2000-2012年历年考研英语真题答案(2013考研英语)

2012考研英语（一）真题参考答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesbecameanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannotitslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflawjusticesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthatthecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial〇JusticesAntoninScaliaandSamuelAlitoJr.,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbeasimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenotbyanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitselftothecodeofconductthattotherestofthefederaljudiciary。ThisandothercasesthequestionofwhetherthereisstillabetweenthecourtandpoliticsoTheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlawhavingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositionstheywouldbefreetothoseinpowerandhavenoneedtopoliticalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely〇Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsociallikelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawitisinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasilyasunjust〇Thejusticesmustdoubtsaboutthecourt*slegitimacybymakingthemselvestothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,,convincingaslawo1AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2AwhenBbestCbeforeDunles3ArenderedBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.A1ineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthroughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconveniencel6.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrolsl7.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistortedl8.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleB.amiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmeansBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text2Prettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolour,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls'lives.Itisnotthatpinkintrinsicallybad,butitisatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusedgirls'identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,despairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls*livesandinterestsoGirls*attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,it*snot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What*smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren1smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminnatelyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears〇Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren*sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketinggimmickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s。Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstonebetweeninfantwearandolderkids*clothes.Itwasonlyafter"toddler"becamecommonshoppers*termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences-orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist〇Bysaying"itis...Therainbow"(line3,Para1),theauthormeanspink〇AshouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhoodBshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls，innocenceCcannotexplaingirls,lackofimaginationDcannotinfluencegirls,livesandinterestsAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?AColorsareencodedingirls,DNABBlueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirlsCPinkusedtobeaneutralcolorinsymbolizinggendersDWhiteispreferredbybabiesTheauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren,spsychologicaldevotementwasmuchinfluencedby〇[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren,snature[C]researchesintochildren*sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvised 〇Afocusesoninfantwearandolderkids'clothesBattachequalimportancetodifferentgendersCclassifyconsumersintosmallergroupsDcreatesomecommonshoppers,terms30.itcanbeconcludedthatgirl,sattractiontopinkseemstobe0AclearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendencyBfullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturersCmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmenDwellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsPartBDirections:Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"Postgraduates,Association"instead.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethepicturebriefly,explainitsintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcommentsoYoushouldwriteneatlyonanswersheet2.2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(NETEM)跨考英语教研室ー杨凤芝SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticesbecameanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannotitslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflawjusticesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthatthecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial〇JusticesAntoninScaliaandSamuelAlitoJr.,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisionswillbe asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenotbyanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitselftothecodeofconductthattotherestofthefederaljudiciaryoThisandothercasesthequestionofwhetherthereisstillabetweenthecourtandpolitics,.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositionstheywouldbefreetothoseinpowerandhavenoneedtopoliticalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely〇Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsociallikelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawitisinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasilyasunjustoThejusticesmustdoubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymaking

themselvestothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmaketheirrulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,,convincingaslawo1AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2AwhenBbestCbeforeDunless3ArenderedBweakenedCestablishedDeliminatedAchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthroughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14AguardedBfollowedCstudiedI)tied.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconveniencel6.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrolsl?.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistortedl8.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleB.amiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmeansBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts,choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Text2Prettyinpink:adultwomendocolour,yetitispervasiveinintrinsicallybad,butitisacelebrategirlhoodinoneway,Readthefollowingfourtexts,choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Text2Prettyinpink:adultwomendocolour,yetitispervasiveinintrinsicallybad,butitisacelebrategirlhoodinoneway,notrememberbeingsoobsessedouryounggirls'lives.Itistinysliceoftherainbowand,withthenotthatpinkthoughitmayitalsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusedgirls'identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence。Lookingaround,despairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls'livesandinterests。Girls'attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,it'snot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboi1them.What,smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apastelversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageandsexdifferencesbecameadominantchildren，smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminnatelyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears〇Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokids,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofresearchintochildren'sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketinggimmickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s。Tradepublicationscounselleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreatea"thirdsteppingstone"betweeninfantwearandolderkids*clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler"becamecommonshoppers,termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences-orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexisto26Bysaying"itis...Therainbow"(line3,Para1),theauthormeanspink〇AshouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhoodBshouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocenceCcannotexplaingirls'lackofimaginationDcannotinfluencegirls'livesandinterests27AccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours?AColorsareencodedingirls'DNABBlueusedtoberegardedasthecolorforgirlsCPinkusedtobeaneutralcolorinsymbolizinggendersDWhiteispreferredbybabies28Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevotementwasmuchinfluencedby〇[A]themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snature[C]researchesintochildren*sbehavior[D]studiesofchildhoodconsumption29.WemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvised〇Afocusesoninfantwearandolderkids'clothesBattachequalimportancetodifferentgendersCclassifyconsumersintosmallergroupsDcreatesomecommonshoppers'terms30.itcanbeconcludedthatgirl'sattractiontopinkseemstobe〇AclearlyexplainedbytheirinborntendencyBfullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturersCmainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmenDwellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsPartBDirections:Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use''Postgraduates'Association"instead.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments〇Youshouldwriteneatlyonanswersheet2.l.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C13.C14.D15.A16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D36.C37.D38.B39.A40.A41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G.在物理学上,一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到ー种万能的理论…一条我们都可以看的见,明白的普遍公式。.在这里,达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则,如果所有的人类都有共同的起源,那么文化差异能够追寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。.从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类。49、其实,由约书亚格林伯说,将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上,验证许多语言所共有的特点,这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。50.乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式,是通过独立的家谱或山它所跟踪的路径,而通过性预测的特定类型间的合作关系。PartA47.Directions：Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday.Writeandemailtothecustomerservicecenterto1)makeacomplaint,and2)demandapromptsolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei''instead.参考范文:DearMr./Miss：ThisletterisacomplaintconcerningtheelectronicdictionaryIboughtfromyouronlinestoretheotherday.TwoweeksagoImailedthemoneythatorderedandsoonreceivedtheelectronicdictionary.Ifollowedtheinstructionsattachedwithit.InsteadIcannotgetitstartedanyway.Afterchangedthebatteryinsideseveraltimesinvain,Itotallygaveitup.Iwrotetoyourcompanyexpectingapromptsolutiontothisproblem.Iwouldhopethatyoucoulddosomethingtogivemeasatisfactoryfeedback.AndIwillappreciateitverymuchifyouputastricttestontheseelectronicdictionaries,thusstopthecontinuingcomplaintsandsuffersofothercomtomers.SincerelyYours,ZhangWei2012年考研英语真题:作文题目及范文作文一些外国留学生将要来你的大学,以学生会的名义给他们写一封email,.表示你的欢迎2.为他们在这里的校园生活提供ー些建议

请写100个字左右,请不要在信的末尾写你的名字,用笔名代替,不要写地址。范文亲爱的同学们,首先请允许我代表我校的各位领导老师及同学们对你们的到来表示热烈的欢迎,欢迎来到我校学习和生活。不同国家的校园生活有所不同,为了使你们的生活更加舒适,ド面我将介绍ー些在我校生活的一些建议。首先，在中国不可以直呼老师的名字,因为中国是ー个礼仪之邦，中国人用称呼表达对老师的尊重。其次,希望你们珍惜在中国学习的时间,主动增加与中国人交流的机会,这样既能提高你们的汉语水平,也能了解中国的文化。最后，如果你们在生活和学习上遇到困难，及时与我们沟通。祝你们在中国的留学生活愉快!学生会Dearstudents,Firstofall,allowme,onbehalfoftheleadersofourschoolteachersandstudentsarewarmlywelcometocometoyou,welcometoourschoolandlife.Campuslifeisdifferentindifferentcountries,inordertomakeyourlifemorecomfortable,thefollowingIwilldescribesomeoftheproposalsinmyschoollife.Firstofall,cannotcalltheteachefsnameinChina,becauseChinaisaritualofceremony,Chineseusedtocalltheexpressionofrespectfbrteachers.Secondly,IhopeyoucherishthetimestudyinginChina,taketheinitiativetoincreaseopportunitiesfbrinteractionwithChinesepeople,sothatbothcanimproveyourChineselanguagelevel,canunderstandChineseculture.Finally,ifyouencounterdifficultyinlivingandlearning,tocommunicatewithusinatimelymanner.WishesyoutostudyabroadinChinaliveininterestingtimes!StudentUnion作文2：幸灯处用点ノu幸灯处用点ノu这幅漫画象征性的描述了•个倒在地上的瓶子,ー些牛奶洒了出来。在这个瓶子的旁边站着两个人,ー个垂头丧气的说“全完了!”,而另ー个则说“幸好还剩点儿!”。这幅画所表达的内容既意义深远又发人深省。这幅漫画的目的是告诉我们在生活、工作和学习中遇到挫折时，不同的人持有不同的态度。积极乐观的人总是能够发掘事情好的一面，而消极悲观的人总是为他失去的东西伤心抱怨。总之，一个人的态度能够决定他的成败。在我看来,我们应该向那个积极乐观的人学习。在生活中无论遇到什么样的困难，我们都应该用积极乐观的态度来面对。只有这样，我们才能取得成功。Thiscartoontokendescribesabottlethatfelltotheground,somemilkspilledout.Thebottlestandsnexttotwopeople,adejectedsaying"isallover!"Whileanothersaid"Fortunatelyhaveleft!Thecontentsexpressedinthepaintingisbothmeaningfulandthought-provoking.Thiscartoonisdesignedtotellustolive,workandlearningaredown,you,differentpeopleholddifferentattitudes.Optimisticpeoplecanalwaysdiscoverwhat'sgoodside,andnegativeandpessimisticpeoplealwayslosingthingssadforhimtocomplain.Inshort,aperson'sattitudescanmakeorbreakhim.Inmyopinion,weshouldlearnfromthepositiveandoptimisticman.Nomatterwhatdifficultiesshemetinlife,weshoulduseapositiveandoptimisticattitudetofhce.Onlyinthisway,wecanbesuccessful.201I年考研英语ー真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But•一someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfilnessLaughterdoesshort-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto,agoodlaughisunlikelytohavebenefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelptheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesoffeedback,thatimproveanindividuafsemotionalstate.oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrootedphysicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrytheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalsotears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowmuscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affdrdable[D]renewable[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance[A]physical[B]mentl[C]subconscious[D]intemal[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at[A]unless[B]untilC]if[D]because[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold[A]dis叩pointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent[A]ad叩ted[B]catered[C]tumed[D]reacted[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim"anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe"consumed"atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert'sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedco