考研考博-英语-惠州学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-惠州学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Inthecaseofmobilephones,changeiseverything.Recentresearchindicatesthatthemobilephoneischangingnotonlyourculture,butourverybodiesaswell.

First.Let’stalkaboutculture.Thedifferencebetweenthemobilephoneanditsparent,thefixed-linephone,isthatamobilenumbercorrespondstoaperson,whilealandlinegoestoaplace.Ifyoucallmymobile,yougetme.Ifyoucallmyfixed-linephone,yougetwhoeveranswersit.

Thishasseveralimplications.Themostcommonone,however,andperhapsthethingthathaschangedourcultureforever,isthe“meeting”influence.Peoplenolongerneedtomakefirmplansaboutwhenandwheretomeet.Twentyyearsago,aFridaynightwouldneedtobearrangedinadvance.Youneededenoughtimetoalloweveryonetogetfromtheirplaceofworktothefirstmeetingplace.Now,however,anightoutcanbearrangedontherun.Itisnolonger“seeyouthereat8”，but“textmearound8andwe’llseewhereweallare”.

Textingchangespeopleaswell.Intheirpaper,“InsightsintotheSocialandPsychologicalEffectsofSMSTextMessaging”，twoBritishresearchersdistinguishedbetweentwotypesofmobilephoneusers:the“talkers”andthe“texters”thosewhoprefervoicetotextmessageandthosewhoprefertexttovoice.

Theyfoundthatthemobilephone’sindividualityandprivacygavetexterstheabilitytoexpressawholenewouterpersonality.Texterswerelikelytoreportthattheirfamilywouldbesurprisediftheyweretoreadtheirtexts.Thissuggeststhattextingallowedtexterstopresentaself-imagethatdifferedfromtheonefamiliartothosewhoknewthemwell.

Anotherscientistwroteofthechangesthatmobileshavebroughttobodylanguage.Therearetwokindsthatpeopleusewhilespeakingonthephone.Thereisthe“speakeasy”:theheadisheldhigh,inaself-confidentway,chattingaway.Andthereisthe“spacemaker”:thesepeoplefocusonthemselvesandkeepoutotherpeople.

Whocanblamethem?Phonemeetingsgetcancelledorreformedandcamera-phonesintrudeonpeople’sprivacy.So,itisunderstandableifyourmobilemakesyounervous.Butperhapsyouneedn’tworrysomuch.Afterall,itisgoodtotalk.

1.Whenpeopleplantomeetnowadays,they（）.

2.AccordingtothetwoBritishresearchers,thesocialandpsychologicaleffectaremostlikelytobeseenon（）.

3.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatthetextssentbytextersare（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisafraidofbeingheardwhiletalkingonthemobile?

5.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagemightbe（）.

问题1选项

A.arrangethemeetingplacebeforehand

B.postponefixingtheplacetilllastminute

C.seldomcareaboutwhenandwheretomeet

D.stilllovetoworkoutdetailedmeetingplans

问题2选项

A.talkers

B.the“speakeasy”

C.the“spacemaker”

D.texters

问题3选项

A.quiterevealing

B.wellwritten

C.unacceptablebyothers

D.shockingtoothers

问题4选项

A.talkers

B.thespeakeasy

C.thespacemaker

D.texters

问题5选项

A.TheSMSEffect

B.CulturalImplicationofMobilePhoneUse

C.ChangeintheUseoftheMobile

D.BodyLanguageandtheMobilePhone

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：现在当人们计划碰面，他们_______。由题干可以定位到第三段最后一句话Now,however,anightoutcanbearrangedontherun.Itisnolonger“seeyouthereat8”,but“textmearound8andwe’llseewhereweallare”（不过，现在可以匆忙之下也可以安排一个晚上出去。不再是“8点见”，而是“8点左右给我发短信，看看我们都在哪儿了”），说明现在的约会不会提前安排地点，而是根据情况最后决定，所以B选项“推迟到最后一分钟再固定地点”，正确；A选项“事先安排好见面地点”，那是以前的做法，故排除；C选项“很少关心何时何地见面”，会关心时间和地点，只是不会提前确定，所以C选项也不正确；D选项“仍然喜欢制定详细的见面计划”，和文章表达的意思不符合。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。

