2022年海南大学英语考试真题卷二2测

2022年海南大学英语考试真题卷二（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名: 考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分ー、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意){{BUTEXTC{{/B}}IrememberMaxverywell.HehadaPh.D.fromPrinceton.HewasaChaucerian.Hewasbrilliantfeloquent,andprofessorial.Hepossessedeverythingrespectableinahumanbeing—agoodmind,asoundprofessionalethic,asenseoflearning5splaceintheuniverse.Maxwastrulyaneducator,ButthereisonethingIhaven'ttoldyouaboutMax:Ihatedhisguts.Maxwasmyfreshman-Englishteacher.Andwhilehewas,inasense,everythingIdesiredtobe(thatis,agentIemanandascholar),hewasalsoamanwhoforce-fedmefor15weeksonIiteratureandgrammar(andwhatafoulstewitwas!)Today,IamacoIIegeteachermyself,andhavediscoveredthatveryfewstudentsareencounteringtheirownversionofMax.Thisisnottosaythatyounger,up-and-comingprofessorsarelesseruditeorweIItrainedthanMaxwas.Onthecontrary,thescarcityofacademicjobopportunitieshasvirtuallyassuredthatcollegescanchoosefromamongthebest-trainedyoungscholarsintheworId.NeitheramIsuggestingthatitisimpossibleforastudenttofindagenuinelyIoathsomeprofessor.(IhaveenoughpersonalevidencethatthepotentiaIforrealanimositybetweenteacherandstudentdoesexist.WealIhaveencounteredthestudentwhofantasizedthemostheinousretributionforthatdespicablefacuItymemberwhodaredgivehimaC.)WhatmadeMaxuniquewasneitherhismentaIprowessnorhispropensitytobedisliked.Rather,itwashisaloofness.Maxdidn't"care11abouthisstudents.Hewasn5tworriedaboutwhethertheywerepassinghiscourse.Hedidn'treallyseemconcernedthatmostofthemneverexpressedapassionforthesubjectsofhislectures.And,mostofall,Maxdidn'tgiveadamnhowhisstudentsfeltabouthim.Chancesare,moststudentsarethankfulthat"Maxish”professorsareanendangeredspecies.Further,I,IIwagerthatmanyprofessorsareproudandpleasedtheyarenotMaxes(orMaxines).Thereasonisthat,today,collegeteachers,individuallyandcollectively,"care"abouttheirstudents.TheexplanationforthedecIineinMaxishisnotreallyrelevanttomypoint,butonemightnonethelessspeculatethatageneraldeciineincollegeenrolIment,andconsequentlyinavaiIableteachingpositions,hasledsomeyoungprofessorstobeIievethattheyhavetobepopular.ThecoIIegeclassroomhasbecome,forsomeofthese"hungry"youngmenandwomen,abattIegroundintheirwaragainstjobinsecurity.Theirweaponsareastrongresponsedemonstratedbytheirstudents(intermsofattendance)coupIedwithostensiblystrongacceptance(intermsofstudentevaIuationsWhichactuaIIymeasurelittlemorethanthecongenialityoftheprofessor).TheknowIedgethatacademiesaremoresympathetictotheirstudentsthanMaxwaswouldbeheartening,indeed,exceptforoneverycuriousfact:MaxwasthebestteacherIeverhad.That,sright.TheverybestteacherIeverhadwastheonewhodidn'tgiveadamnaboutmeoranyoneelse,theonewhonevertriedtomakemefeel"comfortable,"whodidn'tevenknowmyname.Fromthepassage,wegettheimpressionthattheauthor.thinkshighlyoftoday'sprofessorshatesMaxtypeofteacherslikesaloofanduncaringprofessorsregretsthatMaxtypeofteachersarebecomingscarce{IB}}TEXTA({/B))InMay1995,AndrewLloydWebber,creatorofastringofinternationaIhitmusicaIsandaveryweaIthyman,spentU.S.$29.2mi11iononPicasso9s"PortraitofAngelFernandersdeSoto”.Itwasthehighestpricepaidatauctionforapaintingsincetheartmarketcrashedin1990.LloydWebberhasatheorythatPicasso*sBluePeriodpaintingswereinfIuencedbyBurne-Jones,theBritishPre-RaphaelitemasterwhoseinternationaIreputationstoodhighattheturnofthecentury.Thetheoryisnotsharedbymanyarthistorians,butthatdoesn*tmattertothecomposer.HehadbeenIookingforaBluePeriodPicassoforsometime.ItisnowextremelyhardtocomebyBluePeriodPicassos-figurativeworksthataredrenchedinmelancholy,expressedbyadominantuseofblue.BluePeriodsubjectsparexceIIencearemothersandchiIdrenorharIequins;LloydWebber5spurchaseisnotthemostattractiveofthem.HepaidroughlydoubIewhatthepicturewasworth.Heseemstohavegotcarriedawaywhenthebiddingstartedtoclimb.ThePicassowasoneofthetwohighestpricesofthe1994-1995auctionseason,andhelpiIIustratewhathasbeenhappeninginthiscuriousmarket.Theveryrichhavegottheirconfidenceback,whichhasmeantthatbuyerscanbefoundforworksofreaIlyoutstandingquaIityand,veryoccasionaIIy,biddingbattIeshavedrivenpricesbacktotheir1989-1990levels.The1980sboomcollapsedin1990.Afterseveralfalsedawnstherearenowsignsthatseriousrecoveryhasbegun.Morethananexpansionofthemarket,however,itreflectstherelativeweaknessoftheAmericandollar,thecurrencyinwhichmostartdealsaretransacted.CollectorsfromcountrieswithstrongercurrencieshavebeenfindingdolIarpricescheap.Themiddlemarketisstillfairlyweak.ItisnotunusualforuptohalfthelotsonofferataChristie'sorSotheby'ssaletobeleftunsold.Dealers,asopposedtoauctioneers,arestillfindingithardtomakealivingandseIdombuyforstock.TheauctioneershavetriedtoreplacethembyencouragingprivatepeopIetobuydirectlyatauctionandmoreofthemaredoingthis.Butprivatebuyingisunpredictableandcannotunderpinthemarketinthewaydealerbuyingusedto.Privateindividualsbuywhattheywant;theydon'tbidoneverythingthatisgoingcheap.OveralI,thenatureofthemarketischanging.Inthe1980sartwasboughtasaspeculation:buyinApriI,seiIfordoublethepriceinSeptember.ThismentaIityvanishedwiththe1990collapse,buttheveryrichandtheirfinanciaIadvisorsstilltaketheviewthatitissensibletokeepapercentageofyourinvestmentportfolioinart.Itisthiskindofmoneythatcreatesthefancypricesatthetopendofthemarket.Geographically,thepresentrecoveryhasbeenledbyNorthAmerica.Normallyamajorrecession,suchaswasexperiencedintheUnitedStates,resultsinashiftoftaste.ButtheAmericansIikedImpressionistandclassicmodernpicturesbestbeforethemarketcollapseandthatiswhattheyhavebeencomingbackto.Itiscurrentlythestrongestsectorofthepicturemarket.ContemporaryandOldMastermarketsarestillstruggIingandtherearefewbuyersforVictorianpictures,apartfromLloydWebber.BesidesEuropeandAmerica,however,thereisnowagrowingmarketintheEast.Indeed,theEasthasbecomethegreathopeofhard-presseddealersoverthelastthreeyears-theyhavebeenaimingtofindnewbuyersinJapan,Korea,Singapore,Taiwan,HongKongandChina.TherearemorerichconnoisseursinJapanthananywhereelsebuttheyhavenotbeeninabuyingmood.Japanesespeculatorslosthugeamountsofmoneyinthe1990scrashandtherearefewcollectorswhodaretobuyanyworksofarttoday.ThemarketinChineseceramics,worksofart,jadejewelryandoldandmodernbrushpaintingsisnowdominatedworIdwidebyweaIthycollectorsfromHongKong,TaiwanandSingapore.ThehugevoIumeofexcavatedartthatissmuggIedoutofChinahasdramaticallyweakenedthearchaeologicalendofthismarketbutrarities,especiallythelateimperialporcelains,areseIIingweII.TherehaveevenbeentwoorthreesuccessfulauctionsinsideChinasince1994.Thelocalmillionairesarebeginningtoputtheirmoneyintoart.hasthemostpotentiaIartbuyers.AmericaHongKongJapanD.India({B11TEXTB{{/B}}DwightattendedLineoInelementaryschooI,directIyacrossthestreetfromhishome.Thecurriculumemphasizedrotelearning."Thedarknessoftheclassroomsonawinterdayandthemonotonoushumofrecitation,"Eisenhowerwroteinhismemoirs...aremysolesurvivingmemories.IwaseitheralacklusterstudentorinvoIvedinalacklusterprogram.HHecametoIifeforthespelIingbeeandarithmetic.SpelIingcontestsarousedinhimhiscompetitivedriveandhishatredofcarelessmistakes—hebecameaself-confessedmartinetonthesubjectoforthography.ArithmeticappeaIedtohimbecauseitwaslogicalandstraightforward—ananswerwaseitherrightorwrong.Thesubjectthatreallyexcitedhim,however,wasonethathepursuedonhisown,miIitaryhistory.Hebecamesoengrossedinit,infact,thathenegIectedhischoresandhisschooIwork.HisfirstherowasHannibal.ThenhebecameastudentoftheAmericanRevoIution,andGeorgeWashingtonexcitedhisadmiration,HetalkedhistorytohisclassmatessofrequentlythathissenioryearbookpredictedthathewouldbecomeaprofessorofhistoryatYale(italsopredictedthatEdgarwouldbecomeatwo-termPresidentoftheUnitedStates).DuringDwight'shighschooIyearshisinterestswere,inorderofimportance,sports,work,studies,andgirls.HewasshyaroundthegirlsandinanycasewantedtoimpresshismaIecIassmatesasaregularfelIow,justoneofthegang.Payingtoomuchattentiontothegirlswasconsideredsomewhatsissy.Hewascarelessofhisdress,hishairwasusuallyuncombed,andhewasaterribledanceronthefewoccasionshetriedthedancefloor.StudiescameeasilytohimandhemadegoodtoexceIIentgradeswithoutexertinghimself.HegotalIBsinhisfreshmanyear,when,thesubjectswereEnglish,physicalgeography,algebra,andGerman.Hedidabitbetterthenextyear,andasajuniorandseniorhewasanAorA-pIusstudentinEnglishvhistory,andgeometry.HissoleBwasinLatin.Sports,especiallyfootbaIIandbasebalI,werethecenterofhisIife.Heexpendedfarmoreenergyonsportsthanheputintohisstudies,Iiewasagood,butnotoutstanding,athlete.HewasweIIcoordinated,butslowoffoot.Heweighedonly150pounds.HischiefassetwashiswiIItowin.Helovedthechailengeofthegamesthemselves,enjoyedthecompetitionwitholderandbiggerboys,bubbIedoverwithpleasureathittingasingletodriveinthewinningrunoratthrowingtheotherteam1sstarhalfbackforaloss.Itwasinsportsthathefirstdiscoveredhistalentsasaleaderandanorganizer.Asaboy,heprovidedtheenergyandleadershipthatledtoaSaturday-afternoongameoffootbaIIorbasebalI.Later,hewastheonewhoorganizedtheAbileneHighSchooIAthIeticAssociation,whichoperatedindependentlyoftheschooIsystem.LittleIkewrotetoschoolsintheareatomakeupascheduIe,andsoIvedtheprobIemoftransportationbyhustIinghisteamontofreighttrainsforafreeridefromAbiIenetothesiteofthecontest.Healsoorganizedcampingandhuntingtrips.Hegottheboystogether,collectedthemoney,hiredtheIiveryrigtotakethemtothecampingsite,boughtthefood,anddidthecooking.Thecentralimportanceofsports,huntingfandfishingtoLittleIkecannotbeoveremphasized.HeIiterallycouldnotimagineIifewithoutthem.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageWhichoftheDwight'scompetitiveness.Dwight'sinterestinwork.Dwight'stalentsasaleader.Dwight'sgreatambition.{{BUTEXTE{{/B}}WHO,workingcloselywithitsMemberStates,otherUnitedNationsagenciesandnon-governmentaIorganizations,isfocusingonmajorcripplingformsofmalnutrition:protein-energymalnutrition,iodinedeficiencydisorders,vitarninAdeficiency,andirondeficiencyanaemia.Insomeregions,suchassub-SaharanAfricaandsouthAsia,stagnationofnutritionalimprovementcombinedwitharapidriseinpopuIationhasresultedinanactuaIincreaseinthetotalnumberofmalnourishedchiIdren.Currently,overtwo-thirdsoftheworld'smalnourishedchiIdrenIiveinAsia,f〇11owedbyAfricaandLatinAmerica.VarioustypesofmicronutrientmalnutritionareimportantcausesofdisabiIityinthemseIvesandoftenunderIieothertypesofmorbidity.Theirprevalenceisevenmorewidespreadthanthatofprotein-energymalnutrition.Insheernumbers,ironisthemostprevalentmicronutrientdeficiency,withnearly1,990millionpeopIebeinganemicand3,600millioniron-deficient.Irondeficiencyispresentwhenbodyironstoresaredepleted.MainlywomenofreproductiveageandchiIdrenunderfiveareaffectedbyirondeficiency,withprevalenceshoveringaround50%indevelopingcountries.Amongvariousregionsoftheworld,itissouthAsiawhichishithardestwithprevaIencesreaching80%insomecountries.IninfantsandyoungchiIdrenevenmiIdanaemiaisassociatedwithimpairedinteIIectuaIasweIIasphysicaldevelopment.InolderchiIdrenandadultsirondeficiencyreducesworkcapacityandoutput.Italsoleadstoincreasedabsenteeismandaccidentsatwork.Duringpregnancy,maternalanaemiaaggravatestheeffectsofhemorrhageatchiIdbirthandisamajorcontributingfactortomaternalmortality.Whilethereisnosingleremedy,acombinationofseveralpreventiveapproachesisbeIievedtoworkbest.DietaryimprovementincIudesconsumptionofironandvitaminC-richfoodsandfoodsofanimalorigin,andavoidingdrinkingteaorcoffeewithorsoonaftermeaIs.Ironfortificationoffoods,particularlyofstaplecereals,ispracticedinagrowingnumberofcountries.IronsuppIementationisthemostcommonapproach,particularlyforpregnantwomen.Anothermajorproblemisiodinedeficiencydisorders(IDD).IodinedeficiencyremainsthesinglegreatestcauseofpreventablebraindamageandmentaIretardationworldwide.WHOestimatedin1990that1,570millionpeople,orabout30%oftheworld5spopulation,wereatriskofIDD.InsufficientintakesofiodineinpregnancyandearlychiIdhoodresu11inimpairedmentaIdeveIopmentofyoungchiIdren.Evenmarginaldeficiencymayreduceachild5smentaIdeveIopmentbyasmuchas10IQpoints.ThethirdmajormicronutrientdeficiencyisvitarninAdeficiencywhichisofficiallyrecognizedin76countriesasamajorpubIicheaIthprobIem.ThenumberofchiIdrenunderfiveaffectedclinicallyisestimatedat2.8million,with258millionbeingdiagnosedashavingabiochemicaIdeficiency.ThehighestprevalenceandnumbersareinSoutheastAsia.DepIetionoccurswhenthedietcontainstooIittIevitarninAtorepIacetheamountusedbytissues.TheconsequencesincIudenightblindnessandthedestructionofthecornea,VitarninAdeficiencyisthemostcommoncauseofblindnessinyoungchiIdren.WhereclinicaIvitaminAdeficiencyisapubIichealthproblem,youngchildmortalityratesareraisedby20%to30%.ThereareseveraltriedandtestedwaysofpreventingandtreatingvitaminAdeficiency,includingimprovedproductionandconsumptionoffoodsrichinvitaminAorcarotene,especiallydark-greenleafyvegetabIesandfruits,andIiver,eggsandmiIkproductsifavaiIable.FortificationoffatshasbeensuccessfullyintroducedinindustrializedcountrieswhilethesametechniqueusingsugarprovedtobeequallysuccessfulinCentralAmerica.AnotherusefulstrategyissuppIementationwithlargedosesofvitarninAevery4to6monthsforchiIdrenofpre-schoolageandIactatingwomen.MentaIdeveIopmentofyoungchiIdrenisimpairedmainlyby.vitaminAdeficiencyirondeficiencyiodinedeficiencyprotein-energymalnutrition{{B11TEXTE{{/B}}WHO,workingcloselywithitsMemberStates,otherUnitedNationsagenciesandnon-governmentaIorganizations,isfocusingonmajorcripplingformsofmalnutrition:protein-energymalnutrition,iodinedeficiencydisorders,vitarninAdeficiency,andirondeficiencyanaemia.Insomeregions,suchassub-SaharanAfricaandsouthAsia,stagnationofnutritionalimprovementcombinedwitharapidriseinpopuIationhasresultedinanactualincreaseinthetotalnumberofmalnourishedchiIdren.Currently,overtwo-thirdsoftheworld'smalnourishedchiIdrenIiveinAsia,f〇11owedbyAfricaandLatinAmerica.VarioustypesofmicronutrientmalnutritionareimportantcausesofdisabiIityinthemselvesandoftenunderIieothertypesofmorbidity.Theirprevalenceisevenmorewidespreadthanthatofprotein-energymalnutrition.Insheernumbers,ironisthemostprevaIentmicronutrientdeficiency,withnearly1,990millionpeopIebeinganemicand3,600millioniron-deficient.Irondeficiencyispresentwhenbodyironstoresaredepleted.MainlywomenofreproductiveageandchiIdrenunderfiveareaffectedbyirondeficiency,withprevalenceshoveringaround50%indevelopingcountries.Amongvariousregionsoftheworld,itissouthAsiawhichishithardestwithprevaIencesreaching80%insomecountries.IninfantsandyoungchiIdrenevenmiIdanaemiaisassociatedwithimpairedinteIIectuaIasweIIasphysicaldevelopment.InolderchiIdrenandadultsirondeficiencyreducesworkcapacityandoutput.Italsoleadstoincreasedabsenteeismandaccidentsatwork.Duringpregnancy,maternalanaemiaaggravatestheeffectsofhemorrhageatchiIdbirthandisamajorcontributingfactortomaternalmortality.Whilethereisnosingleremedy,acombinationofseveralpreventiveapproachesisbeIievedtoworkbest.DietaryimprovementincIudesconsumptionofironandvitaminC-richfoodsandfoodsofanimalorigin,andavoidingdrinkingteaorcoffeewithorsoonaftermeaIs.Ironfortificationoffoods,particularlyofstaplecereals,ispracticedinagrowingnumberofcountries.Ironsupplementationisthemostcommonapproach,particularlyforpregnantwomen.Anothermajorproblemisiodinedeficiencydisorders(IDD).IodinedeficiencyremainsthesinglegreatestcauseofpreventablebraindamageandmentaIretardationworIdwide.WHOestimatedin1990that1,570millionpeople,orabout30%oftheworld'spopulation,wereatriskofIDD.InsufficientintakesofiodineinpregnancyandearIychiIdhoodresuItinimpairedmentaIdeveIopmentofyoungchiIdren.Evenmarginaldeficiencymayreduceachild'smentaIdeveIopmentbyasmuchas10IQpoints.ThethirdmajormicronutrientdeficiencyisvitaminAdeficiencywhichisofficiallyrecognizedin76countriesasamajorpubIicheaIthprobIem.ThenumberofchiIdrenunderfiveaffectedclinicallyisestimatedat2.8million,with258millionbeingdiagnosedashavingabiochemicaIdeficiency.ThehighestprevalenceandnumbersareinSoutheastAsia.DepIetionoccurswhenthedietcontainstooIittIevitaminAtorepIacetheamountusedbytissues.TheconsequencesincIudenightblindnessandthedestructionofthecornea,VitaminAdeficiencyisthemostcommoncauseofblindnessinyoungchiIdren.WhereclinicalvitarninAdeficiencyisapubIichealthproblem,youngchildmortalityratesareraisedby20%to30%.ThereareseveraltriedandtestedwaysofpreventingandtreatingvitaminAdeficiency,includingimprovedproductionandconsumptionoffoodsrichinvitaminAorcarotene,especiallydark-greenleafyvegetabIesandfruits,andliver,eggsandmiIkproductsifavaiIable.FortificationoffatshasbeensuccessfuIlyintroducedinindustrializedcountrieswhilethesametechniqueusingsugarprovedtobeequallysuccessfulinCentralAmerica.AnotherusefulstrategyissuppIementationwithlargedosesofvitarninAevery4to6monthsforchiIdrenofpre-schoolageandIactatingwomen.Thisarticleismainlyabout.WHO'smissionandachievementsmicronutrientmalnutritionanditsimpactonchildren'shealththeinadequatehealthcaresystemintheworldtherisinginfantmortalityanditscausesWhatisthewoman'sbookaboutItisabouthowtoprotecttheenvironment.Itisabouthowtoeducatechildren.Itisabouthowtoraisechildreninahealthyway.Ittellspeopletoliveinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway.Questions7and8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwi11begiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.NowIistentothenews.TheheadoftheU.S.CentralBanksaysthekeydriveroftheU.S.economyisemploymentrate.consumererestrate.goldreserve.Manisoneofanumberofanimalsthatmakethings,butmanistheonlyonethatdependsforitsverysurvivalonthethingshehasmade.ThatsimpleobservationisthestartingpointforanambitioushistoryprogrammedthattheBBCwiIIbeginbroadcastinginwhichitaimstotelIahistoryoftheworldthrough100objectsintheBritishMuseum(BM).AjointventurefouryearsinthemakingbetweentheBMandtheBBC,theseriesfeatures10015minuteradiobroadcasts,aseparate13episodesinwhichchiIdrenvisitthemuseumatnightandtrytounIockitsmysteries,aBBCWorIdServicepackageoftaiIoredomnibuseditionsforbroadcastingaroundtheworldandaninteractivedigitalprogrammedinvolving350museumsinBritainwhichwiIIbeavaiIablefreeovertheInternet.ThepresenterisNeiIMacGregor,theBM'sdirector,whohasmovedfromthestudyofarttothecontempIationofthings.HObjectstakeyouintothethoughtworldofthepast,Mhesays."Whenyouthinkabouttheskillsrequiredtomakesomethingyoubegintothinkaboutthebrainthatmadeit.wFromthefirstmomentthisseriesisradioatitsbest:inventive,clever,andyetalwaysIightonitsfeet.Inthemid-17thcenturyArchbishopJamesUsher,anIrishprelateandscholar,totteduptheIifespanofalItheprophetsmentionedintheOldTestamentandconeIudedthattheworldhadbeencreatedonthenightprecedingOctober23rd4004B.C.Mr.Macgregor,amoremodernhistorian,beginsnearly1.8myearsbeforethatwiththeSwissArmyknifeofthestoneagetahandaxefoundbyLouisLeakeyatMoIdaviaGorgeinTanzaniainthe1930s.Discoveringhowtochipstonestomakeatoolthatwouldcutfleshwasthemomentmanlearnedtobeanopportunist.Onceinvented,thehandaxewouldhardlychangeoverImyears.ItbecameapassporttotheworId,andwascarriedfromeastAfricatoLibya,Israel,India,KoreaandeventoagravelpitnearHeathrowairportwhereonewasburied600,000yearsago.Mr.Macgregorislessinterestedinadvertisingthemarvelsofthe250-year-olduniversalmuseumheheadsthaninconsideringwhomadetheobjectshediscusses.ThatinvolvesdrawingtogetherevidenceofhowconnectedseeminglydisparatesocietieshavealwaysbeenandrebalancingthehistoriesoftheIiterateandthenon-1iterate."Victorswritehistory;thedefeatedmakethings,nhesays.ThisisanespeciallyimportantdistinetionwhenconsideringAfrica.Thegreat"EncyclopediaBritannica"of1911assumedthatAfricahadnohistorybecauseithadnowrittenhistory.ThestatuesofbIackpharaohsthatMr.MacgregordiscussesinanearIyprogramme,forexample,arethebestvisualevidencethataNubiantribeonceseizedcontroIofancientEgyptandthatAfricansruledovertheNileformorethanacentury.TheBM'scuratorsspenttwoyearschoosingtheobjectsMr.MacGregorexamines.Inparticular,theysoughtoutthingsthatwouldhelphimdrawoutuniversalthemes.PericleanAthensandAchaemenidIranexistedatmore-or-lessthesametime,between500BCand450BC.Byexaminingobjectsfromeachplace,Mr.MacGregorisabletocomparetwodifferentwaysofconstructingahighlyefficientstateandnimblyreassessesAthensinthecontextofthePersiaitwasfighting.Theimportanceoftradeisanothertheme.SiIverpiecesofeightwereapassporttotrade,and,asthefirstobjectofagIobaIeconomy,akeystepinthehistoryofmoney.MintedinSouthAmericafromtheendofthe15thcentury,theycrossedboththePacificandAtIanticoceans.SowidelywerethesesiIvercoinsusedthatinterruptionsintheproductionofsiIverinMexicoandPeruhadasevereknock-oneffect.InEuropesiIvershortagesledtoasuddenmassiveexpansionofthemoneysupplyandthehyperinflationofthemid-17thcentury.Mr.Macgregoralsousescoins,thesimplestcommonsignofacentralizedrule,toexplorethepersonificationofpowerasweIIasthehistoryofmoneyandoftrade.IntheMiddleEasttheheadoftheByzantineemperorwasstampedoncoinsforseveralcenturies.Butintheearly690s,forexample,UmayyaddinersfromDamascussuddenlyswitchedfromdisplayingheadsofrulerstoshowingtheShahabad,thedeclarationofbeIiefintheonenessofAlIah.Itwasthefirsttimepoliticalpower,asrepresentedbycoinage,wasconnectedtoasetofunchanginguniversalideasratherthanaperson.Ofthe100objects,onlyonehasnotbeenseIectedyet.Mr.MacgregoriswaitinguntiIthelastpossiblemomenttopickoutthebestsymboIofourowntime.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthehistoryprogrammedisNOTtrueHundredsofmuseumsareinvolvedinit.Itfeaturesaltogether113broadcasts.Ittakesfouryearstomaketheprogramme.PeoplecanwatchtheprogrammeontheInternet.HistorybuffsstillwaxpoeticaboutthebrutaIpatentbattlesacenturyagobetweentheWrightbrothersandGlennCurtis,anotheraviationpioneer.Thecurrentsmart-phonepatentwardoesnotquitehavethesameromance,butitcouldbeasimportant.Hardlyaweekpasseswithoutanewcase.MotorolasuedApplethismonth,havingitselfbeensuedbyMicrosoft a few daysearIier.Since 2006thenumber ofmobiIe-phone-reIatedpatentcompIaintshasincreasedby20%annually,according to Lex Machina,afirmthat keepsadatabase ofinteIIectuaI-propertyspatsinAmerica.MostsuitswerefiIedbypatentownerswhohaiIfromanotherindustry,suchasKodak(afirmfromabygoneerathatnowmakesprinters),orbypatenttrolIs(firmsthatbuypatentsnotinordertomakeproducts,buttosueothersfora11egedIyinfringingthem).ButinrecentmonthsthemakersofhandsetsandrelatedsoftwarethemseIveshavebecomemuchmoreIitigious,reportsJoshuaWalker,thebossofLexMachina.Thisorgyforlawyersispartlyaresultoftheexplosionofthemarketforsmart-phones.IDC,amarket-researchfirm,expectsthat270msmartphoneswiIIbesoldthisyear:55%morethanin2009.MIthasbecomeworthwhiIetodefendone'sinte11ectuaIproperty,”saysRichardWindsorofNomura,aninvestmentbank.