找不到足够的食物吃的时候，他们就会袭击村民，抢夺农作物。

2.单选题

Accordingtothelawwhichhelaterproduced,everythingintheuniverseattractseverythingelsetowards（）.

问题1选项

A.it

B.everything

C.itself

D.each

【答案】C

【解析】考查反身代词的用法。反身代词itself与主语everything形成互指关系，表示向它自身的方向吸引另一物体。选项C符合句意。句意：根据他后来提出的定律，宇宙中的一切事物相互间都彼此吸引。

3.翻译题

TranslatetilefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish

历代的智慧，几个世纪以来人类一直籍以为乐的故事，所有这些都可以从书中方便而又便宜的获得。但是我必须懂得如何利用这份宝藏，懂得如何才能使它对我们最为有益。世界上最为不幸的人，也就是那些从未体验过读好书之乐趣的人吧。

我对人最为感兴趣，喜欢结识他们，喜欢了解他们。我认识的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表现在作品的字里行间，最后在我的想象中重新显现。我在书中找到了新的朋友，新的社会，还有新的语言。

把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。爱读书的人从好书中不但得到乐趣，他们从中获得的那种精神粮食，从其它地方是很难得到的。尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在不知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来大有用处。

【答案】Allthewisdomoftheages,allthestoriesthatdelightedmankindforcenturies,areeasilyandcheaplyavailabletoallofuswithinthecoversofbooks.Butwemustknowhowtoavailourselvesofthistreasureandhowtogetthemostvaluefromit.Themostunfortunatepeopleintheworldarethosewhohaveneverexperiencedthejoyofreadingagoodbook.

Iammostinterestedinpeople,inmeetingthemandfindingoutaboutthem.SomeoftheremarkablepeopleI’vemetexistedonlyinwriter’simagination,thenonthepagesofhisbook,andthenagain,inmyimagination.Ihavefoundnewfriends,newsocietyandnewwordsinbooks.

Devotesomeofyourleisuretocultivatingaloveofreadinggoodbooks.Fromgoodbooks,moreover,theydrawmuchbesidesentertainment.Theygainmentalfoodsuchasfewcompanionscansupply,albeittheymaynotbedeliberatelyreadingtoimprovetheirmind.Allunconsciouslytheideastheyderivefromtheprintedpagedarestoredup,tobeworkedoverbytheimaginationforfutureprofit.

4.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired——rentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy,WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,lakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisintheunitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratecostsandcreatedbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceofthetechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

问题2选项

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

问题3选项

A.theintroductionofnewtechnology

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

问题4选项

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第一段“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.获得技能被认为是个人的责任”可知D项是对该句的同义转述，答案D

'

第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力资源主管这个职位从不被征求主要决策的意见，也没有机会晋升为CEO。”可知在美国，人力资源主管在公司没有太多发言权。C项正确，答案C

第3题:细节事实题。由第二段“WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.虽然美国公司经常谈论在员工培训上的巨额开支，但事实上，他们在员工技能上的投资比日本或德国公司都要少。”以及“Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.结果是，当突破性技术的到来时，美国就出现了问题。”文章第二段讲了美国公司与日德公司在劳动力培训方面的差异，美国主要培训那些管理层，而日德重视员工技巧培训。第三段说到了结果，美国员工学习新技术时需要花更多时间。由此可见给员工培训技巧是非常重要的。答案B

第4题:主旨大意题。本文主要通过对比美国公司与日德国公司的人力资源策略，表明如果美国公司不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D不培养员工技巧将导致美国公司在全球竞争中失去优势。答案D

5.单选题

They______theboatupontotheshore.

问题1选项

A.hauled

B.handed

C.held

D.heightened

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：他们把船________岸。A选项hauled“（用力）拖，拉”；B选项handed“递交；搀扶”；C选项held“抓住”；D选项heightened“提高；增加”。根据语境，这里是指他们把船拖到岸上，所以A选项hauled“（用力）拖；拉”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

6.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

1.当前，世情、国情、党情继续发生着深刻变化，我们面临的发展机遇和风险挑战前所未有。全党一定要牢记人民的信任和重托，更加奋发有为、兢兢业业地工作，继续推动科学发展、促进社会和谐，继续改善人民生活、增进人民福祉，完成时代赋予的光荣而艰巨的任务。

2.学生活动是美国大学的一个显著特点，每周都有数不清的由学生组织的各种各样的活动。这些活动涵盖了体育、文艺、文化、政治和社会等各个方面，其主要目的是为了娱乐。新的学生活动组织不断涌现，而中国学生的参与使这一局面变得更加热烈，他们甚至在耶鲁大学上演了曹禺的话剧《雷雨》。

3.中国是一个有五千年历史的文明古国，有着与外来文化取长补短、兼容并蓄的传统。我们的祖先历来强调“以和为贵”。由此，中国人民选择和平发展的道路是基于中国的文化传统、是基于惨痛的历史与严酷的现实所做出的明智选择。

【答案】1.Atpresent,astheglobal,nationalandourParty’sconditionscontinuetoundergoprofoundchanges,wearefacedwithunprecedentedopportunitiesfordevelopmentaswellasrisksandchallenges.ThewholePartymustbearinmindthetrustthepeoplehaveplacedinusandthegreatexpectationtheyhaveofus.Wemustaimhigherandworkharderandcontinuetoboostthescientificdevelopment,promotesocialharmony,andimprovepeople’slivessoastocompletethegloriousandarduoustasksbestowedonusbythetimes.

2.StudentactivitiesareanotherremarkablefeatureofAmericancollegelife.Eachweektherearecountlessactivitiesofallsortsorganizedbystudents—athletic,artistic,cultural,politicalorsocial,allofwhicharejustforfun.Newstudentorganizationsareconstantlybeingcreated,andChinesestudentscontributetothisferment.TheyevenstageCaoYu’splayRainstorminYale.

3.Chinaisanancientcivilizationwitha5,000-year-longhistory,havingthetraditionofseekingmutualcomplementarities,accommodationandintegrationwithforeigncultures.Ourancestorshavealwaysemphasizedthe“cherishingofharmony”.Accordingly,thechoicebytheChinesepeopletofollowapeacefulpathtodevelopmentisawisedecisionbasedonChina’straditionalculture,painfulhistoryandseriousreality.

7.单选题

Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe（）inmanyanimalspecies.

问题1选项

A.minimization

B.restriction

C.descent

D.decline

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。minimization最小化；restriction限制；descent下降；decline衰退。既然是危机，表示事态比较严重，所以用衰退来形容许多动物物种最为恰当。选项D正确。

8.单选题

Governmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations______formallanguageisused.

问题1选项

A.inwhich

B.onwhich

C.inthat

D.atwhat

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句。formallanguageisused是用来修饰situations的定语从句，并且是一个完整的句子，可知横线上的部分充当关系副词，根据短语inthesituation可知横线部分表示地点，所以答案选A选项inwhich，B选项onwhich错误。inwhat用法错误，故C选项inwhat错误。atwhat用法错误，D选项atwhat错误。句意：政府报告、考试作文、法律文件和大多数商务信函是使用正式语言的主要情况。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing(定量供应)isvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswidespreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.

Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests.NorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.

Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.

Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.

Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhasseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell.

1.Whyisthere“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionaboutthefoodsituationinBritain?”

2.Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat（

）

.

3.Whydidn’tthegovernment’sexpansionprogramworkverywell?

4.Thedecreaseinworldfoodpricewasaresultof（

）.

5.WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?

问题1选项

A.Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.

B.Britainisimportinglessfood.

C.Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.

D.Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.

问题2选项

A.peoplearebuyinglessfood

B.thegovernmentisprovidinglessfinancialsupportforagriculture

C.domesticfoodproductionhasdecreased

D.importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigher

问题3选项

A.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed

B.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingproduction.

C.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce

D.Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerwerestronglyagainsttheprogrammer.

问题4选项

A.asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumers.

B.asharpfallinthecostoffoodproduction

C.theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingcountries

D.theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries

问题5选项

A.ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.

B.Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.

C.Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.

D.Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章第一段Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?提到人们对于为什么粮食多了价格却依然持续上涨表示担忧，所以可以看出人们感到不安和困惑的原因是食物充足但是价格却在上涨，选项C符合题意。

2.文章第三段asimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood提到食物价格增长的主要原因是政府逐渐减少了对食物的支持。选项B符合题意。

3.文章最后一段Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket提到尽管目前的价格还有市场保证，但是农民依旧担心他们将被挤压在廉价的进口食品和一个萎缩的国内市场中，所以可以推断农民对于这样的保证是不信任的。选项A符合题意。

4.文章第二段Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests提到国际食物市场贸易顺差的增加非常大，贸易顺差说明出口多余进口，由此可知是国内生产增加使得出口加大，选项D符合题意。

5.文章最后一句butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell提到部长重复的建议没有什么作用，扩张计划进行的不怎么好，由此可知，这个前景是令人担忧的。选项D符合题意。

10.单选题

Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone'smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.

Almostallofanorganism'senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare"opportunists".Attheotherextremeare"competitors",almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.

Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds,fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.

Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeing*displacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.

Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable—soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.

Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.

1.Theword"squander"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）

2.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas"opportunists"or"competitors"isdeterminedby（）

3.AllofthefollowingarementionedinParagraph7ascontributionstothelongevityofoaktreesEXCEPT（）

4.Accordingtothepassage,oaktreesareconsideredascompetitorsbecause（）

5.InParagraph7,theauthorsuggeststhatmostspeciesoforganisms（）

问题1选项

A.extend

B.transform

C.activate

D.waste

问题2选项

A.howthegeneticinformationofanorganismisstoredandmaintained

B.thewayinwhichtheorganisminvestsitsenergyresources

C.whethertheclimateinwhichtheorganismlivesismildorextreme

D.thevarietyofnaturalresourcestheorganismconsumesinitsenvironment

问题3选项

A.thecapacitytocreateshade

B.leavescontainingtannin

C.theabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfires

D.thelargenumberofacornsthetreeproduces

问题4选项

A.theygrowintheareasfreeofopportunities

B.theyspendmoreenergyontheirleaves,trunksandrootsthanontheiracorns

C.theirpopulationtendstoincreaseordecreaseirregularcycles

D.unlikeotherorganisms,theydonotneedmuchwaterorsunlight

问题5选项

A.areprimarilyopportunists

B.areprimarilycompetitors

C.beganasopportunistsandevolvedintocompetitors

D.havesomecharacteristicsofopportunistsandsomeofcompetitors

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:词汇推断题。根据第一段的内容，生长、繁殖和日常代谢都需要生物体消耗能量。这里的squander应该与expend“消耗，浪费"意思相近。选项D正确。

第2题:信息推断题。根据第三段的内容可知，"opportunists（机会主义者）"几乎所有的能量都用于繁殖，而用于生长的能量却很少。"竞争者（competitors）"几乎将其所有的能量都用于生长一个庞大的身躯，而只有极少部分的能量用于繁殖。由此可知，两者的区别在于生物体分配能量的方式不同，选项B符合原文。

第3题:事实细节题。根据最后一段的内容可知选项A，B，C在文中均有对应信息。选项D与题干意义不符。

第4题:信息推断题。根据第七段的"...theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots"橡树将其能量大多用于构建其树叶、树干和树根上，而不是其种子上。这与第三段提到的竞争者的定义相同，所以选项B正确。

第5题:细节推断题。根据第七段的最后一句“...thepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.”单纯的机会主义者或竞争者在自然界中是很少见的，大多数的物种都处于这两个极端组成的区域中，显现出兼有二者的一些特征。选项D符合原文。

11.单选题

Thefactthattheearth’ssurfaceheats_______providesaconvenientwaytodivideitintotemperatureregion.

问题1选项

A.infrequently

B.irregularly

C.unsteadily

D.unevenly

【答案】D

【解析】副词词义解析。infrequently“很少发生地”；irregularly“不规则地”；unsteadily“不稳定地”；unevenly“不均衡地”。句意：事实就是地球表面加热不均衡提供了一种将其划分成多个温度区域的简便方法。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

It’sour______ifthecarisdamaged,wemustpay.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.capability

C.cavity

D.liability

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项capacity“能力，容量”，B项capability“才能”，C项cavity“腔，洞，凹处”，D项liability“责任，债务”。根据句子后半部分的意思“如果汽车损坏了，我们必须赔偿”可知，空格处填入“责任”符合句意。句意：汽车损坏是我们的责任，我们必须赔偿。因此，该题选择D项正确。

13.单选题

Hehadaclearpictureofasadandlonelyman,deeplyconcernedabouthishealthwhichseemedtopromiseonlyafairlyrapiddeclineinto（）.

问题1选项

A.convalesce

B.recovery

C.senility

D.relapse

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析。convalesce“渐渐恢复”；recovery“恢复”；senility“衰老，老态龙钟”；relapse“复发，恢复原状”。句意：他很清楚地了解到一个悲伤孤独的老人，非常关心自己的身体健康状况，这种健康状况似乎预示着会迅速进入衰老状态。选项C符合题意。

14.翻译题

residentialarea,leavesofblackbarrier,plaque,arch

二大门

二大门建于1909年，是清华大学的老校门。1933年，校园扩大，西区住宅区延伸，（同时）新校门修建（即现在的西校门）。梁实秋在清华大学读书的时候，这样描述它的老校门：清华大学的老校门由灰砖砌成，复以白漆，笼罩在淡淡的乳白色中，与总是半开着的两扇黑色棚栏相映衬。

在拱形大门的横匾上刻着三个醒目的中国字“清华园”，为清朝末期一个叫作那同的达官所书写。大门在文化革命初期被损毁，直到1991年才重新修复。

【答案】TheSecondGate,builtin1909,istheoldgateofTsinghuaUniversity.In1933,thecampuswasexpanded,theWestSideresidentialareawasextended,andthenewschoolgate(nowtheWestGate)wasbuilt.