2.事实细节题。题干：据这两位英国研究人员说，社会和心理影响最有可能在_______上看到。由题干中的“twoBritishresearchers”和“SocialandPsychologicalEffects”定位至第四段Textingchangespeopleaswell.Intheirpaper,“InsightsintotheSocialandPsychologicalEffectsofSMSTextMessaging”,twoBritishresearchersdistinguishedbetweentwotypesofmobilephoneusers:（短信也改变了人们。两位英国研究人员在他们的论文《短信对社会和心理的影响》中区分了两种类型的手机用户），可知两个英国的研究人员认为短信可以看见社会和心理的影响，D选项“爱好发短信的人”，符合题意；A选项“talkers”指的是喜欢发语音信息的人；B选项“speakeasy”指的是好说型，边走边说；C选项“spacemaker”指的是关注自己而且防止别人进入的人，A，B，C选项均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案为D选项。

3.细节判断题。通过文章可知，爱好发短信的人发的短信_________。第五段首句指出Theyfoundthatthemobilephone’sindividualityandprivacygavetexterstheabilitytoexpressawholenewouterpersonality.（手机的个性化和隐私性使得短信用户能够展示一个具有全新个性的自我。），第二句明确提到，如果家人看了他们的短信后，反应是wouldbesurprised，而C选项“不能被他人接受”和“令他人震惊”同义。但是，本题考查推断得出的信息，由此排除C和D；第五段第三句话Thissuggeststhattextingallowedtexterstopresentaself-imagethatdifferedfromtheonefamiliartothosewhoknewthemwell.（这表明，发短信的人所呈现的自我形象与熟悉他们的人所熟悉的形象有所不同。），可以推断出A选项“揭露事实的，暴露真相的”即通过短信的内容可以了解手机用户的真实性格和特点，正确；B选项“书写很好”在文中无相关论述。综上所述，本题的正确答案为A选项。

4.推理判断题。题干：通过文章可知，谁害怕在打电话时被听到？根据倒数第二段最后一句话Andthereisthe“spacemaker”:thesepeoplefocusonthemselvesandkeepoutotherpeople.（这些人关注自己而且防止别人进入。），根据这句话说明the“spacemaker”在用电话交流的时候是怕被别人听到的，所以C选项正确。A选项“talkers”指的是喜欢发语音信息的人，这类人不会害怕对话被听到；B选项“speakeasy”指的是好说型，边走边说，不符合题意；D选项“texters”指的是用短信表达想法的人，不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案为C选项。

5.主旨大意题。题干：文章最合适的标题是________。本文开篇点题，第一段指出在移动电话的情况下，一切都变了。最近的研究表明，手机不仅改变了我们的文化，而且也改变了我们的身体，接下来文章分别从文化和身体方面进行了介绍。第三段首句指出Thishasseveralimplications（这有几个含义），可知这篇文章讲的是使用手机的文化含义，所以B选项“手机使用的文化含义”正确；A选项“短信服务的影响”和D选项“肢体语言和手机”，都比较片面；C选项“使用手机的变化”在文中并没有提及。综上所述，本题的正确答案为B选项。

2.单选题

Thegovernmentpromisedto（）anewsystemtocontrolfinancialloaninstitutions.

问题1选项

A.implement

B.complement

C.supplement

D.compliment

【答案】A

【解析】implement实施,执行；complement补充；supplement增补；compliment恭维,称赞。句意：政府承诺实施新的制度来控制金融贷款机构。选项A符合句意。

3.单选题

Beforesittingfortheentranceexaminationforpostgraduatestudents,manycandidatestrytofamiliarizethemselveswiththeformulaoftheexambydoing（

）tests.

问题1选项

A.simulated

B.imitated

C.stimulated

D.illustrated

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项simulated“模拟的，模仿的，仿造的”，simulatedtest“模拟试题”；B选项imitated“模仿的，仿造的（强调对某物的仿造或对某人的模仿）”；stimulate“受刺激的”；D选项illustrated“有插画的”。根据句意在参加研究所入学考试之前，很多应试者已经通过做很多模拟试题来使自己更熟悉考试了。A选项表示‘模拟试题’正确。

4.单选题

Withtheirmodern,lightweightboat,theysoon（）theoldervesselsintherace.

