考研考博-英语-云南经贸外事职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南经贸外事职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Withoutyourhelp,____wesomuch.

问题1选项

A.didn’tachieve

B.wouldnothaveachieved

C.willnotachieve

D.don’tachieve

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。without引出虚拟语气，并且是对过去的事情进行虚拟，所以要用“wouldhavedone”。本句的意思是：“如果没有你的帮助，我们不可能取得这么大的成就。”

2.单选题

Ateverystageofearlydevelopment,humanbabieslagbehindinfantsfromotherspecies.Akittencanambleacrossaroomwithinmomentsofbirthandcatchitsfirstmousewithinweeks,whileitswide-eyedhumancounterparttakesmonthstomakeherfirststep,andyearstolearnevensimpletasks,suchashowtotieashoelaceorskiparope,letaloneprepareathree-coursemeal.Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.Asadults,wedrivefancysportscars,leapnimblyacrossfootballfieldsandballetstages,writelengthydissertationsoneveryconceivablesubject,andlaunchrocketsintospace.Wehaveamasteryoverourselvesandourenvironmentsthatispeculiartoourspecies.

Yet,thisvictoryseemspuzzling.Inthefable,thetortoisewinstheracebecausetheharetakesanap.But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.Howdohumanbabiesmangetoturnthingsaroundintheend?

InarecentarticleinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience,SharonThompson-Schill,MichaelRamscarandEvangeliaChrysikoumakethecasethatthisveryhelplessnessiswhatallowshumanbabiestoadvancefarbeyondotheranimals.Theyproposethatourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage,thatmakeupthefoundationsofhumanachievement.Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.

Thisclaimhingesonapeculiaranduniquefeatureofourcognitivearchitecture:thestunninglyslowdevelopmentoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC).Whileotheranimals’brainregionsdevelopmentinsynchrony,inhumans,thedevelopmentofthePFClagsfarbehindthatofotherareas.ThePFCistheswathofgraymatterthatmakesuptheanteriorfrontallobes,andfunctionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.Forthisreason,“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity,andtheyareteststhatyoungchildrenreliably,andignominiously,fail.

TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.Thetask(saying“red”inresponsetoseeingthewordred)withanewresponsespecifictothetask(namingtheconflictinginkcolor).Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.

Children,withtheirimmaturePFC’s,areadifferentstory.Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.Whileyoungchildrenaresensitive,aptlearners,andoftenappeartofullyunderstandwhatisbeingaskedofthem,theyareunabletomediatetheconflictingdemandspresentinthesesortsoftasks,andthusfailthem,timeandtimeagain.Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.

31.WhydoestheauthorcomparehumanbabiestothetortoiseinAesop’sfable?

32.Whyarehumanbabies“helpless”accordingtothetext?

33.WhatisthepurposeofmentioninghumanlarynxinParagraph3?

34.Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC)?

35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthe“Strooptask”？

问题1选项

A.Theyhaveamasteryoverthemselves.

B.Theylagbehindatbeginningandthenslowlycatchup.

C.Theyaresuperiortoinfantsfromotherspecies.

D.Theyarequiteslowincognitivedevelopment.

问题2选项

A.Theydon’thavethebasicskillsnecessaryforsurvival.

B.Theynapmoreoftenthaninfantsofotherspecies.

C.Theyarenotsopersistentasthetortoise.

D.Theyarenotquicklearnersasinfantsofotherspecies.

问题3选项

A.Toshowthepeculiarfunctionofhumanlarynx.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofhumanlanguage.

C.Toexplainthereasonsforourearlycognitiveimmaturity.

D.Toindicatehowhumandevelopspeeches.

问题4选项

A.Tocollectinformationfromthesenses.

B.Tohelpperformsophisticatedplanningandattention-drivenbehaviors.

C.Tocontrolthedevelopmentofotherareasofthebrain.

D.Toenablehumanbeingstocarryoutadvancetasks.

问题5选项

A.Childrenwouldfailsuchtaskduetotheirinabilitytounderstandthetaskrequirements.

B.ThetaskisoftenusedtoassessthematurityofPF

C.C.Thetaskrequiresthesubjectstomakeresponsescontradictorytothewell-learnedones.

