英国文学史复习资料

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英国文学史资料BritishWritersandWorks

=1\*ROMAN

I

.OldEnglishLiterature&TheLateMedievalAges

<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons

Epic:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroenactedinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.

e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdyssey

Artisticfeatures:

Usingalliteration

Definitionofalliteration:arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound（头韵）

SomeexamplesonP5

Usingmetaphorandunderstatement

Definitionofunderstatement:expressingsomethinginacontrolledwayUnderstatementisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas

GeofferyChaucer杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400

(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（JohnDryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

ThefatherofEnglishpoetry.

Itis____alonewho,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensive(综合的，广泛的)realisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflife.(A)

A.GeoffreyChaucerB.MatinLutherC.WilliamLanglandD.JohnGower

writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.

=1\*GB3

①

<TheCanterburyTales>坎特伯雷故事集：

firsttimetouse‘heroiccouplet’(双韵体)bymiddleEnglish

=2\*GB3

②

<TroilusandCriseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德

③<TheHouseofFame>声誉之宫

MedievalAges’popularLiteraryform:Romance(传奇故事)

Famousthree：KingArthur

SirGawainandtheGreenKnight

Beowulf

=2\*ROMAN

II

TheRenaissancePeriod

Aperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.

Renaissance:theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.

ThreehistoricaleventsoftheRenaissance–rebirthorrevival:

newdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology

thereligiousreformationandeconomicexpansion

rediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculture

Themostfamousdramatists:

ChristopherMarlowe

WilliamShakespeare

BenJohnson.

EdmundSpenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599

（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）Thepoets’poet.ThefirsttobeburiedinthePoet’scornerofWesterminsterAbbey

12.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotthereasonforthatEdmundSpenserisfamousfor“thepoet’spoet”?(B)

A.Spenser’sidealismB.hisstruggleforcriteria

C.hisloveofbeautyD.hisexquisitemelody

=1\*GB3

①

<TheFaerieQueene>仙后(forQueenElizabeth)

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman”,butsomethingmoreromantic“Fiercewarsandfaithfullloves”.

Artisticfeatures:

UsingSpenserianStanza

DefinitionofSpenserianStanza:astanzaofninelinesababbcbcc.Eightlinesiniambicpentameter,andlastlineiniambichexameter.

=2\*GB3

②

<TheShepherdsCalendar>牧人日历

ThethemeistolamentoverthelossofRosalind.

③<Amoretti>爱情小唱

2.

ThomasMore托马斯•莫尔1478~1535

OneofthegreatestEnglishhumanists

=1\*GB3

①

<Utopia>乌托邦

3.

FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626

（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）

Philosopher,scientist,laythefoundationformodernscience.ThefirstEnglishessayist.

Writingstyle:brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandphilosophytoman’sreason.

=1\*GB3

①

<TheAdvancementofLearning>学术的推进

=2\*GB3

②

<Essays>随笔(famousquotas:<Ofstudies>)

ThethemeofOfStudies:usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.

4.

BenJonson

=1\*GB3

①

<ComedyofHumours>

=2\*GB3

②

<Volpone,orthefox>狐狸

5.ChristopherMarlowe柯里斯托弗•马洛1564~1595

“UniversityWits”,thepioneerofEnglishdrama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blankverse:writteninunrhymediambicpentameter.

14.Marlowegavenewvigorto____withhis“mightylines”(D)

A.thePetrarchansonnetB.sestina

C.terzarimaD.blankverse

=1\*GB3

①

<TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus>浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）

=2\*GB3

②

<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝

③<TheJewofMalta>马耳他的犹太人

6.

WilliamShakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616

=1\*GB3

①

Historicalplays:HenryVI;HenryIV:RichardIII;HenryV；RichardII；HenryVIII

=2\*GB3

②

FourComedies:<AsYouLikeIt>皆大欢喜;<TwelfthNight>第十二夜;<AMidsummerNight’SDream>仲夏夜之梦;<MerchantOfVenice>威尼斯商人

③FourTragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特;<Othello>奥赛罗;<KingLear>李尔王;<Macbeth>麦克白

④ShakespeareSonnet:154<TheSonnets>Threequatrainandonecouplet,ababcdcdefefggAsonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymescheme.

=3\*ROMAN

III

The17thCentury

1.JohnMilton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674

（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）

=1\*GB3

①

Epics:

<ParadiseLost>失乐园

<ParadiseRegained>复乐园

=2\*GB3

②

Dramaticpoem:

<

SamsonAgonistes>力士参孙

=3\*GB3

③

<Areopagitica>论出版自由

<TheDefenceoftheEnglishPeople>为英国人民声辩

④<OnHisBlindness>我的失明

Thissonnetiswritteniniambicpentameterrhymedinabbaabbacdecde,typicalofItaliansonnet.