问题1选项

A.overran

B.exceeded

C.outstripped

D.caughtup

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查了同义词辨析。overran“超过（范围）”；exceeded“超过，超越（数量，限制）”；outstripped“超过，赶上”；caughtup“追上，赶上（接名词时跟with连用）”，此处指的是在比赛中超过，赶上别人，所以可以排除选项A、B，此处如果使用catchup的话后面应该加with，用catchupwith的形式，故正确答案为选项C。

5.单选题

Thereisnodoubt______thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.

问题1选项

A.why

B.that

C.whether

D.when

【答案】B

【解析】考查同位语从句。doubt后面的that为同位语从句的引导词，修饰doubt。doubt引导的主从复合句中，用否定式时后面的引导词只能是that。相反如果doubt引导肯定意义的主从复合句中，引导词要用whether。句意：毫无疑问，公司对销售项目的决定是正确的。

6.单选题

Whowouldhavethoughtwewouldbecomeaplanetof“ologies”？There’sbiology,psychology,herpetology,etymology,andgeologyjusttonameafew.However,one“ology”trulyhelpsustounderstandthemostpartofourplanet,ourenvironment.Ecology(whichisfilledwithecologists)isthestudyofecosystemsandthebeingsandorganismsthatinhabitthoseecosystems.Justthink,inconditionofbees,deerandotherorganisms,youareimportanttoecologists.

Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.Theycanbeassmallasapatchofglassoraslargeastheentirebiosphere.Themanyvarietiesofplantsandanimalsthatexistinourplanetecosystemsareimportanttoourecosystems.Plantsinparticularprovideoxygenandnutrientsallorganismsneedtosurvive.Theseproducershavetheabilitytousethesun’senergytoproducefood(thinkphotosynthesis).Thisiswheretheanimalsandconsumersbecomeimportant.Theanimalsgettheirenergybyeatingtheplantsandotherorganismswithintheecosystem.Withouttheproducersandconsumers,decomposerswouldnothaveajob.Asyoumayhaveguests,decomposers,likebacteria,stepinbrokendown,theorganicmaterialsareabsorbedbythesoilandgasesaresentbackintoouratmosphere.ThewholeprocessisreadytostartagainthroughtheEarth’snaturalcycles.Therehastobeabalanceofproducers,consumers,decomposersinordertoremainabalancedecosystem.

Remember,allorganismsneedmatterandenergytosurvive.Anecosystemisbalancedwhenmatterandenergymoveefficientlythroughthoseecosystems.Justasyourbackpackhasalimitonthenumberofhugetextbooksitcancarryatanygiventime,allecosystemshavealimitonthepopulationstheycanmaintain.Carryingcapacityisthelargestpopulationanecosystemcansupportatanyparticulartime.Thesupportofthispopulationdependsontheamountofresources(matterandenergy)thatareavailableandthemovementofthoseresourceswithinthatecosystem.Ifenergyandmatteraremovingefficientlythroughanecosystem,thenthecurrentpopulationofplantsandanimalshasnotreachedbeyondtheecosystem’scarryingcapacity.Onceresourcesdwindleoranimalpopulationsincreasedramatically,theecosystemmaynotbeabletosupportthosepopulations.Fortunately,naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems:ecologicalresponsestochange,energytransfer,andfoodchainsandfoodwebs.

1.Thepurposeofstartingthearticlewiththeword-ending“ology”(Line1,Paragraph1)is（）.

2.Accordingtothisarticle,theecosystems（）.

3.Accordingtothearticle,theword“producers”(Line3,Paragraph2)refersto（）.

4.Wecaninferfromthearticlethatintheecosystemthejobforthe“decomposer”(Lines6,Paragraph2)isto（）.

5.Accordingtothearticle,（）hasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceoftheecosystems.

