北美历史1500之后课件

HISTORYOFNORTHAMERICA

--after1500AD1500-1700ADMysteriousdiseases：smallpox

天花measles

麻疹NorthAmerica：Alandofghost麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。临床症状有发热、咳嗽、流涕、眼结膜充血、口腔粘膜有红晕的灰白小点（Koplik’sspots斑）。单纯麻疹预后良好，重症患者病死率较高。天花（Smallpox）是由天花病毒引起的一种烈性传染病，也是到目前为止，在世界范围被人类消灭的第一个传染病。天花是感染痘病毒引起的，无药可治，患者在痊愈后脸上会留有麻子，“天花”由此得名。天花病毒外观呈砖形，约200纳米×300纳米，抵抗力较强，能对抗干燥和低温，在痂皮、尘土和被服上，可生存数月至一年半之久French,EnglishandSpanishtraderssawthattheAlgonquin(阿尔冈琴族),theIroquois(易洛魁人-北美印第安人)andtheCherokee(彻罗基族人)andtheMississippiansandthePueblo（普韦布洛）peoplewerenotabletofightback（回击，抵抗）anymore,becausesomanyhaddied.AllacrossthesouthernpartofNorthAmerica,

Spanish

settlersbuiltvillagesandcitieslikeSantaFeandTaosinNewMexicoandLosAngelesandSanFranciscoinCalifornia.TheNavajo（纳瓦霍人，美国最大的印第安部落）begantoraisesheep.

EnglishtradersbegantobringovergroupsofEnglishsettlerstoliveintheoldIroquoisvillagesandfarmtheirfields.FrenchsettlerscametoliveontheAlgonquins'andIroquois'land(inmodernQuebecprovince,Canada).ThefewsurvivingIroquoistriedtofightofftheinvaders,buttheycouldn't.In1763ADEnglandwontheFrenchandIndianWaragainstFrance(whichhadbeenfoughtmainlyinNorthAmerica),andsotheEnglish-speakingsettlersontheEastCoastcouldstopworryingthattheywereabouttobetakenoverbyFrance.被吊死的印花税法执行者反映北美人民对印花税法看法的漫画theHistoryofMexicoIn1521,SpainconqueredandcolonizedtheterritoryfromitsbaseinMéxico-Tenochtitlan,whichwasadministeredastheViceroyaltyofNewSpain.ThisterritorywouldeventuallybecomeMexicofollowingrecognitionofthecolony'sindependencein1821.theMexicanRevolutionin1910,whichculminatedwiththepromulgationofthe1917Constitutionandtheemergenceofthecountry'scurrentpoliticalsystem.Since2006thecountryhasbeeninthemidstofadrugwarwhichhascaused60,000deaths.Recenthistory:TheEndoftheColdWarandthebeginningoftheeraofsustainedeconomicexpansioncoincidedduringthe1990s.OnJanuary1,1994Canada,MexicoandtheUnitedStatessignedtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement,creatingtheworld'slargestfreetradearea.In2000,VicenteFoxbecamethefirstnon-PRIcandidatetowintheMexicanpresidencyinover70years.Theoptimismofthe1990swasshatteredbythe9/11attacksof2001ontheUnitedStates,whichpromptedmilitaryinterventioninAfghanistan,whichCanadaalsoparticipatedin.CanadaandMexicodidnotsupporttheUnitedStates'slatermovetoinvadeIraq.AmericanLiteratureThebeginningofAmericanliteratureLackoforalliteraturefortheWhitesWashingtonIrvingThefatherofAmericanliteraturethefirstAmericanwriterwhowoninternationalfamethefirstAmericanwhomadeshortstoriesaveryeffectiveartisticandnarrativeform.RipVanWinkle

瑞普-凡-温克尔

华盛顿·欧文

LeatherstockingTales

皮裹腿故事集1ThePioneers2TheLastoftheMohicans3ThePrairie4ThePathfinder5TheDeerslayer19thcentury

1.TranscendentalismRalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-82):NatureHenryDavidThoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗(1817-62):Walden《瓦尔登湖》Bystudyingandrespondingtonature,individualscouldreachahigherspiritualstatewithoutformalreligion.2.ImaginationandemotionNathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-64):

TheScarletLetterImaginationandemotionHermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔

(1819-91):

MobyDick《白鲸记》ReformandLiberationHarrietBeecherStowe比彻·斯托夫人(1811-96)UncleTom’sCabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》CivilWarRegionalismEmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森

ThePoemsofEmilyDickinsonAnewwave-NaturalismFollowingtheAmericanCivilWarDiscontentedwithgrowingmaterialismConcernedwiththegrimsocialreality

TakingadeterministicviewoflifeNaturalismTheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞SisterCarrier《嘉莉妹妹》AyoungcountrygirlwhomovestothebigcitywhereshestartsrealizingherownAmericanDreambyfirstbecomingamistresstomenthatsheperceivesassuperiorandlaterasafamousactress.the"greatestofallAmericanurbannovels."

NaturalismJackLondon杰克伦敦

CalloftheWildPrimitiveurgesunderliealllife,reducinghumanstothelevelofanimals.RebelliousspiritTheurbanizationintheearly20thcenturySherwoodAnderson舍伍德.安德森SinclairLewis辛克莱·刘易斯(1stAmericanwinningNobelPrize)

Babbitt《巴比特》TheModernistsEzraPound埃兹拉·庞德InaStationoftheMetro《在地铁站内》imagismTheModernistsT.S.EliotT.S.艾略特(1888-1965):

fragmented,pessimisticimagesofthepost-WWIsocietyTheWasteLand《荒原》ThelostgenerationF.ScottFitzgerald司各特·菲茨杰拉德

TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》ErnestHemingway欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威

TheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》

AFarewelltoArms《永别了武器》

ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》WilliamFaulkner威廉·福克纳

TheSoundandtheFury《喧哗与骚动》pastWorldWar1TheGreatGatsbywaspublishedin1925,itissetonLongIslandandinNewYorkCity.NewDramaEugeneO’Neill尤金·格拉斯通·奥尼尔DesireundertheElms《榆树下的欲望》LongDay’sJourneyintoNight《长夜漫漫路迢迢》RealismandEscapismTheDepressioninthe1920sand30s.JohnSteinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克TheGrapesofWrath《愤怒的葡萄》amajorstatementoftheDepressionMargaretMitchell玛格丽特·米切尔GONEWITHTHEWINDpostWWⅡGONEWITHTHEWINDPostwarVoicesandtheBeatGenerationRalphEllison拉尔夫·艾利森

InvisibleMan《隐形人》ArthurMiller阿瑟·米勒

DeathofaSalesman《推销员之死》ToniMorrison托妮莫里森SongofSolomon《所罗门之歌》AmyTan谭恩美

TheJoyLuckClub《喜福会》FrenchLiteratureSomecriticismofCanadianliteraturehasfocusedonnationalisticandregionalthemes,althoughthisisonlyasmallportionofCanadianLiterarycriticism.CriticsagainstsuchthematiccriticisminCanadianliterature,suchasFrankDavey,havearguedthatafocusonthemediminishestheappreciationofcomplexityoftheliteratureproducedinthecountry,andcreatestheimpressionthatCanadianliteratureissociologically-oriented.WhileCanadianliterature,liketheliteratureofeverynationstate,isinfluencedbyitssocio-politicalcontexts,Canadianwritershaveproducedavarietyofgenres.InfluencesonCanadianwritersarebroad,bothgeographicallyandhistorically.Canada'sdominantcultureswereoriginallyBritishandFrench,aswellasaboriginal.AfterPr