2017考研英语基础班讲义

考研英将基砒班稀・基础词汇主编:Ada司内部讲义翻版必究考研英语基础词汇内部讲义本次课程基本情况介绍:1、授课时间:2、授课目标:1）掌握考研真题中常考高频词汇和短语2）熟悉基础阶段词汇备考方向3、授课特点:1）直击重点,把握核心词汇考点,提高综合应试能力。2）笔记较多,互动性强。4、授课思路：以真题为中心进行核心词汇全面透彻剖析第一章:单词记忆方法“三分”原则分频一:认知词汇二：高频词汇分题一：写作词汇二：阅读词汇阅读词汇分类★一:专业词汇★二：熟词生义★三:固定搭配★四:构词方法一.熟词生义80%可猜测例1.womenareparticularlylikelytodevelopdepressionandanxietydisorderinresponsetostresscomparedtomen.例2.LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.例3.TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstojelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.20%特殊含义例1.1digyoursister.Yougotabeefwithme?Youcannotpickonemejustbecauseigotaprettyface.例2.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.译文:义愤填膺似乎并非只是人类所特有的。例3Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.例4.“There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis."Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.Theexpression"tipservice"(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.[A]advisory. [B]compensation.[C]interaction. [D]reminder.例5.AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege."Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescapetogotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter."Laterhermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother:"It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck,,(line6.para.5)showsthat.Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.二.构词猜词法例1.Contemporary/contemptuous/contemptible/contemplativePresident/preside/resident/reside/residence/subsidyPerish/persevere/perplex/perceive例2.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois.[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented例3.Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference,"Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans.A.identifying B.associatingC.assimilating D.monopolizing三.总结写作词汇写作技巧Obvious Good Bad Advantage Disadvantage 遣词造句:somefolksarguethat....hassomemerits,whichcanbelistedasfollows.Initially,...additionally,...accordingly,...Itisapparentthatthecartoonistendeavorstoputaspotlighton,whichisoneofthemostessentialqualitiesintheMiddleKingdom.四.常见猜词方法1.重述猜词法例1.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.例2.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.例3.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.20.Thewordt€pervasive^^(line1,paragraph2)mightmeanwidespreadoverwhelmingpiercingfashionable例4.Inthisintenselyandfiercelycompetitivesociety,collaborationisonnoaccountanoptionbutamustifheorshehasanurgetoattainsuccess.Statedinanotherway,onewillaccomplishnothingifheorshelacksthisquality.2.逻辑猜词法(连接词猜词法)例1.Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal例2.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.29.Thesentence"Thisisnoflashinthepan”(line5,paragraph3)meansthat.thelowinflationratewilllastforsometimetheinflationratewillsoonrisetheinflationwilldisappearquicklythereisnoinflationatpresent例3.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenintheeverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties-heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.例4.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Onlyイ列5.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,20adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.[A]provided[B]since[C]although[D]supposing例6.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore3.实词/虚词猜词法例1.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitiesforaspiringleaderswillabound.例2.Americansmachine-toolindustrywasontherope.例3.cloudsmaycome,butcloudsmustgo,andtheyallhaveasilverlining.Forbehindeachcloud,thesun,ormoonisshining.例4.Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,either.By“EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans.Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.[DISperoisnotinadesperatesituation.4.通过感情色彩猜词例1.“Benefits"havebeenweighed20"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with例2.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaignchildhoodobesityevenadmittingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]without例3.hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas45themtouniqueevolutionarypressurethathaveresultedinthisstateofaffairs.43.A.limitedB.subjectedC.convertedD.directed五.近义辨析近形辨析区分义项近义辨析:名词:例l.By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20millionofthesenationslookedhopefullytothefuture[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[DIindividuals.例2.Whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofindathatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight...[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house例3.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe9toexplainordescribeina10thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners..[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]way例4.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsendjj_tothebrain..[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses动词:例!48enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor49vitamins.48.(A)Supplying(B)Getting(C)Providing(D)Furnishing例2.Toooften,carelessuseofwords3ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay4unfavorablereactionsinthelistener5interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.3.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroy[DIoffers例3.Whenworkingonradio,forexample,theyhadbecome2toseeingonbehalfofthelistener.[Alexperienced[Bldetermined[C]established[DIaccustomed例4.Changesinthesocialstructuremaydirectlyjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.(2004)A.affectB.reduceC.checkD.reflect形容词:例l.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide(30)opportunitiesforleadership.30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus[D]multipleイ列2.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit14tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan15newreceptorsifnecessary.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient[A]introduce[Blsummon[C]trigger[DJcreate近形辨析例1.Economic/economical;economy;economizecontemptuous；contemptible;contemplative;contemporaryIntellect;intellectual;intelligence;intelligent;例2.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses44.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper例3.Amanrespires,aspires,perspires,inspires,andfinallyexpires.

第二章核心词根,词缀时间前缀1.之前:fore-/pre-/ex-/pro-Fore-1)foremost最前面的,最重要的,一流的2)foresee预见3)forefather先父Pre-/pri4)predict预言,预告,预测5)precede先于,优于6)preface前言,开端7)premium保险;奖金8)prehistoric史前的9)preschool学龄前的,幼儿园10)prime最初,最好的,一流的11)primitive原始的12)privilege给予特权13)prior 优先的,在前的priority优先权Pro-professor教授Confess:坦诚,坦白;忏悔Frank:坦白的;坦率的prospect前景propel推进;驱使2.之后:postpostmodernpostwar同时:co-/com-/con-/cor-/col-/cor-Co-cooperate合作coordinate协调,调整Col-colleague同事,同僚collaborate合作,通敌collocation排歹!);搭配Com-7)combine结合compact合同;协定compensate赔偿compe!迫使compassion同情;怜悯Passion:激情Cor-correspondent通讯员;记者媒体类常用术语:Con-contact碰;接触;联系contract合同;契约conflict冲突confess坦白;忏悔condemn谴责confine局限;限制contaminate汚染;contemplate沉思;凝视4.再次:re-reconstruct重建,改造redefine重新定义remold改造,重塑reevaluate再评估recycle 再循环reclassify 重新分类名词后缀.表示“人或职业者”意义的名词后缀:-ist/-er/-or/-ee/-eer/-ant/-an/-ian/-ent/-istTypistpsychologistlinguistgeneticisttherapistactivist积极行动者;活跃分子Activity:积极性;活跃度;行动,活动nationalist-er/-ordrawerbachelorcarrierconductorancestor-eersightseervolunteerpioneer-eeemployeerefugeeexamineetraineepayee-antimmigrantdescendantconsultantassistant-anItalianpoliticianlibrarianphysicianhistorianIndianCivilian-entcorrespondentclientpresidentagent2.抽象名词:-hood身份,性质,时代/-ship状态;性质/-dom/-ance/-ence性质;状态/-tion/-sion/-cion动作;状态/-sim主义/-ment/-ness/-ery/-age状态;集合;/-al/-ing/-ity/-ics/-ty-hoodLivelihood生活;生计;营生neighbourhood居住区;周边地区;接近3)likelihood可能;可能性adulthood成年;成年期-shipScholarship奖学金;学术；学识ownership所有权;所有制;物主身份hardship困苦;苦难leadership领导;带路;指引;领导能力-domfreedom自由kingdom界;领域;王国-ance/-encell)AHowance允许;津贴;补贴12)performance表现；表演13)appliance器具；机械;家用电器14)insurance保险-cion/-tion/-sion15)Consumption消费;肺病;耗尽16)depression洼地;盆地;抑郁;抑郁症;不景气;低气压17)invasion入侵;侵略；侵犯;侵袭18)assimilation同化；19)modernization现代化21Notification通知;通告;告示22)desperation绝望;孤注ー掷-ism22)Consumerism消费主义;23)racism种族主义24)journalism新闻业25)optimism乐观;乐观主义26)feminism女权运动；女权主义；-ment27)requirement要求28)payment报答;报应;付款29)treatment治疗；疗法；处理；对待30)argument争吵;论证；论据31)appointment约会;任命；职务-ness32)consciousness思识33)casualness随便34)illness疾病-cy35)efficiency效率36)emergency紧急情况;突发事件;非常时刻37)tendency趋势;倾向;癖好38)literacy读写能力;精通文学-age39)luggage行李;皮箱40)storage存储;仓库;贮藏所41)lineage血统;42)passage段落;经过;通路43)shortage缺乏;缺少;不足44)shrinkage收缩;减轻45)usage使用;用法；惯例-al46)professional专业的;职业的;专业人员47)individual个人的;个体的;个人;个体48)approval批准;认可；赞成49)arrival到来;到达;降临50)removal移除;移动;搬迁；免职-ity5l)similarity相似性52)personality个性;品质；名人53)uniformity一致；同样；均匀性54)curiosity好奇；珍品;古董；古玩-ics55)ethics伦理学;道德标准56)economics经济学；国家的经济状况;57)electronics电子字58)mechanics机械学;力学专业前缀L生命,生物:bio-biology生物学biologica!生物学的biologist生物学家biotic 生物的biomass 生物数量biomedical生物医学的)bioethics 生物伦理学biography传记biographica!传记的biographer传记作者2.人:anthro-Zdemo-anthropology人类学democracy民主democratic民主的democratizing民主化的demographics人口统计学3.自己,自动:self-Zauto-self-confident自信的self-restrained自我克制的automatic自动的,机械的automobile汽车autonomous自治的auto-pilot自动驾驶基因,天生gene 基因genetics 遗传学genius 天赋,天才gender 性别神经:neuro-neurologyネ申经学neurologist神经学者,神经科专.精神、心理:ment-/psych-menta!精神的,心理的psychology心理学psychological心理的psychologist心理学家psychiatry精神病学.生态、环境:eco-ecology生态学eco-system生态系统.地球:geo-1)geology地质学geography地理学geometry 几何学geophysics地球物理学.社会:soci-society 社会,社团social社会的sociology社会学econometric计量经济学的socioeconomic社会经济学的.经济:econo-economy经济economic经济的economics经济学econometric计量经济学的socioeconomic社会经济学的11.远:tele-television 电视telephone 电话telescope望远镜telegraph电报telecommunications长途通讯,电信,teleconference远程会议态度前缀.反对:anti-/counter-/contra-/para-/opAnti:anti-smoking反对吸烟的anti-patent反专利anti-consumerism反消费主义anti-intellectualism反唯智论antibacteria!抗菌的Counter:counter-culture反传统文化counterpart对立的人或物counteract 抵消,中和,阻碍counterbalance平衡カContra-contrary 相反的contrast 对比,对照,差异contradict反驳,同…相矛盾controversial有争议的op-14)Opponent15)Optimistic16)optimism17)opposePara-18)Parade19)paralyze20)parallel21)paradise2.支持:pro-Pro-slaverypro-American否负前缀In-inequality不平等incompetent不合格的,不胜任的inconclusive非决定的,尚无定论的insensitive不敏感的im-5)immense无限的impair 削弱impoverished穷困的illogical 不合逻辑的illiquid 非流动资金的Ir-iiTegular不规则的,无规律的irrelevant不相关的,不切题的2.un-uncover揭开;揭露unanswered未被回答的unexpected想不到的,意外的unemployment失业unparalleled无比的,空前的unsurpassed未被超越的,非常卓越的unprecedented空前的unsustainable不可持续性的unfavorable令人不快的,不顺undo取消;解开;松开unveil揭开面纱;揭露3.non-nonstop 不停的nonsense 胡说,废话nonverba! 不用语言的non-standard不标准的non-celebrity非名人non-economic没有经济价值的4.否定:dis-disappear消失disbelief怀疑disorder杂乱,混乱,无秩序状态disclose揭示;泄露discount打折disclaim 放弃，弃权,拒绝disintegrate使分解,使碎裂disadvantage不利,缺点,劣势discouraging令人气馁的dispassioned冷静的discard丢弃;抛弃dispose放置;处理5,不好:de-degenerate 衰退;堕落deficiency 缺乏,不足detrimental有害的delinquency不良行为devastating毁坏性的destruction毁坏;毁灭deduce推论;演绎出decode解码6,不好:ill-/mal-ill-treat虐待,不公正对待ill-manage管理不善ill-mannered态度恶劣的,粗野的ill-informed消息不灵通的错误:mis-1)misuse 错用,误用,滥用mistrust不信任,猜疑misunderstand误解misguide误导misleading误导的misdeed罪行,犯罪misinformation误扌艮,误传misconception误解misinterpret误译,曲解misfortune不幸,灾祸8.假的:pseudo-/hypo-pseudo-science伪科学hypothesis假设hypocrisy伪善hypocritica!伪善的继:step-step-mother继母step-father继父方程前缀L里面:外面:ex-/e1)import进ロexport 出口Extreme极端的;尽头的2)include包含exclude 排除在外3)involve 卷入,涉及evolve 进化4)immigrant移民emigrant 移民5)intranet内联网extraordinary不寻常的,非凡的,特别的elaborate精心的;详尽的vt:精心制作;详细阐述eliminate取消enormous巨大的emerge浮现；出现exceed超出;超过expand膨胀;扩张expense花费;消费;消耗2.旁边:side-/by-/vice-sideeffect副作用Sideline：副业;兼职by-product副产品bypass旁道;支路vice-president副总统.上:up-upside 上面,好的一面uphold 支持,赞成upload 上传upscale 升档,高档的.上:over-over-confident过于自信的overfished过度捕捞的overburndened负担过重的overcharge要价过高overestimate过高评估overflow溢出;外溢overhear俯瞰;疏忽v无意中听到;偷听overwhelming势不可挡的；压倒性的.上:super-superb 极好的,卓越的,杰出的superior 较好的,优于的superstar超级明星,巨星superficial表面的,肤浅的superstition迷信superfluous多余的;过多的supreme至高的；.上:out-outlive 比…活的时间长outweigh 在重量上超过,比…重要outsize 特大的outdate过时.上:sur-surplus盈余;过剩;多余surname姓survey俯瞰;全面审视;调查surface肤浅的；表面的5)surpass超过;胜过.下:down-downside下面的,不利方面)download下载downscale 缩减规模.下:de-despair绝望depression沮丧,抑郁症,经济.下:under-underestimate过低估计under-nutrition营养不艮undertreatment治疗不充分.下:sub-subtitle 副标题)suburban 郊区的subconscious下意识的submerge淹没subordinate次要的;从属的;下级的substantial坚固的;实质的;大量的.中间:mid-/med-/mod-l)middle-class中产阶级media媒体medieva!中世纪的；老式的model模型动词后缀使之...：-en/-ify/-ize/-ateawaken唤醒2)broaden扩大;放宽-ifyjustify 证明…是正当的Exemplify例证Simplify简化;使单纯Signify暗示;意味;表示Testify作证；证明；表明;说明Identify识别；鉴别Qualify使具有资格;证明合格Modify更改；修改-atededicate奉献;献身；Differentiate区别;区分;辨别Humiliate羞辱；使......丢脸；耻辱assimilate同化Ize-popularize普及15)visualize想象En-/em-16)embarrass尴尬embed嵌入encounter遇到;遭遇endure忍耐力enlighten启发;启蒙endeavor努力;尽力形容词后缀-ing/-eddeveloping发展中的developed发达的tiring引起疲劳的,累人的tired疲劳的,疲倦的underrated被低估的emerging新兴的Skillfu! 有技巧的,熟练的respectful 尊敬人的,有礼貌的-ablerespectable受人尊敬的imaginable可以想象的controllable可控制的measurable可测量的-less1)tireless 不知疲倦的meaningless没有意义的hopeless 没有希望的)effortless 不费カ气的aimless 没有目标的-likechildlike像孩子似的godlike像上帝一样的6.-wardinward向内的upward 向上的forward 向前的eastward 朝向东面的-wardnationwide全国的worldwide全世界的8.-wiseclockwise顺时针iQ-wise 智商方面的9.-freetoll-free免费的stress-free 没有压カ的carefree 无忧无虑的Smoke-free加强语气的前缀A-access进入;入口Acclaim欢呼;称赞Accuse指责;控告Affirm断言;肯定Addict沉溺于Aggravate恶化;加重;加强第三章核心词汇熟词生义l.smartasmartpersonsmartclothesasmartrobotZ.humbleamanofhumbleoriginahumbleattitudeahumbletherapynativenativelanguagenativeforestnativeability/intelligencecommoncommonancestor/language/interestcommonpeople/sense/pastimerunrunacompanyrunastudycommonrunofmenobserveIt'sinterestingtoobserveachild'sbehavior.sb.observethat Everybodyshouldobservethetermsofacontract.7.obligeHewasobligedtogo.Iammuchobligedtoyouforyourgeneroushelp.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.agechronological/mentalagecomputer/digital/informationagecontextthecontextwithinwhichwenowlivetalkabouthabitsinthecontextofcreativityandinnovationfortunefortune-tellerfamilyfortunestrafficTrafficjamusertrafficofawebsitecaseacaseofflualegalcaseInanycase,weshouldtryourbest.subjectsubjectssuchasanthropology,economicsandecology,etc.Theexperimentinvolved12subjects.subjectAtoBfieldtrackandfieldAnthropologyisafield-orienteddiscipline.neurology,geneticsandotherfieldsHeisfieldingtoughquestionsfromthepress.figurepublicfiguressuchasTomHanksthefiguresabouttheextinctanimalsareconservativTrytofigureoutwhoyouarefirst.accountbank/oaccountaccordingtotheaccountoftheexperimentOptimismisconsideredofmuchaccount.broadabroadriver/highwaybroadeducationalprocessfreeatoll-freetelephonenumberastress-freejobThepresidentfreedtheslavesinSouthernstates.mutedeafandmuteEvenbigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamutedeffectonpumpprices.liveliveconcert/performancedevelopdevelopatheory/idea/habit/ruledevelopadiseasedevelopapaperfeedHaveyoufedahorse?needthefertilizerstofeedthesoil/neednutritiontofeedthetissueTheinfantschoolwillfeedtheelementaryschool.assumeassumesth.tobetruesb.assumethat Weshouldassumetheresponsibilityoftakingcareoftheolepeople.shareshareholderIjustwantmyshareoffood.sharejoysandsorrowsshareanidea/view/opinioncommunitycommunityservice/religiouscommunityeconomicstrengthofacommunityEuropeancommunityforestcommunityscientificcommunityresearchcommunitygamesportsgamesportsgameThelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.institutionascientificinstitutionSlaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.stocktradestocks/stockmarket/stockexchangeThefishstockinthisriverhasbeenunderestimated.Publicserviceshavealwaysbeenthelaughingstock.checkItistoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout.temperMindisseparatefrommatter.Test-takingskillsalsomatters.workworkmate/workplace/workforcetheworkoftheresearchersThemedicinedoeswork.measuremeasuretheworthofeducationtakemeasurestodosth.Hisfailureinlargemeasurewascausedbylaziness.preserveFeelingsofrighteousindignationarenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.pieceapieceofpaper/bread/newspiecetogetherthefactsreasonwithinreasonpowerofreasoning/courseofreasoningHereasonedthat valuevaluesofindustriousnessandthriftvalueassetsatareasonablepriceHavingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.rulerulesandregulations/rulesofconductinbusinessHabitrulestheunreflectingherd.TheCourtruledthatthepain-relievingmedicinecan'tbeprescribedfreely.conditioneconomiccondition/livingcondition/underthisconditionTheuprightpostureconditionsthehuman