lecture 7 how to cite公开课一等奖省优质课大赛获奖课件

Howtocite-asteptosynthesisWhenthewordsorideasyouareusingaretakenfromanotherwriter,youmustmakethisclear.Ifyoudonotdothisanduseanotherperson'swordsorideasasiftheywereyourown,thisis

Plagiarism

andplagiarismisregardedasaveryseriousoffence.Theideasandpeoplethatyourefertoneedtobemadeexplicitbyasystemofcitation.Theobjectofthisistosupplytheinformationneededtoallowausertofindasource.Therearetwowaysinwhichyoucanreferto,orcite,anotherperson'swork:a)byreportingorb)bydirectquotation.a)

ReportingThissimplymeansreportingtheotherwriter'sideasintoyourownwords.Youcaneitherparaphraseifyouwanttokeepthelengththesameorsummariseifyouwanttomakethetextshorter.Therearetwomainways(Swales,1990,p.148)ofshowingthatyouhaveusedanotherwriter'sideas:integralAccordingtoPeters(1983)evidencefromfirstlanguageacquisitionindicatesthatlexicalphrasesarelearntfirstasunanalysedlexicalchunks.EvidencefromfirstlanguageacquisitionindicatingthatlexicalphrasesarelearntfirstasunanalysedlexicalchunkswasgivenbyPeters(1983).OR

non-integralEvidencefromfirstlanguageacquisition(Peters,1983)indicatesthatlexicalphrasesarelearntfirstasunanalysedlexicalchunks.Lexicalphrasesarelearntfirstasunanalysedlexicalchunks(Peters,1983).Ifyouwanttorefertoaparticularpartofthesource:AccordingtoPeters(1983,p.56)evidencefromfirstlanguageacquisitionindicatesthatlexicalphrasesarelearntfirstasunanalysedlexicalchunks.(Atendofessay)References

Peters,A.

Theunitsoflanguageacquisition.

Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.1983.Note:everyreferenceyoumentioninthethesisshouldbeincludedinyourbibliographyorreferences.b)DirectQuotationOccasionallyyoumaywanttoquoteanotherauthor'swordsexactly.Forexample:Hillocks(1982)similarlyreviewsdozensofresearchfindings.Hewrites,"Theavailableresearchsuggeststhatteachingbywrittencommentoncompositionsisgenerallyineffective"(p.267).(Atendofessay)References

Hillocks,G.Theinteractionofinstruction,teachercomment,andrevisioninteachingthecomposingprocess.

ResearchintheTeachingofEnglish,16,1982:

261-278.Ifyoudoso,keepthequotationasbriefaspossibleandquoteonlywhenitisnecessary.Youmustalwayshaveagoodreasonforusingaquote-andfeelingunabletoparaphraseorsummariseisneveragoodreason.Theideaofanessayisforyoutosaysomethingforyourselfusingtheideasofthesubject;youpresentideasyouhavelearnedinyourownway.Theemphasisshouldbeonworkingwithotherpeople’sideas,notreproducingtheirwords.

Thiscanbedoneinseveralways,eitherintegralornon-integral:Widdowson(1979,p.5)statesthat"thereisagooddealofargumentinfavourofextendingtheconceptofcompetencetocovertheabilitytouselanguagetocommunicativeeffect."AccordingtoWiddowson(1979),"thereisagooddealofargumentinfavourofextendingtheconceptofcompetencetocovertheabilitytouselanguagetocommunicativeeffect"(p.5).AccordingtoWiddowson,"thereisagooddealofargumentinfavourofextendingtheconceptofcompetencetocovertheabilitytouselanguagetocommunicativeeffect"(1979,p.5).Accordingtooneresearcher,"thereisagooddealofargumentinfavourofextendingtheconceptofcompetencetocovertheabilitytouselanguagetocommunicativeeffect"(Widdowson,1979,p.5).(Inallcasesatendofessay)References

Widdowson,H.G.

Explorationsinappliedlinguistics.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.1979.SecondarysourcesInallcases,ifyouhavenotactuallyreadtheworkyouarereferringto,youshouldgivethereferenceforthesecondarysource-whatyouhaveread.Inthetext,youshouldthenusethefollowingmethod:AccordingtoJones(ascitedinSmith,1982,p.276),the....(Atendofessay)References

Smith.G.Theplaceboeffect.

PsychologyToday,18,

1982:273-278.LanguageReporting-ParaphrasingandSummarisingReportingusesparaphraseandsummarytoacknowledgeanotherauthor'sideas.Youcanextractandsummariseimportantpoints,whileatthesametimemakingitclearfromwhomandwhereyouhavegottheideasyouarediscussingandwhatyourpointofviewis.Compare,forexample:Brown(1983,p.231)claimsthatafarmoreeffectiveapproachis...Brown(1983,p.231)pointsoutthatafarmoreeffectiveapproachis...Afarmoreeffectiveapproachis...(Brown,1983,p.231)ThefirstoneisBrown'spointofviewwithnoindicationaboutyourpointofview.ThesecondoneisBrown'spointofview,whichyouagreewith,andthethirdisyourpointofview,whichissupportedbyBrown.Herearesomemoreexpressionsyoucanusetorefertosomeone'sworkthatyouaregoingtoparaphrase:Ifyouagreewithwhatthewritersays.TheworkofXindicatesthat...TheworkofXrevealsthat...TheworkofXshowsthat...TurningtoX,onefindsthat...ReferencetoXrevealsthat...InastudyofY,Xfoundthat...AsXpointsout,...AsXperceptivelystates,...AsXhasindicated,...AstudybyXshowsthat...Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat...Xcorrectlyarguesthat...Xrightlypointsoutthat...Xmakesclearthat...Ifyoudisagreewithwhatthewritersays.Xclaimsthat...Xstateserroneouslythat...TheworkofXassertsthat...Xfeelsthat...However,YdoesnotsupportX'sargumentthat...Ifyoudonotwanttogiveyourpointofviewaboutwhatthewritersays.AccordingtoX...ItistheviewofXthat...TheopinionofXisthat...InanarticlebyX,...ResearchbyXsuggeststhat...Xhasexpressedasimilarview.Xreportsthat...Xnotesthat...Xstatesthat...Xobservesthat...Xconcludesthat...Xarguesthat...Xfoundthat...Xdiscoveredthat...QuotingSometimesyoumaywanttoquoteanauthor'swordsexactly,notparaphrasethem.Ifyoudecidetoquotedirectlyfromatext,youwillneedanexpressiontointroduceitandquotationmarkswillneedtobeused:AsXsaid/says,"......"AsXstated/states,"......"AsXw