法律英语第一课翻译课件

Lesson

one

Legal

system

10/13/20221法律英语Lesson

one

Legal

system10/Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。

美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W

10/13/20222法律英语EverylawhasnoatomofstrenBackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)10/13/20223法律英语BackgroundTwoperiodsoflega10/13/20224法律英语10/11/20224法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例10/13/20225法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegText——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年轻又古老的国家10/13/20226法律英语Text——Part

OneThe

United

Stateit

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

与其他国家相比10/13/20227法律英语it

is

constantly

being

renewed

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old10/13/20228法律英语

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。10/13/20229法律英语The

whole

of

its

history

belofor

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded10/13/202210法律英语for

events

such

as

those

thatAnd

the

American

record

Comprehensive

复杂Immense

繁多10/13/202211法律英语And

the

American

record

CompreRecord

of

the

colonial

era

殖民时代的记载Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776国家从1776年开始的记载Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

当前50个州的记载The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载10/13/202212法律英语Record

of

the

colonial

era

10/The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编10/13/202213法律英语The

reports

of

the

United

StaThe

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。10/13/202214法律英语The

reader

who

wants

to

traceNo

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。10/13/202215法律英语No

one

document,

no

handful

ofWhen

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。10/13/202216法律英语When

hundreds

and

thousands

oThe

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

10/13/202217法律英语The

American

legal

system,

likCivillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法10/13/202218法律英语CivillawlegalsystemCommonl

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。10/13/202219法律英语

Most

fields

of

private

law

sKnowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology10/13/202220法律英语Knowledge

Technique

central

iThe

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。10/13/202221法律英语The

common

law

is

historicallyenforcement强制执行；

claim请求；action诉讼行为；writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法10/13/202222法律英语enforcement强制执行；10/11/2022Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。10/13/202223法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpr

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。10/13/202224法律英语

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。10/13/202225法律英语

This

system

became

inflexibleThe

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。10/13/202226法律英语The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。10/13/202227法律英语衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。10/13/202228法律英语“Equity”——doing

equity10/11/20In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。10/13/202229法律英语In

the

fifteenth

century,

howe普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。10/13/202230法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law10/13/202231法律英语Its

rules

and

maxims

became

firelief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特殊履行的救济方式the

injunction禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令）the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：10/13/202232法律英语relief

in

the

form

of

specificHowever,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

不过，只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。10/13/202233法律英语However,

equitable

relief

regFor

instance,

specific

performance

for

the

purchase

of

real

propertywill

be

granted

because

common

law

damages

are

deemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannot

compensate

the

buyerin

view

of

the

uniqueness

attributed

toreal

property.

例如，对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济，因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分，由于不动产具有特殊性，普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。10/13/202234法律英语For

instance,

specific

performAs

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接受

or

through

express

statutory

provision明确的成文法条款10/13/202235法律英语As

the

common

law,

equity

law

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式10/13/202236法律英语

Today,

both

legal

systems

hav美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。10/13/202237法律英语美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

独立大法官法庭10/13/202238法律英语Only

few

States

continue

to

mReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property财产法上的所有权分割10/13/202239法律英语Referencetothehistoricalde

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪审团的审判权10/13/202240法律英语

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法规定的特定履行救济10/13/202241法律英语“ordinary”

common

law

relief

o"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。10/13/202242法律英语"Case

law"

describes

the

entir

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made

law

in

general

as

contrasted

with

statutory

law.

普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。10/13/202243法律英语

In

imprecise

and

confusing

us