WhenLiangShiqiuwasastudentatTsinghuaUniversity,hedescribeditsoldgatethisway:TheoldgateofTsinghuaUniversitywasbuiltofgreybrick,cladinwhitepaint,andenvelopedinapalemilkywhite,setoffbytwoleavesofblackbarrierthatwerealwayshalfopen.

OnthehorizontalplaqueofthearchedgatearethreestrikingChinesecharacters“QingHuaYuan”,writtenbyanofficialnamedNatonginthelateQingDynasty.ThegatewasdamagedatthebeginningoftheCulturalRevolutionandwasnotrestoreduntil1991.

15.单选题

1.Flattery,RichardStengelwritesbywayofdefininghisterms,“isstrategicpraise,praisewithapurpose.Itmaybeinflatedorexaggeratedoritmaybeaccurateandtruthful,butitispraisethatseekssomeresult,whetheritbeincreasedlikingoranofficewithawindowFlatteryisalsoakindofbribe,anemotionalgratuitythatweacceptandwhichveryoftenrepaysthegiverwithsomethinghewants.ItisabribewewanttopocketFlatteryatitscoreislanguagethatadvancesself-interestwhileconcealingitatthesametime.”

2.Allofwhichisperfectlytrue,butitneedstobequalified(asintimeStengeldoes)inoneimportantway:Flatteryisalmostalwaysrecognizableforexactlywhatitis.Ifitistrue,asprobablyitis,thatmostofusaresusceptibletoflatteryandwillingtoemployitinourowninterests,itisequallytruethatflatteryisinfrequentlysubtleandoftenblatant.Inmylineofwork,forexample,whenIseeinapublisher’scataloguethatawriterwithwhomIamacquaintedhasanewbookforthcoming,Icanpredictalmosttothedaytheletterorcallfromsaidauthorinwhich,inonefashionoranother,myownperspicacityandstylisticelegancewillbepraisedfulsomely,accompanied,perhaps,byaninvitationtolunch.Similarly,aletterore-mailfromsomeonewhollyunknowntomewillbeginwithpraiseformylatestbookrevieworcolumn,followed,apace,withthenewsthatthewriteroftheletter―orarelative,orafriend,oracolleague―isabouttocomeforthwith...abook.

3.Itisthewayoftheworld.Thoughinmycaseflatteryinfrequentlyproducesthedesiredresults——quitetothecontrary,ifthetruthbeknown——Icannotclaimthatthesilkenwordswhisperedinmyeargounheeded.StengelquotesLordChesterfield:“Thisprincipleofvanityandprideissostronginhumannature,thatisdescendseventothelowestobjects;andoneoftenseespeopleanglingforpraise.”Thoughwewouldpreferpraisethatisofferedwithoutulteriormotives,thatisheartfeltandgenerous,wereadilysettleformereflattery;wemaynotdeliverthequidproquosotransparentlysoughtbeneaththeoleaginouswords—wemayevenholdtheflattererincontempt—yetwearenotimpervioustothestrokingheorsheadministers;indeedwemayluxuriateinitevenaswepretendtoridiculeit.

4.“Todescribesomeoneasasocialclimberoraself-promoterisgenerallynotconsideredacompliment.Thosetwolabelsseemlikeparticularlymodernputdowns(andinthecultureofcelebritytheyhavebecomefull-timeoccupations).ButIwouldmakethecasethattheyaresimplyneutraltermsforfundamentalhumanbehavior,Infact,I’dcontendthatbasedontheprinciplesofevolutionarybiology,social-climbingandself-promotion.Theyareinourgenes.”

5.Flattery,hequitecorrectlysays,“isaformofcooperation,andcooperationisthesuccessfulevolutionaryprincipleofreciprocalaltruism.”AsSamRayburnusedtosay,duringhislongandproductivetenureasspeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,“Ifyouwanttogetalong,goalong.”Tobesureflatteryisroutinelycarriedtoobscenelengthsinthiscity,whichasStengelcorrectlypointsout“isinsomewaysclosertothecourtsofRenaissanceEuropethanitistoourmodernera,”yetitisthegreasethatoilsthewheelsofpoliticsandoftenenablesthegovernmentanditssatellitestoaccomplishworthwhilethings.ThespectaclethatmembersoftheSenatepresentwhentheyfawnovereachotheras“honorable”and“distinguished”ishardlyaprettyone,yetitisnotwithoutpurpose.

6.InAmericanlife,flatteringinfluentialindividualsisanessentialpartofthemachineryofsocietyandbusiness.InaperceptivechaptercalledHowDaleCarnegieWonFriendsandInfluencedPeople,Stengelshowshow“thesimplestdevicesofpayingattention,offeringappreciationandthegivingofsmallflatteries”havebecomesoengrainedthatitishardtoimaginefunctioning