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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-国防科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Mostmembersofthecamelfamilyarefoundinaridhabitats.

问题1选项

A.dirty

B.dry

C.sandy

D.harsh

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项dirty“下流的,卑鄙的,肮脏的”,B项dry“干的,口渴的,枯燥无味的”,C项sandy“沙地的,多沙的,含沙的”,D项harsh“严厉的,严酷的,刺耳的”。句意:骆驼科的大多数成员生活在干旱的栖息地。根据句意可知,arid在句中表示“干旱的”,四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此,该题选择B项。

2.单选题

MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemcaptivatedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequently,nothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious.Accordingly,itrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixing(thedeterminationofpricesbytheseller)asboth“normal”andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Hence,acomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree--marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantpricecutting,becausepricecuttingwouldbeprejudicialtocommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot.

Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixing,thecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave.

Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.Intheearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitedStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;rather,Sovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices.

50.Theauthor’sattitudetoward“Mosteconomists”intheUnitedStates(para1)canbestbedescribedas____.

51.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sargumentthatapricefixedbytheseller“seemspernicious”(para1)because____.

52.Thesuggestioninthetextthatpricefixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor’sstatementthatprice-fixingis____.

53.Accordingtotheauthor,pricefixinginnon-socialistcountriesisoften____.

问题1选项

A.spitefulandenvious

B.scornfulanddenunciatory

C.criticalandcondescending

D.ambivalentbutdeferential

问题2选项

A.peopledonothaveconfidenceinlargefirms

B.peopledonotexpectthegovernmenttoregulateprices

C.mosteconomistsbelievethatconsumersasagroupshoulddetermineprices

D.mosteconomistsassociatefixedpriceswithcommunistandsocialisteconomies

问题3选项

A.aprofitableresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.aninevitableresultoftheindustrialsystem

C.theresultofanumberofcarefullyorganizeddecisions

D.aphenomenoncommontoindustrializedandnon-industrializedsocieties

问题4选项

A.accidentalbutproductive

B.illegalbutuseful

C.legalandinnovative

D.intentionalandwidespread

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】50.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】观点态度题。定位到文章第一段最后一句Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecausetheyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot(大多数经济学家并不知道价格操纵会在何时发生,因为他们期望价格操纵由大公司之间的一系列明确协议带来;事实并非如此)和第二段第一句Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialist-countriesotherthantheUnitedStates(此外,那些认为允许自由市场不受干扰地运行是建立价格的最有效方法的经济学家没有考虑美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济),可以看出作者对大部分经济学家的态度是批判的,所以C项“批判”符合。A项“怨恨和嫉妒”,B项“蔑视和谴责”和D项“矛盾但恭敬”,均未在文中体现。

51.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干:从作者的论点可以推断,卖方定价“似乎有害”,因为。定位到文章第一段第二句Apricethatisdeterminedbytheselleror,forthatmatter,establishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemspernicious(就此而言,由卖方决定的价格,或由消费者群体以外的任何人确定的价格,似乎是有害的),所以C项“大多数经济学家认为,消费者作为一个群体应该决定价格”符合这句话所表达的意思。而A项“人们对大公司没有信心”,B项“人们不指望政府调控物价”,D项“大多数经济学家把固定价格与共产主义和社会主义经济联系起来”均属于无中生有。

52.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干:本文认为,工业社会的价格管制是正常的,这是因为作者认为价格管制是……?定位到文章第一段第四句Infact,price-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovides,asaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopment,theprice-fixingthatitrequires.(事实上,在所有工业化社会中,定价都是正常的,因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的定价,这是它自身发展的一个不费吹灰之力的结果),可知B项“工业系统的必然结果”符合文意,当选。A项“经济发展的有益结果”,C项“一系列精心组织的决定的结果”,D项“工业化和非工业化社会的共同现象”,均在文中未提及。

53.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。从第二段第二句和第三句Theseeconomiesemployintentionalpricefixing,usuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace(这些经济体通常以公开的方式有意操纵价格。卡特尔的正式定价和涵盖行业成员的协议的非正式定价是司空见惯的),特别是里面的关键词intentional和commonplace,可知D项“有意和普遍的”符合题意。A项“偶然但富有成效”,B项“非法但有用”,C项“合法且创新”,都不符合文意,排除。

3.单选题

Hediscovered,tohismortification,thatisyoungsonknewmuchmoreaboutthesubjectthanhedid.

问题1选项

A.surprise

B.decoration

C.delight

D.humiliation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项surprise“惊奇,诧异”,B项decoration“装饰,装潢”,C项delight“高兴”,D项humiliation“丢脸,耻辱,蒙羞”。句意:使他感到难堪的是,他发现他的小儿子在这方面比他懂得多。根据句意可知,mortification在句中表示“难堪”,四个选项中意思与之相近的是D项。因此,该题选择D项。

4.单选题

Idon’tliketheridesinamusementparkbecausetheyhavea______effectonme.

问题1选项

A.viable

B.amiable

C.vertiginous

D.monotonous

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项viable表示“可行的,能养活的”,B项amiable表示“和蔼可亲的,亲切的”,C项vertiginous表示“令人眩晕的,眼花的,高而陡峭的”,D项monotonous表示“单调的,无抑扬顿挫的,无变化的”。根据ridesinamusementpark(游乐园里的游乐设施)可知,“令人眩晕的”符合语境。句意:我不喜欢游乐园里的游乐设施,因为它们会让我头晕目眩。因此,该题选择C项正确。

5.单选题

Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphinsaremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficialnamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.

Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.

AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.

58.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

59.Pakicetusandmoderncetaceanshavesimilar______.

60.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurus______.

61.ItcanbeinferredthatBasilosaurusbredandgavebirthinwhichofthefollowinglocations?

问题1选项

A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike.

B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.

C.Theylivedintheseaonly.

D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

问题2选项

A.hearingstructures

B.adaptationsfordiving

C.skullshapes

D.breedinglocations

问题3选项

A.livedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans

B.livedatthesametimeasPakicetus

C.wasabletoswimwell

D.couldnothavewalkedonland

问题4选项

A.Onland.

B.Bothonlandandatsea.

C.Inshallowwater.

D.Inamarineenvironment.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】58.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从第1段中可以推断出关于早期海獭的哪一项?”。根据第一段第四句However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.(然而,不像海獭和鳍足类动物,如海豹、海狮和海象,它们的四肢既能在陆地上也能在海上活动,很难想象第一批鲸鱼长什么样)可知,第一批鲸鱼不像海獭和鳍足类动物一样,它们只能在海里活动,所以很难想象它们的样子,从而反推,想象早期的海獭是什么样子没有那么难,故A项“不难想象它们长什么样”正确,由此也可知C项“他们只住在海里”与原文不符;第一段都没有提到早期海獭的数量及其化石,B项“数量巨大”和D项“他们没有留下很多化石遗迹”不选。因此,该题选择A项正确。

59.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“巴基鲸和现代鲸目动物也有类似的……”。根据第三段第三句Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.(这个头骨与鲸类动物相似,但它的下颚骨缺少现代鲸鱼用来接收水下声音的、充满脂肪或油的扩大空间。)可知,Pakicetus化石有和现代鲸目动物相似的头骨,C项“头骨形状”正确;第三段第四句提到Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.(巴基鲸可能像陆地哺乳动物一样通过耳孔探测声音。)可知,巴基鲸的听力结构可能和陆地哺乳动物一样,但现代鲸目动物是海洋哺乳生物,故A项“听力结构”错误;第三段最后两句指出IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.(据推测,巴基鲸以浅水鱼类为食,尚未适应在开阔的海洋中生活。它可能在陆地上繁殖和繁殖。)可知,巴基鲸并不能在海中生活更别说潜水,而且它们在陆地上繁殖,现代鲸目动物并不能在陆地上繁殖,所以B项“对潜水的适应能力”和D项“繁殖地点”均错误。因此,该题选择C项正确。

60.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“龙王鲸的后肢是一个重要的发现,因为它表明龙王鲸……”。根据题干关键词hindleg可定位到文章最后两句Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(这样的后肢太小了,根本无法在陆地上支撑50英尺长的龙王鲸。龙王鲸无疑是一种完全的海洋鲸鱼,有着可能没有功能或退化的后腿。),由此可推测,龙王鲸因为后肢太小而不能支撑自己的身体,所以它不能在陆地上行走,是一种完全的海洋生物,所以D项“不能在陆地上行走”正确;A项“生活的时期比陆行鲸晚”,最后一段并未提及龙王鲸和陆行鲸生活的时期先后的比较,所以A项并不能从文中推断出来;B项“和巴基鲸生活在同一时期”,最后一段提到Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.(这种鲸鱼生活在大约4000万年前,比巴基鲸晚1200万年。)可知,B项与原文不符;C项“游的很好”,文中虽然说龙王鲸是一种完全的海洋生物,但是并没有信息可以推敲出它游的很好,C项过度推断。因此,该题选择D项正确。

61.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断,龙王鲸是在以下哪个地点繁殖和分娩的?”。文章最后一句指出Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(龙王鲸无疑是一种完全的海洋鲸鱼,有着可能没有功能或退化的后腿。)可知,龙王鲸是在海洋里面生活的,A项“在陆地上”和B项“陆上和海上都有”因此错误;文章并没有强调或者提及龙王鲸到底是生活在海洋的浅水区还是深水区,所以只能推断龙王鲸是在海洋环境中繁殖和分娩的,D项“在海洋环境中”正确,C项“在浅水区”太片面。因此,该题选择D项正确。

6.单选题

Lightfromthesunanddistantstarstraversesavacuuminspace.

问题1选项

A.fills

B.creates

C.surrounds

D.crosses

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项fill“装满,使充满,满足”,B项create“创造,创作”,C项surround“围绕,包围”,D项cross“穿越,越过”。句意:来自太阳和遥远恒星的光穿过空间的真空。traverse在句中表示“穿过”。因此,该题选择D项。

7.单选题

TheExperimentalPsychologySocietytriestoimprovescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields.

问题1选项

A.cognate

B.congenial

C.congenital

D.cognitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项cognate“同源的,同类的”,B项congenial“意气相投的,性格相似的”,C项congenital“先天的,天生的”,D项cognitive“认知的,认识的”。空格处修饰的词语是field(领域),由此可知,B、C项是修饰人的,故排除;根据improvescientificcommunicationsamongexperimentalpsychologistsandthoseworkingin______fields(改善实验心理学家和在……领域工作的人之间的科学交流)可知,A项更符合。句意:实验心理学协会试图改善实验心理学家和在相同领域工作的人之间的科学交流。因此,该题选择A项。

8.单选题

Shewassoabsorbedinreadingthatnoisecouldnot______her.

问题1选项

A.dismiss

B.dispatch

C.disperse

D.distract

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项dismiss“解散,解雇,开除”,B项dispatch“派遣,发送,迅速处理”,C项disperse“分散,使散开”,D项distract“转移,分心”。由beabsorbedin(全神贯注于)和so…that…(如此……以至于……)可知,D项符合。句意:她全神贯注地读书,喧闹声不能使她分心。因此,该题选择D项。

9.单选题

Thedecreaseofhisfeverwasabenignsign.

问题1选项

A.unfavorable

B.favorable

C.harsh

D.unharsh

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项unfavorable“不宜的,令人不快的”,B项favorable“有利的,良好的”,C项harsh“严厉的,严酷的”,D项unharsh“不苛刻的”。句意:他退烧了是一个好兆头。根据句意可知,benign在句中表示“好的”。因此,该题选择B项。

10.单选题

TheRosettastonethwartedscholars’effortsforseveraldecadesuntiltheearlynineteenthcenturywhenseveralkeyhieroglyphicphrasesweredecodedusingtheGreekinscription.

问题1选项

A.stimulated

B.influenced

C.frustrated

D.encouraged

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。题干thwarted“阻止;阻挠”。A项“激发;激励”,B项“影响”,C项“使沮丧;阻止;防止”,D项“支持;鼓励”。因此选C。句意:罗塞塔石碑阻碍了学者们数十年的努力,直到19世纪初,希腊文字才对几个关键的象形文字进行了解码。

11.单选题

Salesmanshipistheabilitytoswaypeopletowillinglybuyproductsorsupportnewideas.

问题1选项

A.educate

B.expect

C.allow

D.persuade

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项educate“教育,培养,训练”,B项expect“期望,指望,认为”,C项allow“允许,给予,认可”,D项persuade“说服,劝说,使某人相信”。句意:推销术是说服人们愿意购买产品或支持新想法的能力。sway在句中表示“说服”,四个选项中意思与之相近的是D项。因此,该题选择D项。

12.单选题

Tuckerisa______eater.Everydayhepolishesoffahalf-dozenhamburgers,apoundofpotatosalad,andagiantbowlofchocolatemousse.

问题1选项

A.savory

B.palatable

C.culinary

D.voracious

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项savory“咸味的,好吃的,好闻的”,B项palatable“(食物或饮料)可口的,味美的”,C项culinary“烹饪的,食物的”,D项voracious“饭量大的,贪吃的,狼吞虎咽的”。由后面的句意“吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯”可知,D项符合。句意:塔克食量很大,他每天要吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯。因此,该题选择D项。

13.翻译题

Whethertheyaremaleorfemale,adolescentsfeellikedecidingoneverythingthemselvesinspiteofparents’instruction,especiallywhentheyfaceproblemslikesex,mentalstress,etc.,whichmakethemfeelashamedandembarrassed.Thustheyoftenautomaticallygetintotroublesduetotheirimperfectcomprehensionandjudgment.Someareaddictedtocigarettes,onlyseveralpacketsofwhichwillhurttheirlingsandmakethembreathlessquickly.Othercan’tquitdrinkingalcohol,whoseharmfuleffectsincludescausingyoungpregnantwomentoabortorgivebirthtoabnormalbabies.Theworstisdrugabuse,forthewithdrawalistoughoncetheirbodiesareaccustomedtothedrugs.Meanwhile,thosewhoshareneedlesboughtfromillegalchemistsareatgreatriskofbeinginfectedwithdesperateAIDS.Ifso,neitherinjectingnortakingpillscanguaranteetheirsurvival.

However,don’tbedisappointedatorhaveprejudiceagainstourchildrensoeasily.Afterall,beingawkwardisanappendixofyouth.Aslongaswestrengthencommunicationwiththeminsteadofonlybanningthisorbanningthat,wewillsurelyhelpthemavoidanythingunfit.

【答案】参考译文:

不论男女,青少年们都喜欢不顾家长的指导,自己对一切作决定,特别是当他们面对如性、心理压力等等一些使他们觉得羞愧和尴尬的问题时更是如此。因此,由于他们理解力和判断力的不足,他们常常会无意识地陷入困境中。有的对香烟上瘾,只要几包就会对他们的肺造成损害,使他们很容易就气喘吁吁;有的没法戒酒,喝酒带来的不良后果包括造成年轻的怀孕女性流产或生下不正常的婴儿;最糟糕的是滥用毒品,因为一旦他们的身体对毒品习惯了,要想戒毒就相当困难了。同时,那些共用从非法药剂师处购买的注射器的青少年还承担着感染令人绝望的艾滋病的极大风险。一旦感染上,不管是打针还是吃药都没法保证他们的生存了。

然而,请不要轻易就对我们的孩子失望或抱有偏见,毕竟,不成熟是年轻的必然附属品。只要我们加强和他们的沟通,而不是仅仅禁止这样,不准那样,我们一定能帮助他们避开不健康的东西。

14.单选题

Theyogainstructorexplainedthatdeep,diaphragmaticbreathingispalpablewhenoneplacesherhandonherabdomen.

问题1选项

A.tangible

B.dappled

C.pedantic

D.variable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。题干palpable“易于察觉的;可意识到的”。A项“有形的;可感知的”,B项“有斑点的;花斑的”,C项“迂腐的”,D项“多变的;易变的”。根据选项词义,选A。句意:瑜伽教练解释说,当一个人把手放在腹部时,可以感觉到腹式深呼吸。

15.单选题

Thatstudentisdiscourteous;hegrumblesnomatterhowonetriestopleasehim.

问题1选项

A.giggles

B.scolds

C.complains

D.sneers

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项giggle“咯咯地笑,傻笑”,B项scold“骂,责骂”,C项complain“抱怨,控诉”,D项sneer“嘲笑,冷笑”。句意:那个学生很无礼,不管别人怎么讨好他,他总是发牢骚。根据句意可知,grumble在句中表示“发牢骚”,四个选项中意思与之相近的是C项。因此,该题选择C项。

16.单选题

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatisse—presupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.

47.Whatistheauthormainlyconcernedwith?Theauthorisconcernedwith______.

48.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes“theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinparagraph2?

49.WhydoestheauthorintroduceAbstractExpressionistpainter?

50.Howdidthenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographystressthephotography?

问题1选项

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineart

C.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

问题2选项

A.Objective

B.Mechanical

C.Superficial

D.Paradoxical

问题3选项

A.Hewantstoprovideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodernart.

B.HewantstosetforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.

C.HewantstoprovideacontrasttoPopartistandothers.

D.Hewantstoprovideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.

问题4选项

A.Theystressedphotographywasameansofmakingpeoplehappy.

B.Itwasartforrecordingtheworld.

C.Itwasadeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially.

D.Itwasanartcomparabletopainting.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】47.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者主要关注的是……”。文章一开始讲述了19世纪摄影家为确立摄影是艺术而提出的种种依据,并把绘画和摄影作比较,来反驳否定摄影的论点,第二段和第三段阐述了即使摄影被确立为一门艺术,当代严肃的摄影师仍然声称自己绝不是创作艺术作品,接着作者用抽象表现主义绘画和古典现代主义绘画进行举例,证明摄影更多的是关注自身的主题而非艺术,最后总结摄影宣传会使公众忘记摄影是一种艺术。综上所知,文章中的作者主要关注的是当代严肃的摄影师对艺术的态度,所以C项“解释当代严肃的摄影师对摄影艺术的态度,并将这些态度放在他们的历史背景中”符合题意。A项“定义现代主义对艺术的态度”、B项“解释摄影是如何成为一门艺术的”和D项“定义当代严肃的摄影师对他们的艺术采取的各种方法,并评估这些方法的价值”都只是部分提及。因此,该题选择C项正确。

48.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】作者态度题。题干意思是“下面哪个形容词最好地描述了作者在第2段中描述的‘现代主义的胜利所强加的艺术概念’?”。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句话ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.(这说明他们就是把现代主义胜利所强加的艺术概念视为合理的,其合理程度是:艺术越强,对艺术的传统目的破坏得越大。),结合第二段倒数第三句有提到Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.(严肃的摄影师都声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自我,但绝不是创作艺术作品。)可知,严肃的摄影师虽然声称自己不是在创作艺术作品,但是他们却把现代主义胜利强加的艺术概念视为合理的,可推理这是一种矛盾的现象,所以D项“矛盾的”正确。A项“客观的”、B项“机械的,呆板的”和C项“肤浅的”都不正确。因此,该题选择D项正确。

49.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者为什么要介绍抽象表现主义画家?”。根据题干中的关键信息定位到第三段第二句Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.(例如,这些认为通过拍照可以摆脱绘画所表现的艺术的矫饰的摄影家,使我们想起了那些抽象表现主义画家,他们想象着通过专注于绘画的物理行为来摆脱古典现代主义绘画的严肃思想),结合第二段提到的Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.(严肃的摄影师都声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自我,但绝不是创作艺术作品。)推断,作者在第三段介绍抽象表现主义画家的例子,是要举例说明这些画家也如同当代严肃的摄影家一样,摆脱了传统的艺术目的,故A项“他要列举这样艺术家的例子,他们像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统上被接受的现代艺术目的”正确。B项“他想在抽象表现主义画家和古典现代主义画家之间找出相似点”不符合原文。C项“他要在流行艺术家和其它艺术家之间作一个对比”,文中在此处介绍抽象表现主义画家是想和当代严肃的摄影家进行类比,而不是流行艺术家和其他艺术家的对比,所以C项不选。D项“他想解释为什么严肃摄影,像其它当代视觉形式一样不是艺术,而且也不应当充作艺术”,文中没有提到其他当代视觉艺术形式不是艺术。因此,该题选择A项正确。

50.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“19世纪的摄影捍卫者是如何强调摄影的?”。第一段最后两句提到Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.(整个十九世纪,对摄影的捍卫与将其确立为一门艺术的斗争是一致的。有人指责摄影是一种没有灵魂的和对现实机械性的复制,摄影工作者却声称摄影不是复制品,而是一种特殊的观察方式,是对平庸视觉的叛逆,和绘画一样有艺术价值。),由此可推知,19世纪的摄影捍卫者认为摄影和绘画一样具有艺术价值,它是一种艺术,所以D项“这是一种可与绘画相媲美的艺术”正确。A项“他们强调摄影是一种让人快乐的方式”没有提到。B项“它是记录世界的艺术”和C项“这是一种公正地观察世界的装置”是当代严肃的摄影师对自己工作的声称,并不是摄影捍卫者强调的内容。因此,该题选择D项正确。

17.翻译题

Peoplecannotliveapartfromnature;thatisthefirstprincipleoftheconservationists.Andyet,peoplecannotliveinnaturewithoutchangingit.Butthisistrueofallcreatures;theydependuponnature,andtheychangeit.Whatwecallnatureis,inasense,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.Becauseofthewoodpeckers,natureisdifferentfromwhatitwouldbewithoutthem.Itisdifferentalsobecauseoftheborersandantsthatliveintreetrunks,andbecauseofthebacteriathatliveinthesoilunderthetree.Themakingofthesedifferencesisthemakingoftheworld.

Someofthechangesmadebywildcreatureswewouldcallbeneficent.Beaversarefamousformakingpondsthatturnintofertilemeadows;treesandprairiegrassesbuildsoil.Butsometimes,too,wewouldcallnaturalchangesdestructive.Accordingtoearlywitnesses,forinstance,largeareasaroundKentuckysaltlickswereseverelytrampedanderodedbythegreatherdsofhoofedanimalsthatgatheredthere.Thebuffalo“streets”throughhillycountryweresohollowedoutbyhoofwearanderosionthattheyremainvisiblealmosttwocenturiesafterthedisappearanceofthebuffalo.Andsoitcanhardlybeexpectedthathumanswouldnotchangenature.Humans,likeallothercreatures,mustmakeadifference;otherwisetheycannotlive.Butunlikeothercreatures,theymustmakeachoiceastothekindandofthedifferencetheymake.Iftheychoosetomaketoosmalladifferencetheydiminishtheirhumanity.Iftheychoosetomaketoogreatadifferencetheydiminishnature,andnarrowtheirsubsequentchoices;ultimately,theydiminishordestroythemselves.Nature,then,isnotonlyoursourcebutalsoourlimitandmeasure.

【答案】参考译文:

人类的生存离不开大自然,这是生态环境保护者的第一原则。然而,人类不可能在大自然中生存而不改变它。不过,这对所有生物来说都是如此,它们依赖自然且改变它。在某种意义上,我们把大自然称为各种各样的生物和大自然力量在自己复杂的活动、相互影响以及对生活环境的影响中引起的变化的全部。因为啄木鸟的存在,所以大自然不同于没有啄木鸟的大自然会呈现的样子。大自然也因为生活于树干的钻蛀虫和蚂蚁,以及生活在树下泥土中的细菌而不同。这些差异的形成就是世界的形成。

我们会把野生生物引起的一些变化称为是有益的:海狸因为把池塘变成肥沃草地而出名,树木和牧场草地构建了土壤。不过,我们有时会把大自然的变化称为有害的。例如,据早期目击者称,肯塔基州盐碱地周围大部分区域被聚集在那里的成群的有蹄类动物严重践踏和损坏。穿过丘陵地带的水牛“街道”被严重磨损和侵蚀,以至于它们(即水牛“街道”)在水牛消失后差不多两个世纪仍然看得见。因此,期望人类不会改变大自然几乎是不可能的。与所有其它生物一样,人类必须对大自然产生影响;否则他们就不能生存。不过,与其它生物不一样的是人类必须对于自己产生的影响的种类和规模做出选择。如果

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