D.Adultscouldcompletethetasksuccessfullywithonlylittlehesitation.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.（然而，在认知方面，人类婴儿很像伊索寓言中的乌龟：缓慢而稳定地爬到终点后，胜利出现。），可知人类婴儿和乌龟的相似在于慢慢走，最终却能胜利，所以B选项“他们一开始落后，然后慢慢地赶上来了”正确，D选项“他们的认知发展相当缓慢”不是表达的重点，故错误。A选项“他们能掌控自己”和C选项“他们优于其他物种的婴儿”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第四、五句Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.（和高贵的乌龟不同，婴儿是无助的，更确切地说，是绝望的。即使他们尝试，他们也学不到独立生存所必需的基本技能。），可知人类婴儿无助是因为A选项“他们没有生存所需的基本技能”。B选项“他们比其他物种的婴儿更经常打盹”：根据第二段第三句But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!（但是，如果说有什么不同的话，那就是人类的婴儿比小猫更喜欢打盹！），这里是说人和猫的不同，而不是解释为什么人类婴儿无助，故错误。C选项“他们不像乌龟那样固执”和D选项“他们不像其他物种的婴儿一样快速学习”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段ourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage…Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.（我们大脑皮层发育迟缓恰恰是我们获得文化基础的原因，比如语言……的确，这三人清楚地表明，我们早期的脆弱是一种进化上的“工程权衡”，就像人类的喉头一样——虽然喉头有助于人类复杂的语言表达，但对于任何想要安全吞下食物的人来说，它实际上是一种相当不稳定的适应。同样，他们认为，我们学习语言的能力是以长期认知不成熟为代价的。），这里举喉头的例子表明长期认知不成熟是为了获得文化，所以C选项“解释我们早期认知不成熟的原因”正确。A选项“为了显示人类喉部的特殊功能”，B选项“强调人类语言的重要性”和D选项“表明人类如何发展语言”：不是表达的重点，故错误。因此C选项正确。

34.事实细节题。根据第四段ThePFC…functionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.（PFC……在功能上似乎与一系列复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为密切相关。事实上，它经常被称为大脑的“控制”中心。它的主要功能之一似乎是有选择地过滤来自感官的信息，让我们专注于特定的行动、目标或任务。），可知PFC的功能是B选项“帮助执行复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为”，同时PFC过滤来自感官的信息，故A选项“从感官收集信息”错误。C选项“控制大脑其他区域的发展”和D选项“使人类能够执行高级任务”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

35.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.（不管棘手与否，健康的成年人只要稍有犹豫就能成功完成这项任务。），可知成年人完成任务时有犹豫的情况，所以D选项“成年人可以毫不犹豫地完成任务”正确。根据第六段第二句Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.（通常情况下，年龄越小的孩子，在完成Stroop任务方面表现得越差，而不到四岁的孩子，就会彻底失败。）和最后一句Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.（根本无法指导三岁的孩子如何注意或回应这个世界。），所以孩子会因为不能理解题目而不能完成测试，A选项“孩子会因为无法理解任务要求而失败”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第四段最后一句“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity（“认知控制”任务被认为是评估PFC功能和成熟度的最佳指标之一）和第五段第一句TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.（Stroop任务是一个简单的评估成年人的PFC功能的任务。），可知Stroop任务用来评估PFC的成熟度，B选项“这个任务经常被用来评估PFC的成熟度”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第五段第二句Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.（这项任务包括说出一个对比色单词的墨水颜色：例如，你可能会看到单词“红”是用绿色墨水写的，在这种情况下，你必须说“绿”），可知在这个测试中，受试者必须说颜色而不是单词，C选项“这个任务要求受试者做出与有知识的人相反的反应”符合文章意思，故错误。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

The

Chairmanwasevidently__________by

Jim’swordsandglaredathimforafewseconds.

问题1选项

A.putdown

B.putacross

C.putaway

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】动词词组题。A选项putdown镇压，记下；B选项putacross圆满完成，解释清楚，使被人理解；C选项putaway放好，抛弃；D选项putout扑灭；恼怒。根据句意可知，董事长明显被吉姆的话激怒了，瞪了他好一会。因此，D项是正确答案。

4.单选题

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

问题1选项

A.irresistible

B.irretrievable

C.irremissible

D.irreplaceable

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据句意‘比赛只剩下五分钟了但我们落后四分，所以这场比赛看上去已完全无法挽救了。’可知因为比分悬殊，所以这场比赛的胜利己经无法改变了。A选项irresistible“不可抵抗的”;irretrievable“不能弥补的”；C选项irremissible“无法逃避的”；D选项irreplaceable“不可替代的”。B选项正确。

5.单选题

Theforemanreadthe（

）ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.

问题1选项

A.prejudice

B.verification

C.verdict

D.punishment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项prejudice“偏见，成见”；B选项verification“检验，检查，审核”；C选项verdict“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，（经过检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论”；D选项punishment“刑罚，惩罚”。由句中的guilty（有罪的）和defendant（被告）可知选C。句意：陪审团主席宣读了14遍有罪判决书，每个被告一份。

6.单选题

Thereisnodoubtthatdishonestor（）acquisitionofinformationisusuallyoverwhelmingevidencethatinformationwasconfidentialandnotpartofthedefendant’sskillandknowledge.

问题1选项

A.blatant

B.surreptitious

C.suspicious

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。blatant“喧嚣的，炫耀的”；surreptitious“秘密的”；suspicious“可疑的”；conspicuous“显而易见的”。句意：毫无疑问，不诚实或秘密获取的信息通常是压倒性的证据，表明这种信息是机密的，不属于辩护人员技能和知识的一部分。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

TheGovernmenthasthereforeagreedtopayauthoritiesextrasumsto（）fortheirfinanciallosses.

问题1选项

A.makeup

B.turnup

C.fillin

D.leanon

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项makeup“组成，编造，弥补”；B选项turnup“出现，发生”；C选项fillin“填写”；D选项leanon“依赖，靠在……上”。句意：政府因此同意向当局支付额外的金额，以弥补他们的经济损失。makeupfor意为“补偿，弥补”，选项A正确。

8.单选题

Alltypesofstressstudy,whetherunderlaboratoryorreal-lifesituations,studymechanismsforincreasingthearousallevelofthebrain.

Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthatrecitingthedaysoftheweekandmonthsoftheyearincreasesbloodflowinappreciateareas,whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.

Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.Lifeconsistsofaseriesofeventswhichmayberelatedtoworkortoourso-calledleisuretime.Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance.Itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist’'sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.

However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticautomaticityislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.

Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fallsfails.Scientistshaveshownthatdevicestoraisearousallevelwillincreasetheaccuracyoflookingforrelativelyrareevents.Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.

1.Accordingtothebrainbloodfollowstudiesproblemsolving________.

2.Theauthorbelievesthat________.

3.Whenatypistgetstired________.

4.Examiningbottlesofwineishardworkbecause________.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,akeyfactorintheabilitytoreasonis________.

问题1选项

A.increasesbloodflowinsomeareasofthebrain

B.causeschangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain

C.demandsintenseconcentrationofbloodincertainareas

D.isbasedontheabilitytorecitethetime

问题2选项

A.theresultsobtainedinthelaboratoryexactlyreflectsthereal-lifesituations

B.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationsistoolargetofillup

C.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationscanbeclosedbyproperreasoning

D.thedifferencebetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationswillbereduced

问题3选项

A.shehastotryhardtoraiseherautomatic

B.shecantypeonlyautomatically

C.shecannotthinkaboutwhatsheisdoing

D.shecanseldomtypeautomatically

问题4选项

A.thebottlesmustbeheldupsidedown

B.itisdifficulttoseetheparticlesofdirt

C.itrequireshighlevelofautomatic

D.mostbottlesareallright

问题5选项

A.thesubject’sknowledgeofgrammar

B.theamountofsleepthesubjecthashad

C.thelevelofarousalofthesubject

D.theextenttowhichthesubjecthasbeentaughttoreason

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthat...whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.（大脑血液流动的研究表明，在解决像推理这样的高度集中精力的问题时，大脑的血液分布会发生更大的变化。），所以B选项“引起大脑血液分布的变化”正确。A选项“增加大脑某些区域的血流量”对应第二段“背诵一周中的几天和一年中的几个月会增加相应区域的血流，而在解决像推理这样的高度集中精力的问题时，大脑的血液分布会发生更大的变化”，此处提到增加大脑某些区域的血流量是背诵一些简单的问题，而解决问题需要高度集中精力，便会影响大脑的血液分布情况，属于出处错位；C选项“在某些区域需要高度集中的血液”，文中提到的是高度集中精力的问题，而不是血液，属于曲解原文；D选项“是基于背诵时间的能力”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。

