1986-1997年考研英语真题阅读部分分类解析

Unit!人在职场

Text!正文Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists."Andthese"generalists"areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople'swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa"trained"man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist-andespeciallytheadministrator-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan"educated"man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou—butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.Text1习题Thereisanincreasingdemandfor.[AJallroundpeopleintheirownfieldspeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople'sworkgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessionalspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothersThespecialistis.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeopleamanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefieldsamanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees(DJamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmattersTheadministratoris.a"trained''manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralistamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforestamanwhoisverystronginthehumanitiesamanwhoisan"educated''specialistDuringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.totrytobeageneralisttochooseaprofitablejobtofindanorganizationwhichfitsyoutodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralistAman'sfirstjob.isnevertherightjobforhim|B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljobshouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjobisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobText1全文翻译大量职业在日益强调专业性。这类职业常见于工程、生产、统计、教学领域。但对那些一眼就能注意到很大区域、但可能対任一领域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。换言之,社会需要那些能够看到森林而非树木、能够做出总体判断的人。我们可以称这些人为“通オ’‘。管理职位尤其需要这样的“通オ'在管理职位上“通才”的职责是:确保他人完成工作,必须为他人制定计划，组织他人的工作，发起工作且对工作做出评判。专家精通某ー领域;他关注的是技术和工具。他是“受过良好训练”者;他有良好的技术或专业教育背景。通オ，尤其是管理者,与人打交道；他关注的是领导、规划及方向设定。他是“受过良好教育”者;人文学科是其最坚强的基石。鲜有专家能够胜任管理者。同样，优秀的通オ很少同时也是某ー特定领域的优秀专家。任何组织都同时需耍这两种人，虽然组织不同,需求的比例亦不同。你的任务是在训练期间从两种工作中发现适合自己的那一种，并对自己的职业作出相应的规划。你的第一份工作可能恰好是适合你的工作但这纯属巧合。当然，你不应频繁更换エ作，否则人们将怀疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同时，你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后ー份工作；它主要是ー份培训工作，ー个认识自己和自己工作专长的机会。重点句子Text1重点句Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.该句意义;该句在讲解这个这社会需要什么样的人才,这种人才可以做怎样的工作。该句子的内容,完全可以运用于相关的写作之中,即在你的作文里，指出这个社会对于人才的要求。该句语法;(1)分词词做定语:anincreasingdemand定语从句:peoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance同位由:peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield(4)分隔结构:，inotherwords,省略结构:whoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Text!习题答案答案:BDCDBThereisanincreasingdemandfor..（社会）对的需求在增加。allroundpeopleintheirownfields[A]自己所在领域内的多面手peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople'swork[B]组织他人工作的人员generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional[C]具有技术或专业教育背景的通オspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers[D]主要为他人提供管理指导的专家Thespecialistis.2.专家是〇amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople[A]对他人进行培训者amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields[B]在不只一个领域受过培训者amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees[C]能见森林而非树木者amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters[D）关注对象主要为技术或专业问题者Theadministratoris.3.管理者是a"trained“manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist[Al更倾向于是受过良好培训的专家而非通オamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest[B]既能看到树木又能看到森林的人amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities[C]非常擅长人文学科者amanwhoisan“educated“specialist[Dl受过良好教育的专家Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant.4.在你的培训期间,ー非常重要。totrytobeageneralist[A]努力成为通オtochooseaprofitablejob[B]选择高收益的工作tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou[C]选择适合你的机构todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist[D]决定你是适合做专家还是通才Aman'sfirstjob.5.ー个人的第一份工作〇isnevertherightjobforhim[A]永远不会是适合他的工作shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob[B]不应该被看做他的最后•份工作shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob[C]不应更换,否则人们会对他保住工作的能力产生怀疑isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljob[D]从根本上讲是使其适合最终工作的一次机会Unit!