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Lesson
one
Legal
system
10/13/20221法律英语Lesson
one
Legal
system10/Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.
Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论的支持,法律是丝毫没有力量的。
美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W
10/13/20222法律英语EverylawhasnoatomofstrenBackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)10/13/20223法律英语BackgroundTwoperiodsoflega10/13/20224法律英语10/11/20224法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis
遵从前例10/13/20225法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegText——Part
OneThe
United
States
is
atoncea
very
new
nationa
very
old
nation既年轻又古老的国家10/13/20226法律英语Text——Part
OneThe
United
Stateit
is
constantly
being
renewed
by
the
addition
of
new
elements
of
population
and
of
new
States不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It
is
a
new
nationComparedwithmanyothercountries
与其他国家相比10/13/20227法律英语it
is
constantly
being
renewed
It
isthe
oldest
of
the
"new"
nations
—the
first
one
to
be
made
out
ofan
Old
World
colony.
第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家the
oldest
written
constitution
the
oldest
continuous
federal
systemthe
oldest
practice
of
self-governmentIt
is
old10/13/20228法律英语
It
isthe
oldest
of
the
"new"The
whole
of
its
history
belongs
in
the
period
since
the
invention
of
the
printing
press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。10/13/20229法律英语The
whole
of
its
history
belofor
events
such
as
those
that
are
lost
in
the
legendary
past
of
Italy
or
France
or
England
are
part
of
the
printed
record
of
the
United
States
那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件,是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。The
whole
of
its
history
is
recorded10/13/202210法律英语for
events
such
as
those
thatAnd
the
American
record
Comprehensive
复杂Immense
繁多10/13/202211法律英语And
the
American
record
CompreRecord
of
the
colonial
era
殖民时代的记载Recordof
the
Nation
since
1776国家从1776年开始的记载Recordof
the
present
fifty
States
当前50个州的记载The
intricate
network
ofrelationships
between
States
andNation
各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载10/13/202212法律英语Record
of
the
colonial
era
10/The
reports
of
the
United
States
Supreme
Court
fill
350
volumesThe
reports
of
some
States
are
almost
equally
voluminous.
联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编10/13/202213法律英语The
reports
of
the
United
StaThe
reader
who
wants
to
trace
the
history
of
law
in
America
is
confronted
with
over
5,000
stout
volumes
of
legal
cases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。10/13/202214法律英语The
reader
who
wants
to
traceNo
one
document,
no
handful
of
documents,
can
properly
be
said
to
reveal
the
character
of
a
people
or
of
their
government.
没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。10/13/202215法律英语No
one
document,
no
handful
ofWhen
hundreds
and
thousands
of
documents
strike
a
consistent
note,over
more
than
a
hundred
years,
we
have
a
right
to
say
that
is
the
keynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时,我们可以说这就是基调。10/13/202216法律英语When
hundreds
and
thousands
oThe
American
legal
system,
like
the
English,
is
methodologically
mainly
a
caselaw
system.
判例法Part
Two
10/13/202217法律英语The
American
legal
system,
likCivillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表,还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国,包括加拿大,澳大利亚,新西兰,爱尔兰,印度、巴基斯坦,马来西亚和新加坡,香港地区也采用英美法10/13/202218法律英语CivillawlegalsystemCommonl
Most
fields
of
private
law
still
consist
primarily
of
case
law
and
the
extensive
and
steadily
growing
statutory
continues
to
be
subject
to
binding
interpretation
through
case
law.
私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法,以及广泛的不断增加的成文法,这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。10/13/202219法律英语
Most
fields
of
private
law
sKnowledge
Technique
central
importancefor
an
understanding
of
American
lawand
legal
methodology10/13/202220法律英语Knowledge
Technique
central
iThe
common
law
is
historically
the
common
general
law
——
with
supremacy
over
local
law
——which
was
decreed
by
the
itinerant
judges
of
the
English
royal
court.
普通法在历史上是普通综合法,由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。10/13/202221法律英语The
common
law
is
historicallyenforcement强制执行;
claim请求;action诉讼行为;writ法院令状;
classicalRomanlaw古罗马法10/13/202222法律英语enforcement强制执行;10/11/2022Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的,而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。10/13/202223法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpr
If
a
writ
existed
(in
1227)
a
claim
could
be
enforced;
有法院令状,诉讼请求就要强制执行;there
was
no
recourse
for
a
claim
without
a
writ,
the
claim
did
notexist.