问题1选项

A.totracetheoriginof“ology”

B.togiveanexampleforthemeaningof“ology”

C.tointroducetheterm“ecology”

D.toillustratetheimportanceofbalancingtheecosystems

问题2选项

A.areindangerofbeingdestroyed

B.areverysmallinsize

C.referonlytotheentirebiosphere

D.varygreatlyinsizeandlocation

问题3选项

A.plants

B.animals

C.ecologists

D.consumers

问题4选项

A.absorbthesun’senergy

B.produceoxygenandnutrients

C.breakdownthedungandtheremainsofdeadorgan

D.eattheplantsandanimals

问题5选项

A.humanbeings

B.theenvironment

C.animalsandplants

D.nature

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.信息推断题。根据原文可知，作者之所以用后缀“ology”开始文章，目的在于引出本文的主题：生态学。选项C正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第二段第一句“Ecosystemsarecommunitiesthatvaryinsizeandlocation.”生态系统是大小和位置不同的群体，选项D与原文表述一致。

3.词义推断题。结合上下文及句意可知，“producers”即上句提及的“Plants”。选项A正确。

4.信息推断题。根据第二段的倒数第三句“分解者，如细菌，进入分解，有机物质被土壤吸收，气体被送回我们的大气层。”选项C动物的粪便和残骸均属于有机物，所以正确。

5.事实细节题。根据最后一段最后一句“naturehasthreewaystocontrolthebalanceofecosystems...”可知选项D正确。

7.单选题

Government（）theuseofseatbeltsinallcars.

问题1选项

A.prevails

B.provokes

C.mediates

D.mandates

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：政府（）在所有车中使用安全带。

prevail胜过，获胜，生效，流行；provoke激起，挑衅；mediate调解，斡旋，居中；man-date授权，托管，强制。D选项“强制”符合句意。

8.单选题

Itis___impossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.

问题1选项

A.preferably

B.virtually

C.precisely

D.presumably

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项preferably“更合意地，最好是”；B选项virtually“事实上，几乎；实质上”；C选项precisely“精确地；恰恰”；D选项presumably“大概；推测起来；可假定”。句意：___无法想象，如果没有城市的支持，大学、医院、大企业甚至科学技术会出现。本句表达“几乎无法想象”，因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Johnson'sbusinesssurvivedona（

）relationshipwithonlyafewcustomers.

问题1选项

A.tentative

B.salient

C.lucrative

D.insubstantial

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。tentative“试探性的；暂定的"；salient“显著的；突出的”；lucrative“有利可图的；有利的”；insubstantial“脆弱的；非真实的”。句意：约翰逊的生意靠与仅有的几个顾客的有利可图的关系维持着。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Bythetimethatdisputewasresolved,relationsbetweenserviceandmanagementhadbeenpoisoned.

问题1选项

A.disdained

B.retained

C.tainted

D.stained

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在争端得到解决时，服务和管理之间的关系已经被破坏。poisoned意为破坏，摧毁。disdained鄙弃；retained保留，保存；tainted污染的，感染的；stained玷污的，着色的。选项C最符合原句语境，所以正确。

11.单选题

Oneofthegoodthingsformeninwomen'sliberationisthatmennolongerhavetopaywomentheold-fashionedcourtesies.

Inanarticleonthenewmanners,Ms.Holmessaysthataperfectlyablewomannolongerhastoacthelplesslyinpublicasifshewereamodel.Forexample,shedoesn’tneedhelpgettinginandoutofcars.”Womengetinandoutofcarstwentytimesadaywithbabiesanddogs.Surelytheycangetoutbythemselvesatnightjustaseasily".

Shealsosaysthereisnoreasonwhyamanshouldwalkontheoutsideofawomanonthesidewalk"Historicallythemanwalkedontheinsidesohecaughtthegarbagethrownoutofawindow.Todayamanissupposedtowalkontheoutside.Amanshouldwalkwherehewantsto.Soshouldawoman.If,outofloveandrespect,heactuallywantstotaketheblows,heshouldwalkontheinside—becausethat’swhereattackersareallhidingthesedays".

Asfarasmannersareconcerned,IsupposeIhavealwaysbeenasupporterofwomen’sliberation.Overtheyears,outofasenseofrespect,Iimagine,Ihaverefusedtotroublewomenwithoutdatedcourtesies.

Itisusuallyeasiertofollowrulesofsocialbehaviorthantodependonone'sowntaste.Butrulesmaybesafelybroken,ofcourse,bythoseofuswiththegiftofnaturalgrace.Forexample,whenamanandwomanareledtotheirtableinarestaurantandthewaiterpullsoutachair,thewomanisexpectedtositinthechair.ThatisaccordingtoMs.AnnClark,Ihavealwaysdoneittheotherwayaccordingtomywife.

Itcameuponlytheothernight.Ifollowedthehostesstothetable,andwhenshepulledthechairout,IsatonitquitenaturallysinceithappenedtobethechairIwantedtositin.

"Well,"mywifesaid,whenthehostesshadgone,"youdiditagain?'

"Didwhat?’，Iasked,utterlyconfused

"Tookthechair"

Actually,sincePdwalkedthroughtherestaurantaheadofmywife,itwouldhavebeenawkward.Ishouldthink,nottohavetakenthechair.Ihadgottherefirstafterall.

Also,ithasalwaysbeenmycustomtogetinacarfirst,andletthewomangetinbyherself.ThisisacourtesyIinsistonasthestrongersex,outofloveandrespect.Intimeslikethese,theremightbeattackershiddenabout.Itwouldbeunsuitabletoputawomaninacarthenshutthedooronher,leavingheratthemercyofsomebadfellowwhomightbehidinginthebackseat.

1.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat（

）.

2.Bysaying"youdiditagain”,theauthor'swifemeansthat

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhytheauthorgetsintoacarbeforeawoman?

问题1选项

A.it’ssafetobreakrulesofsocialbehaviors

B.inwomen’sliberationmenarealsoliberated

C.womenarebecomingmorecompetentthanbefore

D.menshouldwalkintheoutsideofapavement

问题2选项

A.theauthorshouldhaveshownhispolitenessbypullingoutthechairforher

B.theauthorshouldnothavesatdownbeforeshedid

C.theauthorshouldnothavesatinthechairpulledoutbythewaitress

D.theauthorshouldhavewalkedbehindher

问题3选项

A.Heintendstobepolitetothewoman

B.Hedoesthatbyforceofhabit

C.Hewantstoprotectthewomanfromhiddendanger

D.Hethinkswomennowadaysareascapableasmen

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问‘从这篇文章可以得出,,,’。由第五段中“Itisusuallyeasiertofollowrulesofsocialbehaviorthantodependonone'sowntaste.Butrulesmaybesafelybroken,ofcourse,bythoseofuswiththegiftofnaturalgrace.通常，遵守社会行为准则比根据自己的品味行事更容易。当然，我们这些天生优雅的人可以安全地打破规则。”确定A选项“打破社会行为准则是安全的”太绝对；由第一段中“Oneofthegoodthingsformeninwomen’sliberationisthatmennolongerhavetopaywomentheold-fashionedcourtesies.在妇女解放运动中，男人的好处之一是不再需要向女人支付旧式的礼遇。”确定B选项“在妇女的解放中，男性也被解放了”正确。C选项“女性正变得比以前更有能力”在文中没有提及；由第三段第二句“Amanshouldwalkwherehewantsto.男性应该在他想走的地方走路”确定D项“男性应该走在人行道的外侧”与原文不符。

2.推理判断题。题干询问‘说“你又做了一次”，作者的妻子意味着…’。根据第五段第三句“Forexample,whenamanandwomanareledtotheirtableinarestaurantandthewaiterpullsoutachair,thewomanisexpectedtositinthechair.ThatisaccordingtoMs.AnnClark,Ihavealwaysdoneittheotherwayaccordingtomywife.例如，当一个男人和一个女人在餐馆被领到他们的桌子前，服务员拉出一把椅子，这个女人应该坐在椅子上。根据安•克拉克女士的说法，我总是用另一种方法来做。”，下文就举出作者自己做得相反的例子和倒数第三段中回答“Tookthechair坐了这个椅子”，可以确定C选项“作者不应该坐在被女侍者拉出的椅子上”正确。