人在职场Text2正文TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome'smainavenues.Italy'spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenevenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapitalfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor“ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasocietywithoutviolence.''Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen'sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeentheprovinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining."Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnotenough,''saysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovernment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.Women,whoconstitute52percentofItaly'spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentofItaly'stotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,theirpresenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyinservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.Suchchangesareoccurringintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesareimmediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstatepolice,railwayworkersandstreetcleaner.However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactorythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.Abreakthroughinequalopportunitiesforwomenisnowdemanded.Text2习题Theexpression"snakethroughcentralRome''probablymeans"tomove[A]quietlythroughcentralRome.',[BJviolentlythroughcentralRome.”inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome.''ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome.^^WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?TherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.InItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor.morejobopportunitiesagreatervarietyofjobs"equaljob,equalpay”bothAandBThebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.TheRoleofWomenisSocietyWomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmploymentWomenasSelf-employedProfessionalsWomenandtheJobsMarketText2全文翻译当看到ー个女人驾着ー辆橙色的巨型拖拉机沿着罗马的一条主街行驶时,游客们都感到很诧异。据说,当看到这个由200,000名妇女组成的游行队伍跟在这拖拉机后面竟用了三个多小时オ蛇行穿过罗马市中心时,意大利的政治领袖们和该国一些男性联盟主席感到更困惑。这些喊着口号,挥动着旗子还踏着鼓点前行的女性是从意大利各地聚集到首都的,她们游行示威以争取“人人有工作,工作多样化,以及社会无暴力。’‘到目前为止，提高妇女的就业机会已成为企业劳资谈判的话题。一位在政府资助的“劳エ专业培训发展机构’'中女性劳エ部门工作的研究人员表示“光是认识上的不断提高还是不够的。’’如今，女性人口占了意大利人口总数的52%,却只占全国工人总数的35%,占意大利就业总人数的33%。但是，女性员エ的人数却不断上升。服务行业的女性员エ的人数正大幅攀升,仅低于公共管理和商业领域内女性员エ的数目。官方数据也表明了自主经营的女性人数也有了大幅的上升。越来越多的女性正在开创自己的事业。许多年轻的女性开始进入エ商企业，因为这个领域雇佣人数越来越多。事实上，现今许多针对女性的歧视也消失了,银行和其他的金融机构的判断完全是基于商业目的而不关心其员エ的性别。这种变化也正发生在专业领域里。女医生、女牙医、女律师、女工程师和女教授的数量增加了两到三倍。ー些变化是立竿见影的。例如，女性第一次出现在了国家警察、铁路工人和街道清洁人员的行列之中。然而，女性的就业状况虽有所改善但还远不尽人意。如今仍需要在女性就业机会平等方面取得突破性的进展。Text2重点句Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.该句意义:该句引用数据说明了在某些方面发生的变化的内容。并且就该数据进ー步的展开了对于这一事实的阐述。该句的内容是有关于就业的方向和变化的趋势,对于这个句子的掌握,也有助于我们在写作中,更加简单的应对趋势性的内容的表达。该句语法:(1)兵语从口J：thatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.(2)状语前置未使用逗号分隔:Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.(3)谓语的现在进行时:womenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves(4)原因状语置于句尾:becauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment(5)形式主语“It”代替使用“that”的从句:Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared»该句可去掉"让”还原为:thattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappearedisalsoafact目的状语:sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.伴随状语:withoutcaringifitisamanorawoman."i「引导宾语从句:ifitisamanorawoman.If翻译为是否。Text2习题答案答案:CBDB1.Theexpression"snakethroughcentralRome”probablymeans"tomove."snakethroughcentralRome”表达的含义可能是〇quietlythroughcentralRome.”[A]安静地穿过罗马市中心violentlythroughcentralRome.”[B!狂怒地穿过罗马市中心inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome."[C]以漫长而曲折的路线穿过罗马市中心ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome."[D!闲庭信步般穿过罗马市中心WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?.下列哪ー项说法是不正确的?TherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.[A]在意大利女性人数要多于男性。InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.[B]在意大利,女性主要从事服务行业。InItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.[C]在意大利,女性在就业方面仍处于劣势。InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.[D]在意大利,大约三分之二的工作被男性把持着。.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor.3.约200,000名在罗马示威争取«[A]morejobopportunities[A]更多的工作机会[BJagreatervarietyofjobs[B!更多类型的工作[CJ"equaljob,equalpay"“同工同酬"bothAandB[DJ[A]和[B]选项的内容.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe..本文最好的标题是 〇TheRoleofWomeninSociety[A]女性在社会中的作用WomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmploymentIB!女性争取就业平等WomenasSelf-employedProfessionals[C]作为自由职业者的女性们WomenandtheJobsMarketID）女性与工作市场Unit!人在职场Text3正文Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.Text3习题Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget/'?[A]You'llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.[BJIt'snousedreaming.Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.It'sessentialtosetagoalfbryourself.[A]blueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas.anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajobanindicationofhowtosecureagoodjobaguidelineforjobdescriptionfD]aprincipleforjobevaluationAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause.thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployerthatistherequirementoftheemployeritenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservicesitforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimselfWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething.definitetoofferimaginarytoprovidepracticaltosupply[D]desirabletopresentText3全文翻译出言谨慎的年长者过去总说:“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么,而是你得到了什么。”心理学教导人们,如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理,你就能得到它。你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图,如同设计房屋的蓝图ー样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。比方说,想请朋友吃晩餐,我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等,这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。同样,如果你想找ー份工作,那就拿ー张纸，写ー份对自我的简单描述吧。为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始,因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介,它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你”待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住:找工作就是你现在的工作。Text3重点句Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.该句意义:第一个段落中有万能的理由，“心理学教会我们……”,其内容是在阐述计划于得到之间的关系，完全可以运用于将来的写作之中。第二个段落是对于第一个段落的具体说明。该段落以盖房子和请客吃饭为例,将第一段的抽象化内容具体化，使之更加易于为读者所理解。各位同学们也可以将这个内容带入写作之中,但是并不是完全的照抄,而是有一个类似例子即可。该句语法:“that”宾语从句:thatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.“what”宾语从句:A.whatyouwantB.whatyouwant(3)条件状语从句:ifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.(4)省略结构:andwanttherightthings.=andyouwanttherightthings.虚拟语，:Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse省略结构:weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,=weplanthemenu,wemakeashoppinglist,wedecidewhichfoodtocookfirst,(7)代词指代:suchplanning=weplanthemenu,wemakeashoppinglist,wedecidewhichfoodtocookfirst,Text3习题答案答案:BADAWhatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget"?!年长者说:“It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget”是什么意思?You'llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.[A]你肯定能得到自己想要的东西It'snousedreaming.[B]梦想没有用Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.[C]你不应该满足于自己已有的东西(所得)It'sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.[D]为自己确立一个目标(所想)是非常重要的.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas..文中提到邀请朋友吃饭前制定的计划蓝图是用来作为ー〇anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob[A]怎样写求职书的说明anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob[B]获得一份好工作的暗示[C]aguidelineforjobdescription[C]职位描述上的指导[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation[D]工作评估原则3.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause.3.根据文章内容,开始找工作之前必须写一个对自我的描述,原因是ー〇thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer[A]这是取悦雇主的第一步thatistherequirementoftheemployer[B]这是雇主的要求itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices[C]这使他明白何时去推销自己的服务itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself[D]这使他能够清楚地了解自己14.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething .14.当你就自己的能力和愿望精心准备了一个计划蓝图后,你就有的东西ー〇definitetooffer[A]明确可提供imaginarytoprovide[B]想像可提供practicaltosupply[C！实际可提供desirabletopresent[D！可提供的令人满意Unit2学习能力Text1正文Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou'rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I'mjustlooking"?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren'tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,"Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses."Shesays,"Rightthisway,please."Andyouandsheareoff-botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It'squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,'justlooking"fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat—nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying"tofindoutmoreabout","tounderstandthereasonsfor","tofindouthow".Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,"IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I'mreadingthisarticletofindout."Or,"I'mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland."Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:"Yes,Iagree.That'smyopiniontoo."or"Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I'dbettercheckthosedates,"or"Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!"Youdon'tjustsittheretakinginideas—youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone'sownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.Text1习题Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,.itisnosurpriseitmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanythingitmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbookyourealizeitisofnoimportanceBeforeyoustartreading,itisimportant.tomakesurewhyyouarereadingtorelatetheinformationtoyourpurposetorememberwhatyoureadtochooseaninterestingbookReadingactivityinvolves.onlytwosimultaneousprocessesprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcriticallymerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinionsmainlydrawingaccurateinferencesAgoodreaderisonewho.relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatterdoeslotsofthinkinginhisreadingtakesacriticalattitudeinhisreadingisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknownText1全文翻译如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西,那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了,这一点毫不出奇。这样不过是浪费宝贵时间罢了。不过,或许你早已发现ー些聪明的方法来避免遗忘。ー种帮助你记住所学内容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的阅读。如果你清楚你为何而阅读,那么你对所阅读的内容就会记得更牢靠些。当你拒绝商店售货员的帮助（“不，谢谢，我只是看看“）时,为什么售货员就转身走开了呢?这是因为你和她都知道,如果你不确定自己要什么，你也不大可能会有所收获。然而，假设你的回答是“是的，谢谢,我想买ー副太阳镜。”她会回答，“好的，请这边走。’’然后你和她就向“目的地”走去——都迫切地去寻找你想要的东西。这与你的学习过程非常相似。如果你随机选择了一本书，“只是看看''而不是寻找具体东西，那么你所得到的很可能是——ー无所获。但是,如果你知道你想要什么,而你手头又有正确的书，那么你几乎肯定会获得你所想要的东西。你的缘由可能大不相同:阅读或学习是为了“找岀更多信息”、“为了理解原因’’和“为了找出方法'ー个好学生对于他所做的事情总有一个明确的目的或原因。这就是奏效的方法。在开始学习之前,你这样告诉自己,“我想知道斯蒂芬•文森特・贝尼特为什么这样描写美国。我读这篇文章就是要找出原因。''或者“我要通读这篇文章,看看中世纪英格兰的生活到底是什么样子的。”由于你知道阅读或学习的原因,你就可以将这些信息与你的目的紧密联系，并更好地记住它。阅读并不是一项独立的行为，期间至少两个重要过程同时发生。在阅读时,你能够迅速而又准确地理解内容,同时在对所读内容予以反应时也在表述自己的思想。你与作者进行ー种精神对话。如果你口头表述你的想法的话,它们很可能是“是的，我同意，我的想法也是这样。”或是“嗯 我以为这项纪录早就被打破了。我最好还是再查查H期。”或是“但是还要考虑ー些其他的事实!”你并不只是坐在那里理解内容——你还在做其他的事情，而这些事情往往非常重要。对所阅读的内容进行思考的附加过程包括评估这些内容、将其与已知信息相联系，并根据自身目的来进行应用。换句话说,一位好读者也是一位批判性的读者。正如你所发现的,批判性阅读的一部分就是区分事实与观点。事实可以通过证据来确认,而观点只是个人反应。批判性阅读的还包括评判来源和进行准确推理。Text1重点句Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.该句意义:该句的语法结构令人发指,而其讲解的有关与学习的道理其却可以在有关于学习和成长的写作内容中使用。即,ー个人如果不知道自己在学什么,那么所学的是什么也便没有区别。只是浪费时间而已。这种道理用于考研写作无敌……该句语法:(1)形式主语"it"：Itdoesn'tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.该句中真正的主语为:toyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit.该句应为:[toyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit]doesn'tcomeasasurprise(2)形式主语"it"：itmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit该句中真正的主语为:whatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit该句反为:[whatyoureadorstudyifyoucan'trememberit]makesnodifference(3)条件状语从句:ifyoucan'trememberit(4)"maybe"的使用:maybe为副词,在句中做状语修饰谓语“havediscovered"。Text!习题答案答案:BABCIfyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,..如果你不能记住所阅读或学习的内容,〇itisnosurprise[A]这毫不出奇itmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanything[B]这意味着你没有真正学到任何东西itmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbook[C]这意味着你没有选对阅读的书籍yourealizeitisofno