没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求,就没有追索权,因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。10/13/202224法律英语
If
a
writ
existed
(in
1227)
a
This
system
became
inflexible
when
the
"Provisions
of
Oxford"
(1258)
prohibited
the
creation
of
new
writs,
except
for
the
flexibility
which
the
"writ
upon
the
case"
allowed
and
which
later
led
to
the
development
of
contract
and
tort
law.
这一制度在(1258年)“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来;除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外,后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。10/13/202225法律英语
This
system
became
inflexibleThe
narrow
limits
of
the
forms
of
action
and
the
limited
recourse
they
provided
led
to
the
development
of
equity
law
and
equity
case
law.
诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。10/13/202226法律英语The
narrow
limits
of
the
forms衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时,为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题,而集中考虑案情的理据得失,最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范,就是衡平法。10/13/202227法律英语衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时,为避“Equity”——doing
equity公平——行为公平deciding
ex
aequo
et
bono决定公平且善良(拉丁语)was
first
granted
by
the
King,
and
later
by
his
Chancellor
as
"keeper
of
the
King's
conscience",
toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王,以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出,以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。10/13/202228法律英语“Equity”——doing
equity10/11/20In
the
fifteenth
century,
however,
equity
law
and
equity
case
law
developed
into
an
independent
legal
system
and
judiciary
(Court
of
chancery)which
competed
with
the
ordinary
common
law
courts.
15世纪,衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度(大法官法庭),大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。10/13/202229法律英语In
the
fifteenth
century,
howe普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。10/13/202230法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐Its
rules
and
maxims
became
fixed
and,
to
a
degree,
inflexible
as
in
any
legal
system.
衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定,与任何法律制度一样,具有一定程度的固定性。equity
law10/13/202231法律英语Its
rules
and
maxims
became
firelief
in
the
form
of
specific
performance
特殊履行的救济方式the
injunction禁令(临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令)the
development
of
so
calledmaxims
of
equity
law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭
Special
characteristics
of
equity
law:10/13/202232法律英语relief
in
the
form
of
specificHowever,
equitable
relief
regularly
will
lie
only
when
the
common
law
relief
isinadequate.
不过,只有当普通法救济不充分时,才适用衡平救济。10/13/202233法律英语However,
equitable
relief
regFor
instance,
specific
performance
for
the
purchase
of
real
propertywill
be
granted
because
common
law
damages
are
deemed
to
be
inadequate
since
they
cannot
compensate
the
buyerin
view
of
the
uniqueness
attributed
toreal
property.
例如,对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济,因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分,由于不动产具有特殊性,普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。10/13/202234法律英语For
instance,
specific
performAs
the
common
law,
equity
law
became
part
of
American
law
either
through
judicial
acceptance司法接受
or
through
express
statutory
provision明确的成文法条款10/13/202235法律英语As
the
common
law,
equity
law
Today,
both
legal
systems
have
been
merged
in
many
American
jurisdictions
普通法
衡平法there
is
only
one
form
of
civil
suit
in
these
jurisdictions
as
well
asin
federal
practice.
在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式10/13/202236法律英语
Today,
both
legal
systems
hav美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民事程序法典》,稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。10/13/202237法律英语美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲Only
few
States
continue
to
maintain
a
separate
chancery
court.
独立大法官法庭10/13/202238法律英语Only
few
States
continue
to
mReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant
参考历史发展非常重要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe
division
of
title
in
the
law
of
property财产法上的所有权分割10/13/202239法律英语Referencetothehistoricalde
it
is
still
relevant
for
the
decision
of
such
questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant
参考历史发展非常重要
a
right
to
a
trial
by
jury
陪审团的审判权10/13/202240法律英语
it
is
still
relevant
for
the
“ordinary”
common
law
relief
of
damages
普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary”
equity
remedy
of
specific
performance
衡平法规定的特定履行救济10/13/202241法律英语“ordinary”
common
law
relief
o"Case
law"
describes
the
entire
body
of
judge
made
law
and
today
includes
common
law
and
equity
precedents.
“判例法”指所有的法官定法,目前既包括普通法,也包括衡平法先例。10/13/202242法律英语"Case
law"
describes
the
entir
In
imprecise
and
confusing
usage
the
terms
"common
law"
and
"case
law"
are
often
used
synonymously,
with
the
term
“common
law”
in
thisusage
connoting
judge-made
law
in
general
as
contrasted
with
statutory
law.
普通法与判例法混用,被用作同义词,是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。10/13/202243法律英语
In
imprecise
and
confusing
us
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