3.细节事实题。题干询问‘以下哪一项不是作者比女士先上车的原因?’。由最后一段第一句“Also,ithasalwaysbeenmycustomtogetinacarfirst,andletthewomangetinbyherself.ThisisacourtesyIinsistonasthestrongersex,outofloveandrespect.而且，我的习惯是先上车，让女士自己上车。这是一种礼貌，我坚持作为更强的性别，出于爱和尊重。”确定A选项“他想对女性有礼貌”和B选项“他这那样做是出于习惯”是作者先于女性上车的原因；也确定D选项“他认为今天的女性如男人一样有能力”不是作者先于女性上车的原因，符合题意，正确；由最后一段中“Intimeslikethese,theremightbeattackershiddenabout.在这样的时候，可能会有攻击者隐藏起来。”确定C选项“他想保护女性不受隐藏的危险的伤害”也是作者先于女性上车的原因。

12.写作题

InthecourseoftheScientificRevolution,attentionwaspaidtotheproblemofestablishingthepropermeanstoexamineandunderstandthephysicalrealm.Thiscreationofascientificmethodwascrucialtotheevolutionofscienceinthemodernworld.Curiouslyenough,itwasanEnglishmanwithfewscientificcredentialswhoattemptedtoputforthanewmethodofacquiringknowledgethatmadeanimpactonEnglishscientistsintheseventeenthcenturyandotherEuropeanscientistsintheeighteenthcentury.FrancisBacon(1561-1626),alawyerandlordchancellor,rejectedCopemicusandKepletandmisunderstoodGalileo.AndyetinhisunfinishedworkTheGreatInstonararion(TheGreatRestoration),hecalledforhiscontemporaries"tocommenceatotalreconstructionofsciences,arts,andallhumanknowledge,raisedupontheproperfoundations."Bacondidnotdoubthumans’abilitytoknowthenaturalworld,buthebelievedthattheyhadproceededincorrectly"Theentirefabricofhumanreasonwhichweemployintheinquisitionofnatureisbadlyputtogetherandbuiltup,andlikesomemagnificentstructurewithoutfoundation."

Bacon’snewfoundation—acorrectscientificmethod—wastobebuiltoninductiveprinciples.Ratherthanbeginningwithassumedfirstprinciplesfromwhichlogicalconclusionscouldbededuced,heurgedscientiststoproceedfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Fromcarefullyorganizedexperimentsandsystematic,thoroughobservations,correctgeneralizationscouldbedeveloped.Baconwasclearaboutwhathebelievedhismethodcouldaccomplish.Hisconcernwasmoreforpracticalthanforpurescience.Hestatedthat"thetrueandlawfulgoalofthesciencesisnoneotherthanthis:thathumanlifebeendowedwithnewdiscoveriesandpower."Hewantedsciencetocontributetothe"mechanicalarts"bycreatingdevicesthatwouldbenefitindustry,agriculture,andtrade.Baconwaspropheticwhenhesaidthat"Iamlaboringtolaythefoundation,notofanysectordoctrine,butofhumanutilityandpower."Andhowwouldthis"humanpower"beused?To"conquernatureinaction"Thecontrolanddominationofnaturebecameacentralpropositionofmodernscienceandthetechnologythataccompaniedit.Onlyinthetwentiethcenturydidsomescientistsaskwhetherthisassumptionmightnotheattheheartofthemodern

ecologicalcrisis.

【答案】InthecourseoftheScientificRevolution,attentionwaspaidtotheproblemofestablishingthepropermeanstoexamineandunderstandthephysicalrealm.Thiscreationofascientificmethodwascrucialtotheevolutionofscienceinthemodernworld.

Bacon’snewfoundation—acorrectscientificmethod—wastobebuiltoninductiveprinciples.Ratherthanbeginningwithassumedfirstprinciplesfromwhichlogicalconclusionscouldbededuced,heurgedscientiststoproceedfromtheparticulartothegeneral.Fromcarefullyorganizedexperimentsandsystematic,thoroughobservations,correctgeneralizationscouldbedeveloped.Baconwasclearaboutwhathebelievedhismethodcouldaccomplish.

13.单选题

Internationalsportshouldcreategoodwillbetweenthenations,butinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicssomehowencourages（）patriotism.

问题1选项

A.amiable

B.obsolete

C.aggressive

D.harmonious

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。amiable“和蔼可亲的,亲切的”;obsolete“废弃的,老式的”;aggressive“侵略性的,好斗的,激进的,有进取心的”;harmonious“和谐的,和睦的”。句意:国际体育运动应该在各国之间建立友好关系,但在现在的奥运会组织中,某种程度上鼓励了激进的爱国主义。选项C符合语境。

14.单选题

Bodypaintorfacepaintisusedmostlybymeninpreliteratesocietiesinordertoattractgoodhealthorto（

）disease.

问题1选项

A.setaside

B.wardoff

C.shrugoff

D.giveaway

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。setaside意为“留作……之用，置……于不顾”；wardoff意为“躲开，防止（危险、疾病等）”；shrugoff意为“把……不当回事，对……置之不理”；giveaway意为“捐赠，错失，泄露”。句意：在前文化社会中，身体涂料或脸部彩绘主要是用来保持身体健康或者抵御疾病。

15.单选题

Scientistshavelongarguedwhetherhypocrisyisdrivenbyemotionorbyreason.Inothermoraljudgments,brainimagingshows,regionsinvolvedinfeeling,notthinking,ruletheroleofemotioninmoraljudgmentshasoverturnedtheEnlightenmentnotionthatourethicalsenseisbasedonhigh-mindedphilosophyandcognition.Thatbringsustohypocrisy,whichisalmostridiculouslyeasytobringoutinpeople.

Inanewstudy,psychologistDavidDeStenoinstructed94peopletoassignthemselvesandstrangeroneoftwotasks:aneasyoneorahardone.Theneveryonewasasked,howfairlydidyouactfrom“extremelyunfairly”(1)to“extremelyfairly”(7).Nexttheywatchedsomeoneelsemaketheassignments,andjudgedthatperson'sethics.Selflessnesswasavirtualno-show:87outof94peopleoptedfortheeasytaskandgavethenextguythedifficultone.Hypocrisy,however,showedupwithbellson:everysinglepersonwhomadetheselfishchoicejudgedhisownbehaviorlessstrictly—onaverage,4.5vs.3.1—thanthatofsomeoneelsewhograbbedtheeasytaskforhimself.

Thegapsuggestshowhypocrisyispossible.Whenwejudgeourownmisbehaviorslessharshly,DeStenosaid,itmaybebecause“wehavethisautomatic,gut-level(本能)instincttopreserveourself-image.Inourheart,maybewe'rejustnotassensitivetoourownimmoralbehaviors.Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob.”

Totesttheroleofcognitioninhypocrisy,DeStenohadvolunteersagainassignthemselvesaneasytaskandastrangeradifficultone.Butbeforejudgingthefairnessoftheiractions,theyhadtomemorizesevennumbers.Thistactickeepsthebrain’sthinkingregionstootieduptothinkmuchaboutanythingelse,anditworked:hypocrisyvanished.Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers’，strongevidencethatmoralhypocrisyrequiresahigh-ordercognitiveprocess.Whenthethinkingpartofthebrainisotherwiseengaged,we’releftwithgut-levelreactions,andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers.

Ifourgutknowswhenwehaveerredandjudgesourmisbehaviorsharshly,moralhypocrisymightnotbeasinevitableasifitwerethechildofemotionsandinstincts,whicharetoughertochangethanthinking.“Sinceit’sacognitiveprocess,wehavevolitional(意志的)controloverit,arguesDeSteno.Thewaytochangeheartsandmindsistofocusontheformer:appealtoourbetterangelsinthebrain’semotionareas,andtellcircuitsthataregoingthroughcognitivedistortionstoexcuseinourselveswhatwecondemninotherstojustshutup.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,brainimagingisproofof（

）.

2.Theconclusiondrawnfromthefirstexperimentisthatpeople

（

）.

3.DeStenoattributesthesubjects’behaviorstothefactthatthey

（

）.

4.Thesecondexperimentprovesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.emotionalbasisofmoraljudgments

B.emotion-drivenhypocrisy

C.reason-drivenhypocrisy

D.theEnlightenmentnotion

问题2选项

A.prefereasytasks

B.likepickingfaultsofothers

C.demandbothbenefitsandreputation

D.arehypocriticalinnature

问题3选项

A.areself-centered

B.areinsensitivetomisbehaviors

C.haverealizedthatitcoststobemoral

D.havereasonedthathypocrisyisbeneficial

问题4选项

A.selfishnessistheresultofcognition

B.humanaremoralandfairbynature

C.moraljudgmentsaremadebycognition

D.judgmentsbyintuitionarereliable

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段的内容为：长期以来，科学家们一直在争论，伪善是由情感驱动还是由理性驱动。在其他道德判断中，大脑成像显示，情绪在道德判断中所起的作用所涉及的是情感而不是思维的区域，颠覆了启蒙运动的观念。这给我们带来了伪善，这在人身上几乎是可笑的。可知脑成像是道德判断的情感基础，因此选A。

2.推理判断题。文章第二段介绍了心理学家们做的实验：实验对象给自己和陌生人分配任务，并为自己和别人分配的公平性打分。得到的结果是：一方面，无私的现象完全没有出现，人们都为自己选择了轻松的任务而把难的任务分给别人。另一方便，伪善倒是大张旗鼓地出现了，人们对自己的自私行为比对别人的自私行为更为宽容。因此从第一个实验得出的结论是人们既要利益又要维护形象，选C。

3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Peoplehavelearnedthatitpaystoseemmoral,sinceitletsyouavoidcriticismandguilt.Butevenbetterisappearingmoralwithouthavingtopaythecostofactuallybeingmoral—suchasassigningyourselfthetoughjob（人们已经认识到，看起来道德是值得的，因为它可以让你避免批评和内疚。但更好的是，在不付出实际道德代价的情况下，表现得很有道德——比如给自己分配一份艰苦的工作）可知D选项“有理由认为伪善是有益的”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中的Peoplejudgedtheirown(selfish)behaviorasharshlyastheydidothers'...andweintuitivelyandequallycondemnbadbehaviorbyourselvesaswellasothers（人们像对待别人一样严厉地判断自己（自私的）行为……我们直觉地和同样谴责自己和他人的不良行为）可知B选项“人的本性是道德的和公平的”符合题意。

16.单选题

Couldyou（）metotherailwaystation,please?

问题1选项

A.show

B.direct

C.lead

D.indicate

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。根据题干可知考查directsb.to“指导某人去……”。句意：你可以告诉我火车站怎么走吗？因此B选项正确。

17.翻译题

香港坐落在中国南端的一个弹丸小岛上，在日趋全球化的经济中，香港正起着一个非常重要的角色。

【答案】HongKongislocatedinabulletislandinthesouthendofChina.HongKongisplayingaveryimportantroleinanincreasinglyglobaleconomy.

18.单选题

Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis______producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.

问题1选项

A.absorption

B.dissemination

C.assimilation

D.interaction

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项absorption“吸收，全神贯注，专心致志”，B项dissemination“宣传，散播，传染（病毒）”，C项assimilation“同化，吸收”，D项interaction“相互作用，相互影响，交流”。根据watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit“水从它附近的所有物质中吸收热量”可知，absorption符合语境。句意：水在从固体变成液体的过程中，会从周围所有物质吸收热量，而这种吸收会在周围产生人造的寒冷。因此，该题选择A项正确。

19.单选题

Tom（

）betterthantoaskDickforhelp.

问题1选项

A.shallknow

B.hasknown

C.shouldn’tknow

D.shouldhaveknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定结构。shouldhavedone表示“本该做某事而实际未做”，knowbetterthantodosth.表示“明白事理而不至于……”。句意：Tom本应知道不该请Dick帮忙。

20.单选题

Hewas（）whenheheardtheunexpectednews,butIfinallyconvincedhim.

问题1选项

A.incredible

B.inevitable

C.incredulous

D.indifferent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incredible“难以置信的”；B选项inevitable“必然的、不可避免的”；C选项incredulous“怀疑的、不轻信的”；D选项indifferent“冷漠的、不关心的”，句意为：当他听到这个意外的消息时，他觉得不可思议，但我最终说服了他。A选项符合句意，因此选A。

21.单选题

Forallherrichexperienceinpracticinglaw,thelawyerfailedtoprymuchinformationoutofthe______witness.

问题1选项

A.sophisticated

B.obstinate

C.sober

D.gloomy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sophisticated“复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的”；B选项obstinate“顽固的；倔强的；难以控制的”；C选项sober“冷静的，清醒的；未醉的”；D选项gloomy“黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的”。句意：尽管这位律师有丰富的律师执业经验，但她未能从这