ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety市公开课一等奖省赛课获奖课件

ChapterSeven

Language,Culture,andSociety1ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第1页Teachingaims:tostudytherelationbetweenculture,societyandlanguageTeachingfocuses:TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis,LanguageVariationTeachingprocedures:

1.Languageandculture2.Languageandsociety2ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第2页1.LanguageandCulture3ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第3页Whatisculture?

Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includinghowtospeak,howtoact,howtothink,howtofeel,etc.Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.4ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第4页1.1TherelationshipbetweenL&CGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.5ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第5页Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.LondonSchool:B.Malinowski&J.FirthNorthAmericanSchool:F.Boas,E.Sapir&B.L.Whorf6ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第6页LondonSchool:BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):Themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext.Languagefunctionsasalinkinhumanactivity,amodeofaction.ThewordwoodontheTrobriandIslandsoffeasternNewGuineaSpeechcommunity言语小区7ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第7页LondonSchool:J.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryofthecontextofsituation(情景语境理论)Therelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.TheverbalactionoftheparticipantsThenon-verbalactionoftheparticipantsTherelevantobjects.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”8ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第8页LondonSchool:Halliday(1925-

)Studylanguage

fromasocialsemioticorinteractionalperspectiveFunctionalinterpretationofgrammarasaresourceformeaningpotentialLinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature9ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第9页North

AmericanSchool:HistoricalBackgrounddisappearanceofNativeIndian’stribesandculturesAnthropologisttriedtoreconstructtheAmericanNativelanguages.SuchasF.Boas,E.Sapir&B.L.Whorf,andD.Hymesfieldwork,first-handevidence10ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第10页DellHymes(1927-):Ethnographyofcommunication(交际民俗学)Speechcommunity.Situation,event,andact.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,andgenres11ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第11页1.2Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Twopointsinhistheory:

LanguagedeterminesourthinkingpatternsSimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.Thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiations,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.12ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第12页Sapir-WhorfHypothesisLinguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式伴随语言不一样而不一样。expoundedbyWilhelmvonHumboldt,aGermanethnologist

EugeneNida:alinguistandtranslationtheoristAstranslators,ifwewanttodoagoodjobinCROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION,weshouldalwaysbeawareofsometypesofsub-culture.13ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第13页MoreabouttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis:Thestrongversion(强式说):EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsTheweakversion(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.14ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第14页English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.15ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第15页OtherLinguisticevidencesofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords16ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第16页印欧语言：严式语言→严式思维轨迹→结构分析→逻辑演绎→智性精神汉语：宽式语言→宽式思维轨迹→整体领悟→类比联想→悟性精神17ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第17页Alivelycontroversyaboutthehypothesis:Twoexamplestoshowthecomplexityandcontroversyofthetheory:OneisquotedfromHopi,anAmericannativelanguagespokeninArizona;theotheristakenfromalanguagespokeninthecentralhighlandsofIrianJaya(伊里安岛，太平洋).Thefirstexampleservestoshowhowlanguagesmaydifferfromeachother.Thesecondexampleservestochallengethehypothesis.18ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第18页InHopi,thereissomethingveryspecialaboutitsgrammar.Oneofthefeaturesthatseparateitfromotherlanguagesisthatitdoesnotusethesamemeanstoexpresstime,andhenceiscalledasa“timelesslanguage”(没有时间语言).Donotrecognizetimeasalineardimension.Hopiverbsdonothavetensesoftimeandnoconceptofspeed.19ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第19页TwoAmericanscholarsconductedalargecross-linguisticinvestigationofbasiccolorvocabulary.ThefindingisthatcolorwordsystemsindifferentlanguagesarenotlikewhathasbeenassumedbytheSapirandWhorfhypothesis,beingculturallydeterminedandhenceabsolutelydifferentfromoneanother.20ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第20页Differentlanguagesmightwellundergoauniversalevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentwhichmadethebasiccolorsysteminonelanguagedifferentfromthatinanotheronlyintermsofthestagesoftheirevolution.SeethebasicevolutionarystagesofbasiccolorwordsonPage165.Accordingtothisevolutionarytheory,Englishhasalltheelevenbasiccolorwordssoitreachesthelaststageofevolution.Thistheorycorrectlycapturesakindofgeneralizationincolorwordscross-culturally.21ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第21页ThisevolutionarytheoryfindsagoodexampleinthesecondexampleoftheIrianlanguage,alanguagewhichhasbecomewellknownforitsveryrestrictedsystemofbasiccolorwords.Thereareonlytwobasiccolorwordsinthislanguage:modlaforlight,bright,hence,white,andmili

fordark,dull,hence,black.WhatwillnativeIrianlanguagespeakerdoifhe/shewantstodesignatecolorsotherthanblackandwhite?Ordowhiteandblackalwaysmeanwhiteandblackcross-linguistically?22ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第22页TheinvestigationrevealedthatnativespeakersofthiscultureusethisWhiteversusBlackcontrasttoconveymoremessagesabouttheircolorperception.Theyusemodla

asageneralcolortermtoincludeallwarmcolorssuchasredandyellowandusemiliasanotherumbrellacolorwordtocoverallthecoldcolors.Therefore,thecontrastbetweenmodlaandmiliinfactisacontrastbetween“whitewarmness”versus“blackcoldness”.23ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第23页ThecolorwordsystemintheIrianlanguageisstillinitsfirststageofevolutionandbymeansofusingthiswhitewarmnessandblackcoldnesscontrastandothertypesofcolorwordsderivedfromobjectnames,animals,plantsandsoon,thespeakersfromthisculturecansuccessfullyexpressanycolorslabelledbydistinctcolorwordsinanotherculture.24ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第24页语言含有普遍性理论。认知科学强调人类认知共性，这跟语言相对论恰好针锋相对。强调人类认知基础是人遗传天赋。常举一个例子是颜色词研究。从表面上看各种语言颜色词各不相同，但Berlin和Kay研究（1969）发觉它们有共性。任何语言最少都有两个颜色词（白和黑），新几内亚高地语只有“白”和“黑”两个颜色词。英语有11个颜色词。有右边颜色词，就必有其左边颜色词。这就是语言共性，而且认知语言学家认为这种共性是有生理基础，那就是白色跟黑色含有最强聚焦性，因为眼睛对这两种光频最敏感。杨永林，色彩语码研究进化论与相对论之争，《外语教学与研究》第3期，第190-195页。25ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第25页Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

Wemustbecarefulanddonotrushtoayhastyconclusionbeforewereallyobtainsomereliableevidencetosupportorrejectthehypothesis.Donotalwaysevaluatealanguagesystemagainstthecriteriainourmothertongue.Thestrongversionhasveryfewadherentstoday.26ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第26页Culture-loadedwords烫手山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉vs.meatandpotatoes酒肉朋友vs.fair-weatherfriendkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggsvs.杀鸡取卵27ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第27页CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,kongfu,tofu,tea,etc.28ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第28页Netspeak网络语言顶(支持)555(呜呜呜)粉丝(fans)mm/MM(妹妹)LZ(楼主)DD/dd(弟弟)88(拜拜)偶(我)马甲(ID)沙发斑竹(版主)稀饭(喜欢)汗或寒(敬畏)晕(非常惊异)ps/PS(photoshop简称)灌水(发帖子)ddd(顶顶顶)bs/BS(藐视)ms(貌似)滴(、地)29ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第29页1.3CasestudiesTheinterplayoflanguageandculturemayrangefromtextualstructuretophonologicalvariation.Kaplan(1966):Thestructuralorganizationofatexttendstobeculturallyspecific.Nida(1998):Wordsaresometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.30ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第30页杨永林(1993)madeseveralcasestudiesthroughhispersonalexposuretotheAmericanculture.1)Whenyougetyourhandsdirty,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanintheAmericanculturethatyou’vedonesomemanualworkandneedtowashyourhand.(practicesomething,beengagedindoingsomething)2)Whenyouhaveenoughdumbbells(哑铃),itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatyoukeeppairsofthisinstrumentforregularphysicalpractices.(havelotsofstupidguys)31ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第31页1.4Doweneedcultureinourlinguisticstudy?Yes.AstudyoflinguisticissuesinaculturalsettingcangreatlypromoteourunderstandingofMOTIVATIONandDIRECTIONALITYinlanguagechange.有利于对语言改变动因和方向性进行了解。32ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第32页TheWatergateexample:TheWatergate:美国华盛顿特区一综合大厦，1972年6月17日夜间共和党争取总统连任委员会相关人员潜入大厦内民主党全国委员会总部而被捕，暴露了共和党政府在总统竞选中非法活动，造成美国历史上首次总统辞职(尼克松)。水门事件式丑闻，丑闻ThissuffixenjoysarichproductivityinAmericanEnglish.Wordsderivedfromthissourceinevitablytakeonaculturallypejorativeimplicationtoreferto“thedisclosuresofmisconductinhighplaces”(被揭露出来高层丑闻).33ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第33页Tentativeconclusionsbasedonthefindings1)“Watergate”,asawordtakingonapejorativeimplicaturetorefertoanypoliticalscandalatthehighrank,willstayinEnglishforquitealongtime;2)Itsstructuralstatusinthelanguagebecomesratherstablethroughtherichderivationalprocessesithasundergoneinword-formation;3)Thesemanticimplicatureithaswillstaywiththewordforquitealongtime.34ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第34页1.5CultureinlanguageteachingclassroomTherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguageteachingThreeobjectivesforustoteachcultureinourlanguageclass:1)Togetstudentsfamiliarwithculturaldifferences;2)Tohelpstudentstranscendtheirowncultureandseethingsasthemembersofthetargetculturewill;3)Toemphasizetheinseparabilityofunderstandinglanguageandunderstandingculturethroughvariousclassroompractices.35ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第35页Questionstoponder1.WhatisthemainideaoftheSapir-WhorfHypothesis?

Whatisyourcomment?2.MakeananalysisontheinterplaybetweenLanguageandculture.36ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第36页2.LanguageandSocietyLanguageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunction–tomaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.37ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第37页Howdoeslanguagerelatetosociety?LinguisticsasaMONISTICorAUTONOMOUSPURSUITofanindependentscience一元性或自治性LinguisticsasaDUALISTICinquiry二元性E.g你——您tu——vous38ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第38页Usersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Whateachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyone’ssocialbackground.

Whenwespeakwecannotavoidgivingourlistenerscluesaboutouroriginandourbackground.Thesocialenvironmentcanalsobereflectedinlanguage,andcanoftenhaveaneffectonthestructureandthevocabulary.Forexample,asociety'skinshipsystemisgenerallyreflectedinitskinshipvocabulary.39ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第39页40ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第40页41ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第41页AsituationallyandsociallyvariationistperspectiveAnappropriatelanguageuseinanysocialinteractionnotonlyhassomethingtodowithstructuralrules,butalsoinvolvessomesociallyinstitutionalizednormsinusage.Thechoiceofoneformoveranotherisbothstylisticallyandsociallygoverned.42ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第42页Amaximinsociolinguistics:“Youarewhatyousay.”(尔即尔所言)Somesocialfactorsthatinfluenceourlanguagebehaviourinasocialcontext:1)class;2)gender;3)age;4)ethnicidentity;5)educationbackground;6)occupation;7)religiousbeliefWilliamLabov(拉波夫):afamoussociolinguistHeconductedasurveyatseveraldepartmentsintheCityofNewYorkinthemiddleof1960s.43ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第43页Theobjectiveofhissurveywastoexaminetherelationshipbetweenspeakers’socialstatusandtheirphonologicalVARIATIONS.TheSocialStratificationofEnglishinNewYorkCity(1966)《纽约英语社会阶层性》Labovexplicitlydelineatedthepatternsofstratificationbyclassandstyleandsuccessfullyintroducedclassasanindispensablesociolinguisticvariable.调查纽约市内不一样阶层人说英语时使用元音后[r]音情况（保留还是脱落）。元音后[r]音保留被认为是社会中上层人士说话标志。44ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第44页Social-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.45ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第45页Upperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaperLowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff,ill,settee,glasses,notepaper46ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第46页SpeakerA SpeakerBIdidityesterday. Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit. Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit. Itwasherwhatsaidit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.47ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第47页InBritain,accent=markerofstatusRP:anon-localizedformofpronunciation,referstotheparticularwayofpronouncingstandardEnglish,anindicatorofapublicschooleducationandthusahighsocialstatusonthepartofthespeaker.EE:EstuaryEnglish,commonlyusedbyeducatedpeopleintheregionaroundLondon.LessrigidthanRPbutmorestandardthanCockney.Cockney:lowerclassdialectofEastLondon,considerednon-standardbyeducatedpeople.48ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第48页Varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.49ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第49页Regionaldialectsarelinguisticvarietiesusedbypeoplelivingindifferentregions.Regionaldialectboundariesoftencoincidewithgeographicalbarrierssuchasmountains,rivers,orswamps.

English

ScottishItneedswashingItneedswashed50ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第50页Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Standarddialect:Sociallyprestigiousdialect.Bythegovernment,massmedia,schools.Anymembercanpossiblyuse.Basedonaselectedvariety.Notacquirednaturally,superimposed.e.g.普通话(Mandarin)

51ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第51页LanguageandGender

Differencesbetweenwomenandmenhavealwaysbeenatopicofinteresttothehumanspecies.

52ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第52页ThereexistsaWOMENREGISTER.Itsfeaturesinclude1)womenusemore“fancy”colorterms;mauve,beige,aquamarine,lavender,magentaImagineamanandawomanbothlookingatthesamewall,paintedapinkishshadeofpurple.Thewomanmaysay:Thewallismauve.53ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第53页Ifthemanshouldsaytheabovesentence,onemightwellconcludehewasimitatingawomansarcastically,orwasahomosexual,oraninteriordecorator.54ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第54页2)womenuselesspowerfulcursewords(少用Goddamnit!Damn!Shit!Fuckyou!惯用Oh,dear!Goodnessme!);a.Ohdear,you'veputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.b.Shit,you'veputthepeanutbutterintherefrigeratoragain.55ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第55页3)womenusemoreintensifierssuchasterrible,awful,sogood,suchfun,exquisite,lovely,divine,precious,adorable,darling,fantastic.(Neutralonesaregreat,terrific,cool,neat)InChapterIIIinJaneAusten’snovel,PrideandPrejudice,MrsBennet,excitedafterparticipatinginaparty,talkedtoherhusbandaboutMr.Bingleyasfollows:56ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第56页Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamost

excellentball.…Janewasso

admired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite

beautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!…[Mr.Darcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenoughtodancewith.57ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第57页Wife:Youalwaysleaveyourpapersabout,dear!Husband:Really?Didn’tIputtheminplaceyesterday?Inasense,theoveruseofthewordsofabsolutenessorextremitymaycausechangesinthemeaningofawordatleastintheeyeofaman.58ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第58页4)womenusemoretagquestions(Johnishere,isn’tit?);5)womenusemorestatementquestions(Dinnerwillbereadyatseveno’clock?);6)women’slinguisticbehaviourismoreindirectandmorepolitethanmen’s59ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第59页Thesedifferencesinlanguageusearebroughtaboutbynothinglessthanwomen’splaceinsociety.Linguisticsexism语言性别歧视现象许多职业名称如doctor,professor,engineer等，人们习惯于把它们跟男性联络在一起，若要指称女性，往往要加上woman一词，如womandoctor。还有一些名称含有男性语素man，如chairman,congressman,spokesman,salesman等，也用来指女性。Man作为mankind同义词指人类，男女性都包含在内。与之相呼应，英语人称代词中，he(他)有时也可包含she(她)，比如：Aprofessorusuallyseeshisstudentsduringofficehours.60ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第60页Typesoflinguisticsexism(fromKing1991)1.male-as-norm(womeninvisible)

Eachcandidateshouldincludethreecopiesofhisrésuméwiththeapplication.

2.irrelevantreferencetogender

Thatwomandentistisreallyexcellent.

3.

irrelevantreferencetophysicalappearanceordomesticrelationships

SusanDixon,abeautiful,green-eyedblonde,hasjustenteredherfirstyearofmedicalschool.

4.

inappropriateformsofaddress

Heyhoney!What'swrong?

61ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第61页Halliday:RegisterLvariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.ThetypeofLwhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.62ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第62页Fieldofdiscourse(话语范围):whatisgoingon,purposeandsubject-matterofcommunication,why,whatTechnicalvs.non-technicalTenorofdiscourse（话语基调）:theroleofrelationshipinthesituation,who,towhomThelevelofformalityModeofdiscourse（话语方式）:themeansofcommunication,howAlectureonbiology63ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第63页MartinJoos:DegreeofformalityFrozenFormalConsultativeCasualIntimateFormal<>Informal64ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第64页Visitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheupperfloorbywayofthestaircase.(frozen)Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.(formal)Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsplease?(consultative)Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.(casual)Upyougo,Chaps!(intimate)65ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第65页Whatshouldweknowmoreaboutsociolinguistics?Asociolinguisticstudyofsociety(macrosociolinguistics)andasociolinguisticstudyoflanguage(Microsociolinguistics):Ifwewanttoknowmoreaboutagivensocietyorcommunitybyexaminingthelinguisticbehaviourofitsmembers,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyofsociety.Thatis,wearedoingsociolinguisticsatamacrolevelofinvestigation.Topicsofstudymayincludebilingualismormultilingualism,languageattitudes,languagechoice,languagemaintenanceandshift,languageplanningandstandardization,vernacularlanguageeducation.66ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第66页Ifwewanttoknowmoreaboutsomelinguisticvariationsinlanguageusebyturningtopotentialsocioculturalfactorsforadescriptionandexplanation,wearedoingasociolinguisticstudyoflanguage.Weareinterestedinexaminingmicrolinguisticphenomenasuchasstructuralvariants,addressforms(称呼语),genderdifferences,discourseanalysis,Pidgin(皮钦语)andCreole(克里奥尔语)languagesandothermorelanguage-relatedissues.67ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第67页皮钦语是在殖民时期诞生。当欧洲商人、水手、传教士涉足亚洲、非洲、美洲、大洋州口岸与当地人打交道时，因为彼此语言不通，就把两种语言成份混合在一起使用，以到达沟通目标。皮钦语大多以英语、法语、葡语等某一欧洲语言为基础，把语法规则大大地简化，没有性、数、格等改变和波折、派生等词形。说话人借助于有限词语和简单词序来指称事物或传递指令。皮钦语生长过程与社会变迁息息相关，它们命运取决于交际环境需要。有些皮钦语如17世纪至19世纪在我国南方沿海地域流行“洋泾浜”英语逐步消失了。有些皮钦语则稳定了下来，词汇和语法伎俩丰富了起来，扩大了使用范围和表示功效。皮钦语可成为人们第二语言，也可发展成为克里奥尔语。当某一地域人们把皮钦语传授给后代，变为他们母语时，皮钦语就实现了克里奥尔化。68ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第68页Bilingualism——twolanguagesareincontact.Thiscontactmayleadtointerference.Pidgin,Creole,diglossia69ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第69页Pidgin:notanativelanguageofanyone.learnedinformallyincontact.usedesp.astradelanguage.involvesthemixtureoftwoormoreLs.Eg.NigerianPidginEnglish;VietnamesePidginFrench;NewGuineaPidginGerman,etc.70ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第70页上海话中洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏、下三滥、劣质）“大兴”（DASHY，浮华，华而不实，引申为假、冒牌、劣质）“肮三”（ONSALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人品质低劣）“瘪三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛骂人用语之一。“赤佬”是英语“CHEAT”（坑骗）和汉字“佬”混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行洋泾浜俚语（隐语）。71ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第71页Frompidginto

creolesAsaresultofintermarriage,thepidginisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.Pidginisnotjustacontactlanguagewithlimitedsocialfunctions,butcandealwithmore.Eg.HaitianCreole,HawaiianCreoleEnglish72ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第72页Diglossia:Twodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)73ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,andSociety第73页Code-Switching:

Bilingualsoft