ItsthemeisthatpeopleusetheirtalentforGod,andtheyservehimbestshocanendurethesufferingbest.

2.

JohnBunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritanpoet(清教徒派诗人)

=1\*GB3

①

ReligionaryAllegory:<ThePilgrim’sProgress>天路历程

3.JohnDonne

theMetaphysicalpoet(玄学派诗人).

MetaphysicalPoetry(玄学诗)：（用语）thedictionissimple,theimageryisfromtheactual,(形式)theformisfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withgod,orwithhimself.（主题：love,religious,thought）

Artisticfeatures:

conceitsorimagery奇思妙喻

syllogism三段论

=1\*GB3

①

Meditations沉思录TheFlea虱子

=2\*GB3

②

SongsAndSonnetsHolySonnets

=3\*GB3

③

Valediction:<ForbiddingMourning>

=4\*ROMAN

IV

The18thCentury：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,order,logic,restrainedemotion(抑制情感)andaccuracy

TheAgeofEnlightenment/Reason:themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15thand16thcentries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement,reason(rationality),equality&science(the18thcentury)

小说崛起：Inthemid-century,thenewlyliteraryform,modernEnglishnovelrised(realisticnovel现实主义小说)

Gothicnovel(哥特式小说)：mystery,horror,castles(frommiddleparttotheendofcentury)

1.

AlexanderPope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/“heroiccouplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

AsarepresentativeoftheEnlightenment，PopewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland

Eg.AmongtherepresentativesoftheEnlightenment,whowasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland?(C)

A.JohnBunyanB.DanielDefoeC.AlexanderPopeD.JonathanSwift

=1\*GB3

①

<AnEssayonCriticism>批评论Artisticfeatures:1.Using“heroiccouplets”

=2\*GB3

②

<TheRapeoftheLock>卷发遇劫记

=3\*GB3

③

<MoralEssays>道德论<EssayonMan>人论<TheDunciad>愚人记

2.

SamuelJohnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784

=1\*GB3

①

Dictionary=<ADictionaryofEnglishLanguage>英语大词典

3.JonathanSwift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家amastersatirist。）

=1\*GB3

①

<Gulliver’sTravels>格列佛游记(fictionalwork)

Fourparts:Lilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国

FlyingIsland飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛

<AModestProposal>一个小小的建议

=2\*GB3

②

<TheBattleofBooks>书战

=3\*GB3

③

<ATaleofaTub>木桶的故事

④<TheDrapper’sLetters>一个麻布商的书信

4.DanielDefoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人

Heisthefirstwriterstudyofthelower-classpeople,hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular,andheisthefounderofrealisticnovel.

=1\*GB3

①

<RobinsonCrusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记

ItpraisethefortitudeofthehumanlaborandthePuritan.Robinsongrewfromanaiveandartlessyouthintoashrewdandhardenedman,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Itisanadventurestory,Robinson,narrateshowhegoestosea,getsshipwreckedandmaroonedonalonelyisland,strugglestolivefor24-yearsthereandfinallygetsrelievedandreturnstoEngland.

=2\*GB3

②

<MollFlanders>

=3\*GB3

③

<ColonelJacque>

④<Captainsingleton>

5.HenryFielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父”。）Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散文体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.

=1\*GB3

①

novels:

<TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯

<TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁

<TheLifeofMrJonathanWild,theGreat>大诗人江奈生•威尔德

<Amelia>爱米利亚

=2\*GB3

②

plays:

<TheHistoricalRegisterfor1736>一七三六年历史记事

<DonQuixoteinEngland>堂吉柯德在英国

6.OliverGoldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774

=1\*GB3

①

poems:<TheTraveller>旅游人

<TheDesertedVillage>荒村

=2\*GB3

②

novel:

<TheVicarofWakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传

7.

RichardBrinsleySheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816

=1\*GB3

①

<TheRivals>情敌

=2\*GB3

②

<TheSchoolforScandal>造谣学校

8.WilliamBlake威廉•布莱克1757~1827

=1\*GB3

①

<SongsofInnocence>天真之歌Ahappyandinnocentworldfromchildren’seye.

=2\*GB3

②

<SongsofExperience>经验之歌Awordofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytonefrommeneyes.

Include:

<TheChimneySweeper><London><TheTygerLambisasymbolofpeaceandpurityTygerisasymbolofdreadandoiolence

=3\*GB3

③

<TheMarriageofHeavenandHell>天堂与地狱的婚姻

9.RobertBurns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796

ThegreatestScottishpoetinthelate18thcentury.

PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

①<JohnAnderson,MyJo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人

②<ARed,RedRose>一朵红红的玫瑰

③<AuldLongSyne>往昔时光

④<AMan’saManforA’That>不管那一套

⑤<MyHeart’sintheHighlands>我的心在那高原上

⑥<BruceAtBannockburn>

⑦<TheTreeOfLiberty>

=5\*ROMAN

V

TheRomanticPeriod

Theromanticperiodbeganin1798thepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’s<LyricalBallads>,andendin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeath.

Romanticism:Itemphasizethespecialqualitieofeachindividual’smind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)

Init,emotionoverreason,spontaneousemotion,achangefromtheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules,imagination,nature,commonplace.

TwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAusten(realistic)andWalterScott(romantic).

“TheLakePoets”湖畔诗人，wholivedinthelakedistrict.

WilliamWordsworth;SamuelTaylorColeridge;RobertSouthey

1.WilliamWordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850

（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“

湖畔派

”诗人。TheLakePoets）

①<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withSamuelTaylorColeridge)

②<IWonderedLonelyAsACloud>

Theme:1.Natureembodieshumanbeingsintheirdiversecircumstance.Itisnaturethatgivehim“strengthandknowledgefullofpeace”

2.Itisblisstorecolledthebeautyofnatureinpoetmindwhileheisinsolitude.

Comment:Thepoetisverycheerfulwithrecallingthebeautifulsights.Inthepoemonthebeautyofnature,thereaderispresentedavividpictureoflivelyandlovelydaffodils(水仙)andpoet’sphilosophicalideasandmysticalthoughts.

③LinesComposedAFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey

④TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女

②<ThePrelude>序曲

2.

SamuelTaylorColeridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834

TheLakePoets

①<TheRimeoftheAncientMariner>古舟子颂②<Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔

③<KublaKhan>忽必烈汗Artisticfeatures:mysticism,demonismwithstrongimagination,astrangeterritory

④<FrostatNight>半夜冰霜⑤<Dejection,anOde>忧郁颂⑥<LyricalBallads>抒情歌谣集(withWilliamWordsworth)

3.

GeorgeGordonByron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824

（拜伦式英雄Byronicheroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin,againsttyrannicalrulesormoralprinciples.

=1\*GB3

①

<DonJuan>唐•璜

<ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记

<Cain>该隐

=2\*GB3

②

<WhenWeTwoParted>当初我们俩分别

<SheWalksInBeauty>

4.

PersyByssheShelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822

=1\*GB3

①

PoeticDrama：<PrometheusUnbound>解放了的普罗米修斯

Theme:thedramacelebraiesman’svictoryovertyrannyandoppression

=2\*GB3

②

<QueenMab>麦布女王<RevoltofIslam>伊斯兰的反叛

<TheCenci>钦契一家<ADefenceofPoetry>诗辩

<TheNecessityofAtheism>无神论的必要性

③Lyrics:

<OdetotheWestWind>西风颂

Theme:Theauthorexpresshiseagernesstoenjoytheboundlessfreedomfromthereality.Comparethewestwindtodestroyeroftheoldwhodrivesthelastsignsoflifefromthetrees,andpreserverofthenewwhoscattertheseadsshichsillcometolifeinthespring.Thisisapoemaboutrenewal,aboutthewindblowinglifebackintodeadthings,implyingnotjustanarcoflife(whichwouldendatdeath)butacycle,whichonlystartsagainwhensomethingdies.

Comment:PercyByssheShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"iswritteniniambicpentameter.Itcontainsfivesonnetlengthstanzas,eachwithaclosingcouplet.Therhymingschemeformisababcbcdcdedee.Thetoneispoignant.Manywillagreethatthispoemisaninvocationforanunseenforcetotakecontrolandrevivelife.

Artisticfeatures:

Usingrerzarima(三行诗ababcbcdcdedefe…)

<ToaSkylark>致云雀

5.

JohnKeats约翰•济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)

=1\*GB3

①

Fourgreatodes:<OdeonaGrecianUrn>希腊古瓮颂

<OdetoaNightingale>夜莺颂

<OdetoPsyche>心灵颂

<OdeOnMelancholy>忧郁颂

=2\*GB3

②

<ToAutumn>秋颂

Theme:ThethemeofJohnKeats'poem,"ToAutumn",isthatchangeisbothnaturalandbeautiful.Thepoempraisesthegloriesofthefallseasonbyusingalmosteverytypeofimagerytobothcharmandappealtothereader.

Comment:Thespeakerinthepoemacknowledgesthattimepassesby,butalsoassertsthatthischangeusuallyyieldssomethingnewandbetterthanwhatcamebefore.Eachofthepoem'sthreestanzasrepresentstheevolvingoftwodifferenttypesofchange.Onetypeofchangeshowninthepoemisthechangeofperiodsinaday.

6.

JaneAusten简•奥斯丁1775~1817Shecomparedherworkstoafineengravinguponaliterarypieceofivoryonlyinchessquire.

=1\*GB3

①

<SenseandSensibility>理智与感情

<PrideandPrejudic>傲慢与偏见(chapterI)

【ElizabethBennet&Darcy】intheendfalseprideishumbledandprejudicedissolved

【Collins&CharlotteLucas】seetherealityofmarriageasanecessarystepifawomanistoavoidthewretchednessofagingspinsterhood

【Lydia&Wickham】shownthedangersoffecklessrelationshipsunsupportedbymoney.

【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet,Mr.Collins,LadyCatherinedeBurgh】comiccharacters

<MansfieldPark>曼斯菲尔德庄园<Emma>爱玛

<NorthangerAbbey>诺桑觉寺<Persuasion>劝导

7.WalterScott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832

(历史小说之父”)Fatherofhistorynovels

=1\*GB3

①

<RobRoy>罗伯•罗伊

=2\*GB3

②

<Ivanhoe>艾凡赫

=6\*ROMAN

VI

TheVictorianPeriod1832-1900

Commonsenseandmoralpropreity,againbecamethepredominantpreoccupation.Criticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleandeverydayevents.

1.

CharlesDickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870

（批判现实主义小说家）criticalrealistwriter

①<ThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub>匹克威克外传

②<OliverTwist>奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）

③<TheOldCuriosityShop>老古玩店

④

<AChristmasCarol>圣诞颂歌

⑤<DombeyandSon>董贝父子

⑥

<DavidCopperfield>大卫•科波菲尔

⑦<BleakHouse>荒凉山庄

<HardTimes>艰难时世

⑧<ATaleofTwoCities>双城记(London&Paris)

⑨<GreatExpectations>远大前程

⑩<OurMutualFriend>我们共同的朋友

是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。

2.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863

①<VanityFair>oraNovelwithoutaHero名利场(thenameisanexcerptfrom<ThePilgrim’sProgress>byJohnBunyan)

②<TheBookOfSnobs>

3.CharlotteBronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855

①<JaneEyre>简•爱

JaneEyre,aplainlittleorphan,wassenttoLowood,acharityschool.Thereshesufferalotand8yearslatersheleftschoolandbecameabovernessatThornfieldHall.Thereshefallsinlovewiththemaster,Mr.Rochester.

Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.charityinstitutionsuchasLowoodSchool

ItisasuccessfulintroductiontothefirstgovernessheoineintheEnglishnovel,whomrepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenstrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.

②<Shirley>雪莉

③<Professor>教师

4.

EmilyBronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854

①<WutheringHeights>呼啸山庄

Astoryabouttwofamilieandanintrudingstranger.

【TheEarnshawFamily】Mr.Earnshaw,hiswife,thesonHindley,thedaughterCatherine,Heathcliff

【TheLintonFamily】Mr.Linton,hiswife,sonEdgar,daughterIsabella

②<OldStoic>

5.GeorgeEliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880

①<TheMillontheFloss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊

②<AdamBede>亚当•比德

③<SilasMarner>织工马南

④

<Middlemarch>米德尔马契

6.AlfredTennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892

（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）

PoetLaureate（桂冠诗人）

①<InMemoriam>悼念Tomemorializehisfriend

②<Break,Break,Break>③<IdyllsoftheKing>国王叙事诗

7.

RobertBrowning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889

①<MyLastDutchess>我已故的公爵夫人

②<HomeThoughtsFromAbroad>海外乡思

ElizabethBarrettBrowing:①<SonnetfromthePortuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗

8.RobertLouisStevenson①<TreasureIsland>金银岛

9.ThomasHardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928

（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessexnovels;novelsofcharacterandenvironment）

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⑴

Novels

①<TessOfTheD’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝

Theme:experienceisastointensity,andnotastoduration

②<JudeTheObscure>无名的裘德

③<UnderTheGreenwoodTree>绿荫下

④

<FarFromTheMaddingCrowd>远离尘嚣

⑤<TheMayorOfCasterbridge>卡斯特桥市长

⑥

<TheReturnoftheNative>还乡

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⑵

Poems

WessexPoemsAndOtherVersesPoemsOfThePastAndPresentTheDynasts列国

=7\*ROMAN

VII

1900~1950The20thCentury

Playwrights

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①

OscarWilde

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②

GeorgeBernardShaw

1.OscarWilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900

（TheAestheticMovement:ArtforArt’sSake）

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①

4Comedies:

<TheImportanceOfBeingEarnest>认真的重要

<LadyWindermere’sFan>温德米尔夫人的扇子

<AWomanOfNoImportance>一个无足轻重的女人

<AnIdealHusband>理想的丈夫

=2\*GB3

②

Novel:

<ThePictureOfDorianGray>多利安•格雷的画像

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③

FairyStories:

<TheHappyPrinceAndOtherTales>快乐王子故事集

2.GeorgeBernardShaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）criticalrealisticdramatist

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⑴

Plays

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①

PlaysUnpleasant

<MrsWarren’SProfession>华伦夫人的职业<Widowers’Houses>鳏夫的房产

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②

PlaysPleasant

<ArmsAndMan>武器与人<TheManOfDestiny>左右命运的人

③Plays

<ManAndSuperman>人与超人<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁

<TheAppleCart>苹果车<SaintJoan>圣女贞德

Novelists(Realists)

1.JosephConcrad

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①

<LordJim>吉姆爷

=2\*GB3

②

<HeartOfDarkness>黑暗的心

1.Whythebook’stitleisHeartofDarkness?

ThestoryhappenedinCongo,theheartofAfrica,andthecolorofpeople’sskininthereisblack.Mostimportantpointaboutthetitleistotheevilinhumans’heart.

2.Whatisthesymbolismofblackandwhite

【Black/dark-】death,evil,ignorance,mystery,savagery,uncivilized

MiddleAges,whenscienceandknowledgewassuppressed,astheDarkAges.

AccordingtoChristianity,inthebeginningoftimeallwasdarkandGodcreatedlight.

AccordingtoHeartofDarkness,beforetheRomanscame,Englandwasdark.Inthesameway,Africawasconsideredtobeinthe“darkstage”.

【White/light】life,goodness,enlightenment,civilized,religion.

Yet,inConcrad,theusualpatternisreverseanddarknessmeanstruth(Thetruthwithin,thereforedarkandobscure.),whitenessmeansfalsehood.ThiscontrasttellsapoliticaltruthaboutcolonialismintheCongo.ThecontrastalsosuggestsapsychologicaltruthaboutMarlowandtheEuropeansmind.

Whitealsosuggestsanynumberofunpleasantmoraltruths.Thetradeinivoryiswhiteanddirty.Kurtzthewhitemanistotallycorrupt

3.Comment

Thebookimpliesthatcivilizationsarecreatedbythelawsandcodesthatencouragementoachievehigherstandards.Thelawactsasabuffertopreventmenfromrevertingbacktotheirdarkertendencies.

Civilization,however,mustbelearned.Londonitself,inthebookasymbolofenlightenment,wasonce"oneofthedarkerplacesoftheearth"beforetheRomansforcedcivilizationupontheBritons.Butcivilizedsocietydoesnotgetridofprimevalsavagetendencieswhichlurkinthebackground.

ThissavageryisseeninKurtz.MarlowmeetsKurtzandhefindsamanthathastotallythrownofftherestraintofcivilizationandhasde-evolvedintoaprimitivestate.

4.Character

【Kurtz】representswhateverymanwillbecomeiflefttohisownintrinsicdesireswithoutaprotective,civilizedenvironment.

【Marlow】representsthecivilizedsoulthathasnotbeendrawnbackintosavagerybyadark,alienatingjungle.

5.NarrativeStructure

InHeartofDarkness,wehaveanoutsidenarratortellingusastoryhehasheardfromMarlow.ThestoryMarlowtellscentersaroundKurtz.However,mostofwhatMarlowknowsaboutKurtz,hehaslearnedfromothers.TheyhavegoodreasonfornotbeingtruthfultoMarlow.ThereforeMarlowhastopiecetogethermuchofKurtz’sstory.

2.WilliamSomersetMaugham

<OfHumanBondage>人性的枷锁

EdwardMorganFoster(E.M.Foster)

<APassageToIndia>印度之行<HawardsEnd>霍华兹别墅

Modernists

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⑴

3Novelists

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①

JamesJoyce

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②

DavidHerbertLawrence

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③

VirgirniaWoolf

1.DavidHerbertLawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930

①<SonsAndLovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)

【Mrs.Morel】,daughterofamiddle-classfamily,is"awomanofcharacterandrefinement",astrong-willed,intelligentandambitiousw