2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段开头Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.（在这些关于大脑功能的基础研究和现实生活情况之间仍然有相当大的差距，但合理的推断似乎有可能尝试和理解大脑发生了什么。），由此可推断出作者认为虽然实验室的研究和现实之间仍有差距，但是通过合理的推断，这种差距可以缩小，所以C选项“实验室研究和现实生活之间的差距可以通过适当的推理来弥补”正确。A选项“实验室得到的结果完全反映了现实情况”对应第三段开头，这里提到了实验室研究与现实生活有很大差距，说明其并不能完全反映现实状况，所以A选项属于反向干扰；B选项“实验室研究和现实生活之间的差距太大了，无法填补”对应第三段开头，文章提到了这种差距可以通过合理的推断缩小，所以B选项也属于反向干扰；D选项“实验室研究和实际情况之间的差异将减少”对应第三段开头，文章讲的是通过合理的推断这种差异才会缩小，该选项并没有体现原文的条件，属于曲解原文。因此C选项正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段结尾Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance,itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist’sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.（工作可能是相对自动化的，比如打字，在学习阶段需要高度集中和重复，在大脑中建立模式。打字员的手指会自然移动，在她阅读副本上的单词时按下相应的键。）和第四段开头However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.（然而，她在累的时候会更频繁地犯错。为了克服这个问题，她必须提高自己的兴奋和专注水平，但超过一定程度，自动的感觉就会消失，一想到要敲击键盘就会导致更多的错误。），由此可推断出当打字的人累了的时候，她的兴奋和专注水平下降，从而导致她的手指不能自动移动，所以D选项“她很少能自动打字”正确。A选项“她必须努力提高她的自动化水平”以及C选项“她无法思考自己在做什么”文章都没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“她只能自动打字”对应原文第四段，此处说到她不能自动打字，所以B选项属于反向干扰。因此D选项正确。

4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段开头Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fails.（还有一些工作需要高度集中注意力，比如把酒瓶举到强光下，然后把酒瓶倒过来看有没有落下的灰尘颗粒。这听起来很容易，但经验告诉我们，工人们只需要30分钟就会犯错误。这部分是因为瓶子里有灰尘的次数很低，因此唤醒水平也不高。），由此可推断出检查酒瓶这项工作困难的原因是大多数瓶子都没问题，所以唤醒水平降低，从而导致人们容易出错，D选项“大多数瓶子都没问题”正确。A选项“瓶子必须倒置”对应第五段，虽然文章有提到，但是与题干无关，属于出处错位；B选项“泥垢很难被看清”和C选项“它需要高水平的自动化”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此D选项正确。

5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段结尾Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.（最近一项关于年轻医生睡眠不足影响的研究表明，当睡眠不足时，在涉及挑战他们医学判断的测试中，他们提高了觉醒水平，在语法推理测试中也表现得更好。），由此可推断出推理能力的一个关键因素是主体的觉醒水平，所以C选项“主体的觉醒水平”说法正确。A选项“主体的语法知识”文章没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“受试者的睡眠量”对应文章结尾，虽然有提到，但与题干无关，属于出处错位；D选项“主体被教导去推理的程度”文章没有提到，属于无中生有。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Ofthegreatvarietyofopinionsconcerning“marriageformoney”，thefollowingthreeareimportantwithreferencetothedevelopmentoftheimportanceofmoney.Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.Thedisparagementofpersonaldignitythatnowadaysarisesineverymarriagethatisnotbasedonpersonalaffection―sothatasenseofdecencyrequirestheconcealmentofeconomicmotives—doesnotexistinsimplercultures.Thereasonforthisdevelopmentisthatincreasingindividualizationmakesitincreasinglycontradictoryanddiscreditabletoenterintopurelyindividualrelationshipsforotherthanpurelyindividualreasons.

Fornowadaysthechoiceofapartnerinmarriageisnolongerdeterminedbysocialmotives(thoughregardfortheoffspringmaybeconsideredtobesuchamotive),insofarassocietydoesnotinsistuponthecouple’sequalsocialstatus―acondition,however,thatprovidesagreatdealoflatitudeandonlyrarelyleadstoconflictsbetweenindividualandsocialinterests.Inaquiteundifferentiatedsocietyitmayberelativelyirrelevantwhomarrieswhom,irrelevantnotonlyforthemutualrelationshipofthecouplebutalsofortheoffspring.Thisisbecausewheretheconstitutions,stateofhealth,temperament,internalandexternalformsoflifeandorientationsarelargelythesamewithinthegroup,thechancethatthechildrenwillturnoutwelldependslessuponwhethertheparentsagreeandcomplementeachotherthanitdoesinhighlydifferentiatedsociety.Itthereforeseemsquitenaturalandexpedientthatthechoiceofthepartnershouldbedeterminedbyreasonsotherthanpurelyindividualaffection.Yetpersonalattractionshouldbedecisiveinahighlyindividualizedsocietywhereaharmoniousrelationshipbetweentwoindividualsbecomesincreasinglyrare.

Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.Yetwedonotpossessanyothercriterionandindicationfortheadvisabilityofmarriageexceptmutualinstinctiveattraction.But,happinessisapurelypersonalmatter,decideduponentirelybythecouplethemselves,andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts—nomatterhowmuchotherconditionsmayaffectthefinalresults,itremainstruethat,withreferencetoprocreation,loveisdecidedlysuperiortomoneyasafactorselection.Infact,inthisrespect,itistheonlyrightandproperthing.

Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether—anditshouldbeconsideredasafactorindegenerationtothesameextenttowhichtheundoubteddifferentiationofindividualsmakesselectionbypersonalattractionmoreandmoreimportant.Thiscasetooillustratesoncemorethattheincreasingindividualizationwithinsocietyrendersmoneyincreasinglyunsuitableasamediatorofpurelyindividualrelationships.

1.Accordingtothetext,whatissaidtoinfluencematrimonialcompatibilityandstabilityinsimplercultures?

2.Marriagesmotivatedbymonetaryaspirationsaremorelikelynottobecamouflagedinwhatstrataofsociety?

3.Themarriagerateissaidtobedecreasingbecause（

）.

4.Howisthequestionofraceinrelationtomarriagesimilartothequestionofmoney?

5.Panmixiaissaidto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Personaldignity

B.Economicdecline

C.Monetaryconsiderations

D.Financialgrowth

问题2选项

A.Upper

B.Middle

C.Lower

D.Lowest

问题3选项

A.wedemandtoomuchofourpartners

B.partnersdon’tgivecompliments

C.peoplearetoodifferentiatedsocially

D.theeconomicdisparityinmanyregionsisgrowing

问题4选项

A.Theyfuelmutualinstinctualattraction.

B.Theyinspireindividualresponsibilities.

C.Theydeflectsuperficialrelationships.

D.Theyprohibitsuitablemarriages.

问题5选项

A.aidtheselectionprocess

B.complementindividualization

C.inspirepositiveresults

D.setupbiologicaldecline

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.（完全基于经济动机的婚姻不仅存在于所有时期和发展的所有阶段，而且在原始群体和根本不构成犯罪的条件下尤其普遍）可知经济因素影响婚姻的兼容性和稳定性，因此C选项“货币因素”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts（官方坚持至少假装爱可能会误导人，这是没有说服力的理由的——尤其是在高层，他们复杂的环境常常阻碍最纯粹本能的发展）可推测以金钱愿望为动机的婚姻在社会的高层，更可能伪装，相反，在社会的最低层，最不可能伪装，因此选D。

3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.（在高度文明的文化环境中随处可见的结婚率下降的部分原因是，高度分化的人很难找到一个完全与符合自己的互补）可知结婚率下降的部分原因是很难找到与自己互补的人，说明人们之间的差异大，因此C选项“人们在社会上的差异太大”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether（在为钱而结婚的情况下，一对夫妇的结合是由一个与种族适当性完全无关的因素决定的，就像对金钱的重视常常会使真正属于一对夫妇的人分开一样）可知D选项“他们阻止合适的婚姻”符合题意。

5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.（为钱而结婚直接造成了一种无差别的情况——不分个人素质的不分青红皂白的配对——生物学已经证明，这种情况是导致人类物种最直接和最有害的退化的原因）可知D选项“引发生物衰退”符合题意。

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthekeyboardcontainsthenotesofallm