考研考博-英语-成都农业科技职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-成都农业科技职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.写作题

Directions:Writeacompositioninthetitle“HowtoEliminateFakeDiplomas”basedonthefollowinggivenoutlineinChinese.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout150Englishwords.PleasewriteyourcompositionontheAnswerSheet.

Outline:

1.现在社会上的假文凭屡见不鲜。

2.如何杜绝假文凭现象？

【答案】HowtoEliminateFakeDiplomas

Inthelastfewyears,thephenomenonoffakediplomasismoreserious.Plentyofpeopleusefakediplomasto

findagoodjob.Besidesthelowcostofthefakediplomasappealslotsofpeoplewhohavenotreceivedhighereducationwhichmakefakediplomasbecomemorecommon.

Fakediplomasdoharmtobothemployersandpersonswhohaverealdiplomas.Ifemployersappointemployeeswhoarenotqualifiedforacertainposition,theircompaniesmaysufferheavylosses,evenfacehugecrisis.Besides,it’sunfairforpeoplewithrealdiplomaswhenthosewhobuyfakediplomasdonotpayanyeffortsandmoneyinhighereducation.Soitistimetodealwiththefakeevent.

Tobeginwith,governmentshouldreleasesomelawstopunishthosepeoplewhofabricateandbuythefakediplomastolimitthefakeevent.Inaddition,theuniversitycanmaketheirdiplomaswithspecialmaterialtolimitthefakediplomas’spreading.Furthermore,universitiesshouldmatchupthecompaniestochecktherecordofformalschoolingoftheiremployees.Inthoseways,thefakeeventsmaybecontrolled.

2.单选题

Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It’sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland’slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It’sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.

ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.

Asanexampleofwhat’sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.

Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.

Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.Theydidn’tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.

ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydeniesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstonofinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.

Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplants.

Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transactionandexperience”information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They’vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn'twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?

TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that“allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential.”ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn’t“sell”yourdataatall.Itmerely“shares”itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.

1.Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople’sprivacy（

）.

2.Weknowfromthepassagethat

（

）.

3.Whenthe“freetrial”deadlineisover,you’llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceif

（

）.

4.Businessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecause

（

）.

5.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBI

B.ismoreprevalentinbusinesscircles

C.hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRS

D.ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettaping

问题2选项

A.thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformation

B.moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinesses

C.legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotection

D.lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits

问题3选项

A.youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumber

B.youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiod

C.youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadline

D.youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactory

问题4选项

A.itisconsidered“transactionandexperience”informationunprotectedbylaw

B.ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublic

C.itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulation

D.itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy

问题5选项

A.bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusiness

B.“freetrial”practicewilleventuallybebanned

C.privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforced

D.consumers’privacywillcontinuetobeinvaded

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:当我们担心谁可能在监视我们的私生活时，我们通常会想到联邦特工。但私营部门每次都比政府过分。琳达•特里普(而不是联邦调查局)正被马里兰州法律指控窥探私人电话录音。是银行(而不是国税局（IRS）)，把我们的私人财务数据传递给电话营销公司。由此推断,窥探私人隐私的往往不是我们以为的政府,而主要是商业领域。故选B“在商界更盛行”。

2.判断推理题。各选项为:A：明尼苏达州正在考虑制定有关私人信息的法律。文章并未提及。B:大多数州都对私营企业的欺骗行为视而不见。此说法过于绝对。C:立法者正采取行动通过一项法律以提供更好的隐私保护。第二段指出:消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。因此C错误。故选D项“立法者倾向于放手让企业调查顾客的购买习惯”。

3.细节事实题。第四段指出:Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had,30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts(接受“免费试用”的客户有30天的时间可以取消。如果截止日期过了，他们会通过银行或信用卡账户自动收取费用)。因此选B“未在指定期限内取消服务”。

4.细节事实题。倒数第二段指出：nofederallawshieldtransactionandexperienceinformation,mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts(没有一部联邦法律保护“交易往来”信息，即银行和信用卡帐户的信息),故选A项“它被认为是不受法律保护的“交易和历史”信息。

5.判断推理题。四个选项为:A:银行将不得不改变经营方式。文章指出交易信息并不受法律保护,因此银行未必会改变。B:“免费试用”终将会被禁止。文章并未提及。C:隐私保护法很快会执行。第二段说:消费者维权组正在向国会施压，要求制定更好的隐私法，但迄今为止还没有取得任何成果。C项错误。故选D“消费者隐私将继续受到侵犯”。

3.单选题

ThelargestmeteoriteondisplayisintheAmericanMuseuminNewYorkCity（）over34tons.

问题1选项

A.anditweighs

B.itweighs

C.itsweightis

D.whichitweighs

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。分析题干可知，前面句子已经有谓语动词is，而选项中均有谓语动词weigh，因此前后谓语所在的句子之间需要用并列连词and连接，故选A项。句意：最大的陨石在纽约的美国博物馆展出，重量超过34吨。

4.单选题

Wittinglyorunwittingly,ourcourtsarecreatingwhattheReverendRichardJohnNeuhauscallsa“nakedpublicsquare”,asecularcommunitydevoidofanyreligiouscommitments.

问题1选项

A.deprivedof

B.divestedof

C.lackingin

D.exemptfrom

【答案】C

【解析】句意：无论是有意还是无意，我们正在创建理查德•约翰•纽豪斯牧师所说的“赤裸的公共广场”，一个……任何宗教信仰的世俗社区。A选项deprivedof“被剥夺的；严重匮乏的”；B选项divestedof“剥夺”；C选项lackingin“缺乏”；D选项exemptfrom“豁免；免除”。“赤裸的公共广场”意味着没有任何宗教信仰的束缚，因此C选项“缺乏”符合题意。

5.单选题

Ihadanexperiencesomeyearsagowhichtaughtmesomethingaboutthewaysinwhichpeoplemakeabadsituationworsebyblamingthemselves.OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfor“fullofyears”astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife.Theirhomeshappenedtobeneareachother,soIpaidcondolencecallsonthetwofamiliesonthesameafternoon.

Atthefirsthome,thesonofthedeceasedwomansaidtome,“IfonlyIhadsentmymothertoFloridaandgottenheroutofthiscoldandsnow,shewouldbealivetoday.It’smyfaultthatshedied.”Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherdeceasedwomansaid,“IfonlyIhadn’tinsistedonmymother’sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.Thatlongairplaneride,theabruptchangeofclimate,wasmorethanshecouldtake.It’smyfaultthatshe’sdead.”

Whenthingsdon’tturnoutaswewouldlikethemto,itisverytemptingtoassumethathadwedonethingsdifferently,thestorywouldhavehadahappierending.Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievedthattheoppositecourse—keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperationthatwouldhaveturnedoutbetter.Afterall,howcouldhaveturnedoutanyworse?

Thereseemtobetwoelementsinvolvedinourreadinesstofeelguilty.Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.Thatleadsustofindpatternsandconnectionsbothwheretheyreallyexistandwheretheyexistonlyinourminds.

Thesecondelementisthenotionthatwearethecauseofwhathappens,especiallythebadthingsthathappen.Itseemstobeashortstepfrombelievingthateveryeventhasacausetobelievingthateverydisasterisourfault.Therootsoffeelingmaylieinourchildhood.Psychologistsspeakoftheinfantilemythofomnipotence.Ababycomestothinkthattheworldexiststomeethisneeds,andthathemakeseverythinghappeninit.Hewakesupinthemorningandsummonstherestoftheworldtoitstasks.Hecries,andsomeonecomestoattendtohim.Whenheishungry,peoplefeedhim,andwhenheiswet,peoplechangehim.Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthatinfantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.

1.Whatissaidaboutthetwodeceasedelderlywoman?

2.Theauthorhadtoconductthetwowomen’sfuneralsprobablybecause（

）.

3.Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirlovedonesbecause

（

）.

4.Inthecontextofthepassage,“...theworldmakessense”(Line2,Para.4)probablymeansthat

（

）.

5.Peoplehavebeenmadetobelievesinceinfancythat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Theylivedoutanaturallife.

B.Theydiedofexhaustionafterthelongplaneride.

C.Theyweren’taccustomedtothechangeinweather.

D.Theydiedduetolackofcarebyfamilymembers.

问题2选项

A.hewantedtoconsolethetwofamilies

B.hewasanofficialfromthecommunity

C.hehadgreatsympathyforthedeceased

D.hewaspriestofthelocalchurch

问题3选项

A.theycouldn’tfindabetterwaytoexpresstheirgrief

B.theybelievethattheywereresponsible

C.theyhadneglectedthenaturalcourseofevents

D.theydidn’tknowthingsoftenturnoutintheoppositedirection

问题4选项

A.everythingintheworldispredetermined

B.theworldcanbeinterpretedindifferentways

C.there’sanexplanationforeverythingintheworld

D.wehavetobesensibleinordertounderstandtheworld

问题5选项

A.everybodyisattheircommand

B.lifeanddeathisanunsolvedmystery

C.everystoryshouldhaveahappyending

D.theirwishesarethecauseofeverythingthathappens

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.細节事实题。根据文章第一段的OneJanuary,Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfor“fullofyears”astheBiblewouldsay;bothyieldedtothenormalwearingoutofthebodyafteralongandfulllife(那是在一月，我连着为两位年迈的老人主持葬礼,正如圣经中所说，这两位老人都是在经历了漫长和完整的人生之后的身体正常耗尽)可知选项A“两位老人终其天年”与文章意思相符。

2.判断推理题。题目是问“作者需要为两位老人办理丧事的原因有可能是什么。选项A:因为作者想安慰这两个家，B:因为作者是那个社区的公务人员，C:因为作者对死者怀有无限同情和D:因为作者是当地教堂的牧师，并且根据原文Ihadtoofficiateattwofuneralsonsuccessivedaysfor“fullofyears”as...中的关键词officiate“主持宗教仪式”和onsuccessivedays“连续”可知极有可能的原因是选项D。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息Peoplefeelguiltyforthedeathsoftheirloved定位至第三段:Priestsknowthatanytimethereisadeath,thesurvivorswillfeelguilty.,而后面紧接着说到原因:Becausethecourseofactiontheytookturnedoutbadly,theybelievedthattheoppositecourse—keepingMotherathome,postponingtheoperationthatwouldhaveturnedoutbetter(当他们的行动计划引起了坏的结果时，他们就会相信如果当初采取不同的行动计划，如将母亲留在家里以及将计划延期，那么结果就会好很多)，由此可知人们通常会对至亲的去世感到内疚是因为他们认为自己对于至亲的去世负有贵任，即选项B。

4.语义题。第四段主要是对我们常常会感到自责的原因之一的介绍，根据这—段中的Thefirstisourpressingneedtobelievethattheworldmakessense,thatthereisacauseforeveryeffectandareasonforeverythingthathappens.“一方面是因为我们非常相信世界自有其道理，也就是说世间的一切都有某发生存在的原因”可知theworldmakessense意思是世间的一切都有其发生存在的原因，故答案选项为C。

5.细节事实题。根据文章最后一句话Veryoften,wedonotcompletelyoutgrowthatinfantilenotionthatourwishescausethingstohappen.“通常，我们都没有从那个婴儿时期形成的观念中摆脱出来，即一切事件都发生都取决于我们自身的意念”，故答案选项为D“他们自身的意念是导致一切发生的根本原因”。

6.单选题

Dr.Brownbecameirritatedwhenthescienceexperimentthatwassupposedtoconfirmhisfindingsendedup______them.

问题1选项

A.lingering

B.trampling

C.diminishing

D.debunking

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项linger“消磨，缓慢度过”，B项trample“践踏，蔑视”，C项diminish“使减少，使变小”，D项debunk“揭穿……的真相，拆穿……的假面具”。由句子可知，thatwassupposedtoconfirmhisfindings在句子中作定语修饰scienceexperiment，表示“这个科学实验本应该证实他的发现”，而空格处是填入一个非谓语动词修饰scienceexperimentendedup这一句子，结合定语从句的内容和选项，可知只有debunking符合语境，表示“揭穿真相”。句意：当本应证实他的发现的科学实验最终揭穿了他们的谎言时，布朗博士非常恼火。因此，该题选择D项。

7.单选题

Hislicensehasbeen____owingtohisdrunkendriving.

问题1选项

A.demanded

B.charged

C.suspended

D.recognized

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.demanded要求；需要B.charged要价；收费；指控；冲

C.suspended暂停；使暂停使用D.recognized承认；意识到

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】空格部分的语义为“他的驾照被____”，后文提到“因为他酒驾”，根据句意可推断，他因为酒后驾驶，被吊销了驾照。因此，C选项suspended“暂停；使暂停使用”符合原句语义衔接。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】因为酒后驾驶，他的驾照被吊销了。

8.填空题

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetoaddaword,crossoutaword,orchangeaword.PutyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)

e.g.1.Themeetingbegun2hoursago.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:begun—began

e.g.2.Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainswentup.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(Scarcely)had(they)

e.g.3.NeverwillInotdoitagain.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:not×

36Manyartiststodayareinthatiscalledappliedart.37Theyusetheirabilityinadvertise,interiordecoration,orsomesimilarjob.38Butpeopleinbusinesswhichhiretheartistsforthatkindofworksaythatsimpleartisticabilityisnotenough.Therearelotsofyoungpeoplewhohavethat.39Butnotenoughofusknowanythingaboutphysics,ormechanicalthings,ormath.40Tobeadruggistyouhavetostudyaboutchemistry.Youcan’tlearnchemistrywithoutknowingsomethingaboutalgebra.Howaboutanurse?41Oneoftherequiredsubjectsinacourseofnursingisknowntomateriamedica.42Inmateriamedicayou’lllearntofiguredosesandpreparemedicines.Algebraisimportantindoingthefiguring.Toomanystudentnursesflunkoutofthecoursebecausetheirmathisweak.It’sthesamewithmanytrades.43Ifyouwanttobeadraftsman,amachinist,amolder,andapatternmaker,you’llneedalgebraandgeometryandeventrigonometry.44Asifyouwanttogointobusinessforyourself,you’llneedmath.45Businesstoday,whetherit’srunningalittlegasstationorabigfactory,takegoodmanagement.Goodmanagementtakesmathematics.

【答案】36.that—what

37.advertise—advertising

38.which—who

39.us—them

40.about×

41.to—as

42.figure—figureout

43.and—or

44.as—even

45.take—takes

【解析】36.分析句子成分，主语是artists，系动词are，缺少表语，所以这里的in以及后面的从句组成介宾结构在句子中作表语，从句是宾语从句，而介词后面的宾语从句一般用wh-类词引导，而从句中缺少主语，所以应该把that改为what。

37.介词后面一般接名词或者动名词，这里的advertise是动词原形，所以应该改为advertising。

38.根据从句中间的关键词hire可知，从句的主语是人，但是从句缺主语，所以是先行词在从句中充当主语，这个从句是用来修饰people而不是business，而which是用来修饰物的，所以应该把which改为who。

39.文章前面一直用第三人称的语气来写作，us在文中出现得很突兀让人不知所云，而根据前文可以推测，这里的不知道物理或者机械类知识的是前文所说的年轻人，所以应该把us换成them。

40.study学习某件事时一般是及物动词不需要借助介词来加宾语，所以应该把about去掉。

41.beknownto“为……所了解/知道”，其后接表示人的词语，而介词to后面接的是药物学，这里要表达的意思是在一系列的护理学科中其中一个需要学的科目是药物学，这里的词组应该是beknownas“被称为”，所以需要把介词to改为as。

42.figure单独使用时是“计算”，但是作为护理学的一类课程很少会要配药，这里应该是清楚地知道药品的剂量，所以应该在figure后面加介词out组成固定短语figureout弄清楚。

43.根据前面的if可知这里是假设，但是一个人只有很小的可能又是绘图员又是机械师又是模具工又是制模师，这里的四个职业应该是选择关系，所以这句所有的and都要改为or。

44.asif“好像，貌似”，根据上下文语境，讲述的是学习数学很重要，即使你要自己创业，你会需要数学，所以应该把as改为even，evenif“即使”。

45.谓语take的主语business是个抽象名词，所以谓语动词需要用第三人称单数，take应该改为takes。

9.单选题

Thegovernment（）toapprovetheuseofwide-spreadsurveillancewhentheJusticeDepartmenttookobjections.

问题1选项

A.isgoing

B.hadbeen

C.wasabout

D.iscoming

【答案】C

【解析】句意:政府即将同意采取广泛监督的手段吋，却遭到了司法部的反对。

语法题。考查时态(一般过去将来时)。由关键词“took”可知句子主调为过去时,因此使用现在吋态的A项和D项排除。句意为“政府即将同意”,因此应用一般过去将来时。故选C。

10.单选题

Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered（）ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.

问题1选项

A.indistinctly

B.separately

C.irrelevantly

D.independently

【答案】D

【解析】句意:语言，文化和个性也许会被认为在思想上是相互独立的，但事实上他们是密不可分的。

考查副词辨析。indistinctly不清楚地，模糊地；separately分别地，个别地；irrelevantly不相干地，不合适地；independently独立地，其形容词形式independent搭配of，表示独立于…的。根据后文的but以及theyareinseparable(他们是密不可分的)可知空格处应该填入与之相对比的词，即可知D项正确。

11.单选题

Herinterestingrowingflowerskepther（

）forthewholeweek.

问题1选项

A.occupational

B.occupant

C.preoccupied

D.occupied

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项occupational“职业的”；B选项occupant“居住者”；C选项preoccupied“全神贯注的”；D选项occupied“忙碌的；已占用的”。由题干“对种花很感兴趣”才会使得她忙碌整个星期，occupied“忙碌的；已占用的”符合题意。句意为：她对种花很有兴趣，这使她整整忙碌了一个星期。故正确答案选D。

12.单选题

Iran’smoralitypoliceare______onthesaleofBarbiedollstoprotectthepublicfromwhattheyseeasperniciouswesterncultureerodingIslamicvalues.

问题1选项

A.puttingdown

B.breakingdown

C.crackingdown

D.lookingdown

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项puttingdown“放下；镇压（暴动，叛乱）”；B选项breakingdown“损坏；分解开”；C选项crackingdown“严加管制，打击”；D选项lookingdown“往下看”。句意：伊朗道德警察正______芭比娃娃的销售，避免他们视为有害的西方文化侵蚀伊斯兰价值观，以此保护公众。根据语境，crackingdown“严加管制，打击”搭配sale“销售”比较合理，意指警察严格管制芭比娃娃的市场销售，符合题意。因此C选项正确。

13.写作题

Youareveryhappywhenyougetthenewsthatyourfriendhasbeenpromoted.Writealitterofcongratulationandencouragehim/hertokeepup.

Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiTao"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress,butpayattentiontotheformofletterwriting

【答案】略

14.翻译题

Itisalmostacommonplacethatsuccessfulforeignpolicymustgrowoutofdomesticpoliticalconsensus.CertainlythisistrueintheUnitedStateswithrespecttoenvironmentalissues,wherevirtuallyeverysuccessfulinternationalregimehashaditsrootsinU.S.domesticlaw.Themostspectacularsuccess---theMontrealozoneagreement---grewoutoftheU.S.regulationofchlorofluorocarbons,thechiefculpritinthedestructionoftheozonelayer,beginningwithabanonaerosolspraycansinthelate1970s.Otherrelativelysuccessfulinternationalregimes---forexampletolimitoilpollutionfromtankers,toregulatetradeinendangeredspecies,andtocontroldangerouspesticidesandchemicals---alsobuiltonU.S.efforts,ratherthanattemptingtoforcetheUnitedStatestochangeitswaysthroughthepressureofaninternationalregime.

Fromthebeginning,however,U.S.climatechangepolicyfollowedadifferentpath,focusingoninternationalratherthandomesticmeasures.

Tosomedegree,thisreflectedtheunderstandablereluctanceofmanygovernmentstotakedomesticactionwithoutanassurancethatotherswouldfollowsuit.Giventheglobalcausesofclimatechange,ifacountryactsalone,itsimplydrivesupitsowncostswithoutmakingameaningfuldentinsolvingtheproblem.Internationalactionisnecessarytomakedomesticclimatepolicieseffective.Toagreaterdegree,however,theinternationalfocusofU.S.climatepolicyreflectedalackofdomesticpoliticalwill.AlthoughpollsconsistentlyindicatethatAmericansareconcernedaboutclimatechange,climatechangehasuntilnowneveremergedasamajorpoliticalissueintheUnitedStates.Comeelectiontime,education,socialsecurityandtaxeshavetakeprecedenceinvoters’minds.Indeed,climatechangeusuallydoesnotevencrackthetopthreeenvironmentalconcerns---cleanwater,cleanairandurbansprawl.Asaresult,climateactivistshavetendedtoviewtheinternationalarenaasapotentiallymorefavorableforum.TheonlyrealattempttoenactbindingdomesticmeasuresrelatedtoclimatechangeoccurredearlyintheClintonAdministration,whenClintonproposedabroad-basedenergytaxaspartofhisfirsteconomicplan.

AlthoughClintonbilledthetaxprimarilyasarevenueratherthanaclimatechangemeasureandmadeitapplicabletoallenergysources,notjustthosethatproducegreenhousegases,thetaxwouldhavediscouragedgreenhouseemissionsbyraisingenergyprices---andsomeclimatechangeactivistssawitinthatlight.Inpart,thefocusontheinternationalnegotiationswasdrivenbytheinexorablemomentumoftheinternationalclimateagendaitself,withmajormeetingspracticallyeveryyear,whichkeptclimatechangeonthefrontburner.Ironically,theseregularmeetings---whichareusuallyseenasameansofkeepingpressureonstatestoact---helpedgiveClintonacomparativelyeasywayoutpolitically.AstherepresentativeoftheUnitedStatesininternationalaffairs,theadministrationcouldtemporarilysatisfyitsenvironmentalconstituencybyacceptingstrongnationalpolicies,withouthavingtoundertaketheextremelydifficultpoliticalworkofconvincingaconservativeCongresstoenactdomesticlegislationtoreduceemissions.

Ofcourse,thisapproachcouldnotworkindefinitely,sinceinternationalpoliciestocombatglobalwarmingeventuallyrequiredomesticimplementation.Butgiventhecomplexityandseeminglynever-endingcharacterofthenegotiations,theinternationalapproachwasabletobuyconsiderabletimeforanadministrationreluctanttoexpendsignificantpoliticalcapitalathometocombatclimatechange.

Indoingso,administrationofficialscouldcomfortthemselveswiththeargumentthattheyweremakingprogressintheonlywaypossible,byputtinginplaceaninternationalsystemthatwouldbereadytousewhenAmericabecameseriousaboutclimatechange.

【答案】当然，美国在环境问题上也是如此，几乎每一个成功的国际制度都植根于美国的国内法。

在某种程度上，这反映出许多国家政府在不确定其他国家是否会效仿的情况下，不愿意采取国内行动，这是可以理解的。考虑到全球气候变化的原因，如果一个国家单独行动，只会导致成本增加，而不会取得实质性的进展。

在选举期间，选民会优先考虑到教育、社会保障和税收。

尽管克林顿将该税主要宣传为一项税收，而不是一项气候变化措施，并使其适用于所有能源，而不仅仅对于温室气体，但是本可以通过提高能源价格使税收抑制温室气体排放，而一些气候变化积极参与者正是从这个角度看问题的。

在某种程度上，对国际谈判的关注是由国际气候日常工作本身不可阻挡的势头所趋使的，几乎每年都会召开大型会议，这使气候变化问题处于首要地位。

当然，这种方法不可能无限地发挥作用，因为对抗全球变暖的国际政策最终需要国内采取一些措施。

这样一来，政策实施人员就可以安慰自己，说道他们正在以唯一可能的方式-建立一个国际体系的方法取得进展。一旦美国开始严肃对待气候变化问题时，就可以随时使用这个体系。

15.单选题

Thequestionthatcomesfirsttomymindisthis.Whatwoulditmeantosaythatananimalhastherighttothepursuitofhappiness?Howwouldthatcomeabout,andinrelationshiptowhom?

Inspeakingof“animalhappiness,”weoftentendtomeansomethinglike“creaturecomforts.”Theemblemsofthisarethegoldenretrieverrollinginthegrass,thehorsewithhisnosedeepintheoats,kittybythefire.Creaturecomfortsareimportanttoanimals:“Grubfirst,thenethics”isamottothatwoulddescribemanyawiseLabradorretriever,andIhaveabullterriernamedAnniewhosecontinualquestfortheperfectpillowinspireshertoawesomefeats.Butthereissomethingmoretoanimals,somethingmoretomyAnnie,acapacityforsatisfactionsthatcomefromworkinthefullsense—somethingapproximatelylikewhatleadssomepeopletoinsistthattheyneedacareer(thoughmyowntemperamentissuchthatIthinkofagoodwoodcarveroradancerorpoetsoonerthanIthinkofabusinessexecutivewhenIcontemplatethekindofhappinessenjoyedbyanaccomplisheddressagehorse).Thishappiness,li