新视野大学英语3阅读

Thehorseprecedemanonearth.AlthoughtheearliestremainsofprimitivehorseshavebeenfoundontheNorthAmericancontinent,manyscientistsbelievethissmallspeciestraveloveralandmassintheBeringSeatofoundthebeginningsofthemodemhorseinAsia.ItbecameextinctinAmerica.OtherscientistsbelievethatthehorsemayhaveoriginatedinAsia.InanyeventtheanimalsoonspreadintoChina,Europe,andtheMiddleEast.ThefirstmodemhorsestobeintroducedintotheAmericancontinentcamewiththeearlySpanishexplorers.Horseswerebredintomanytypes.TheheavyhorsesdevelopedinthelowcountriesofEuropeandwereusedforworkandbythemedievalknightstoholdthemandtheirheavyarmor.Theoldesthorsesleftinthe20thcenturyarefoundinMongolia.Horsesaresaidtorateinintelligenceaftertheape,elephant,anddog.Theyhaveexcellentmemoriesandcansometimesfindtheirwayhomewhenlost,andsensedangerbetterthantheirmasters.Theearlycivilizationsofmanthathadandmadeuseofthehorsedevelopedmorerapidlythanthosewhichdidnot.ThemodemhorsewasintroducedintotheAmericancontinentby.A)Asianslongago B)somescientistsC)theAmericanexplorers D)theSpanishwhofirstwentthereWhataresomeofthecharacteristicsofthehorse?A)Poormemories. B)GreatloyaltyC)Moreintelligentthanthedog.D)ForsomeabilitiestheysurpassthoseofmanWherewerethehorsesbelievedbysomepeopletooriginate?A)IntheMiddleEast B)InEuropeC)OntheNorthAmericancontinentD)InSpainWhatwastheprimaryuseofthehorseformaninancienttimes?A)Forfood B)ForprestigeC)Tobetraded D)ToworkforhimWhatcanbesaidaboutthevarietiesofhorses?Theearlyhorseswerelargerthatthemodembreeds.Theonlytruewildhorsesleftinthe20thcenturyareintheMiddleEast.ThemodemhorsewasfirstbredinArabia.Medievalknightspreferredfast,activehorse.DDCDCDuringtherestofsleep,thefatigueofthebodydisappearsandrecuperation(复原)begins.Thetiredmindgathersnewenergy;thememoryimproves;andannoyanceandproblemsareseencorrectly.Someadultsrequirelittlesleep,othersneedeighttotenhoursineverytwenty-four.Infantssleepsixteentoeighteenhoursdaily,theamountgraduallydecreasingastheygrowolder.Youngstudentsmayneedtwelvehours;universitystudentsmayneedten.Aworkerwithaphysicallydemandingjobmayalsoneedten,whereasanexecutiveworkingundergreatpressuremaymanageonsixtoeight.Manyfamouspeoplearewellknowntohaverequiredlittlesleep.NapoleonBonaparte,ThomasEdison,andCharlesDarwinapparentlyaveragedonlyfourtosixhoursanight.Whateveryourindividualneed,youcanbesurethatbytheageofthirtyyouwillhavesleptforatotalofmorethantwelveyears.Bythatageyouwillalsohavedevelopedasleeproutine:afavoritehour,afavoritebed,afavoriteposture(姿势)，andaformulayouneedtofollowinordertorestcomfortably.Investigatorshavetriedtofindouthowlongapersoncangowithoutsleep.Severalpeoplehavereachedmorethan115hours-nearlyfivedays.Whateverthelimit,itisabsolute.Animalskeptawakeforfromfivetoeightdayshavediedofexhaustion.Thelimitforhumanbeingsisprobablyaboutaweek.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat.alightsleepisasrefreshingasadeeponememoryisgreatlyimprovedduringsleepfamouspeopleneedlesssleepthanordinarypeoplesleepisimportantforgoodmentalandphysicalhealthItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheamountofsleeprequired.dependsonthebedonesleepsinvariesgreatlyfromoneindividualtoanothercanbepredictedfromthetypeofjobonehasiscloselyrelatedtotheamountofpressureonesuffersTheword“formula”(line3,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans.aprescriptionamathematicalruleafixedmethodorapproachanexpressionoftheelementsofacompoundApersonshouldinordertosleepwell.gotobedearlyfollowhissleeproutinesleepasmuchashecandoaphysicallydemandingjobThelongesttimeahumanbeingcansurvivewithoutsleepisprobablyA)fivedaysB)sevendaysC)tendaysD)twelvedaysDBCBBTheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalargepopulationhavelongbeenasubjectofdiscussionamongeconomists.Ithasbeenarguedthatthesupplyofgoodlandislimited.Tofeedalargepopulation,inferiorlandmustbecultivatedandthegoodlandworkedintensively.Thus,eachpersonproduceslessandthismeansaloweraverageincomethancouldbeobtainedwithasmallerpopulation.Othereconomistshavearguedthatalargepopulationgivesmorescopeforspecializationandthedevelopmentoffacilitiessuchasports,roadsandrailways,whicharenotlikelytobebuiltunlessthereisabigdemandtojustifythem.Oneofthedifficultiesincarryingoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogramliesinthefactthatofficialattitudestopopulationgrowthvaryfromcountrytocountrydependingonthelevelofindustrialdevelopmentandtheavailabilityoffoodandrawmaterials.Inadevelopingcountrywhereavastlyexpandedpopulationispressingharduponthelimitsoffood,spaceandnaturalresources,itwillbethefirstconcernofgovernmenttoplacealimitonthebirthrate,whatevertheconsequencesmaybe.Inahighlyindustrializedsocietytheproblemmaybemorecomplex.Adecreasingbirthratemayleadtounemploymentbecauseitresultsinadecliningmarketformanufacturedgoods.Whenthepressureofpopulationonhousingdeclines,pricesalsodeclineandthebuildingindustryisweakened.Facedwithconsiderationssuchasthese,thegovernmentofadevelopedcountrymaywellprefertoseeaslowlyincreasingpopulation,ratherthanonewhichisstableorindecline.Alargepopulationmaymean.higherproductivity,butaloweraverageincomelowerproductivity,butahigheraverageincomehigherproductivityandahigheraverageincomelowerproductivityandaloweraverageincomeAlargepopulationmayoffermorescopeforthedevelopmentof.economyextensivecultivationtransportationagricultureInhighlyindustrializedcountries,unemploymentmayresultfrom.adecreasingbirthrateanincreasingbirthrateastablebirthrateabirthcontrolprogramWhatmaythegovernmentofadevelopedcountryprefer?Arapidlyincreasingpopulation.Aslowlyincreasingpopulation.Arapidlydecreasingpopulation.Aslowlydecreasingpopulation.Whyisitdifficulttocarryoutaworldwidebirthcontrolprogram?Becauseitwilldoharmtothenationaleconomyinmostcountries.Becauseitwillleadtocomplexsocialproblemsindevelopingcountries.Becausepeopleareunwillingtopracticebirthcontrol.Becausediffercnlgovernmentshavedifferenlopinions.DCABDThewholeindustrialprocess,whichmakesmanyofthegoodsandmachinesweneedanduseinourdailylives,isboundtocreateanumberofwasteproductswhichupsettheenvironmentbalance,ortheecologicalbalanceasitisalsoknown.Manyofthesewasteproductscanbepreventedordisposedofsensibly,butclearlywhilemoreandmorenewgoodsareproducedandmadecomplex,therewillbenew,dangerouswastestobedisposedof,forexamplethewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstations.Manypeople,therefore,seepollutionasonlypartofalargerandmorecomplexproblem,thatis,thewholeprocessofindustrialproductionandconsumptionofgoods.Othersagainseetheproblemmainlyinconnectionwithagriculture,wherenewmethodsarehelpingfarmersgrowmoreandmoreontheirlandtofeedoureverincreasingpopulations.However,thelanditselfisgraduallybecomingwornoutasitisbeingused,insomecases,tooheavily,andartificialfertilizerscannotrestorethebalance.Whateveritsunderlyingreasons,thereisnodoubtthatmuchofthepollutioncausedcouldbecontrolledifonlycompanies,individualsandgovernmentswouldmakemoreefforts.Inthehomethereisanobviousneedtocontrollitterandwaste.Foodcomeswrappedupthreeorfourtimesinpackagesthatallhavetobedisposedof;drinksareincreasinglysoldinbottlesortinswhichcannotbereused.Thisnotonlycausesalitterproblem,butalsoisagreatwasteofresources,intermsofglass,metalsandpaper.Advertisinghashelpedthisprocessbypersuadingmanyofusnotonlytobuythingsweneitherwantnorneed,butalsotothrowawaymuchofwhatwedobuy.Pollutionandwastecombinetobeaproblemeveryonecanhelptosolvebycuttingoutunnecessarybuying,excessconsumptionandcarelessdisposaloftheproductsweuseinourdailylives.(61.4%)Whatdoyouthinkwilldestroytheenvironmentbalance?Wasteproducts.Thewholeindustrialprocess.Manyofthegoodsweuse.Somemachinesweneedanduseinourdailylife.Thewasteproductsfromnuclearpowerstationsare.A)newandcomplexB)newanddangerousC)hardtobedisposedofD)easytobedisposedofProblemsinagriculturearecausedby.theuseofartificialfertilizersthelanditselfwhichisbecomingwornoutthelandwhichisbeingusedtooheavilytheintroductionofnewfarmingmethodsFoodpackages,bottlesandtinsfordrinkscancause.A)airpollution B)bothalitterproblemandawasteofresourcesC)excessconsumptionD)unnecessarybuyingWhichofthefollowingisnotsuggestedinthepassage?Peoplehavebeenbuyingtoomanythings.Peopleconsumefartoomanythingsthanarenecessary.Peopleputawaywasteproductscarelessly.Noonecanhelplosolvetheproblemofpollutionandwaste.4-46(0.68)DABACBoxingwaslongviewedsickly.Generallyforbiddenbylawintheearlierdays,thefightingwasusuallydonewithbarefists,andmatchesoftenlastedfortyorfiftyrounds.In1882JohnL.Sullivan,afighterofgreatpower,wontheworldheavyweightchampionshipfromPaddyRyaninabarefistedbattlemarkedbyhitting,scratching,andbitingwithoutanyrule.Fiveyearslater,whilefightingPatsyCardiffatMinneapolis,Sullivanbrokehisrightarminthethirdround,buthecontinuedfightingtothesixthroundandwon.In1889,SullivandefeatedJadeKilrainwithhisbarefistsinanotherchampionshipfight,winningtwentythousanddollarsandadiamondprizemedal.Hisadmirerstalkedofrunninghimfbrthenextgovernor,buthetraveledtoAustraliaforaboxingtourinstead,comingbackonlytolosehistitleinatwenty-one-roundmatchwithayoungCaliforniannamedJamesJ.Corbett."GentlemanJames“victoryinthismatchmarkedaturningpoint,foritshowedscientificboxingwasoverstrength.ButCorbett'stitleendedin1897,whenanotherboxer,BobFitzsimmons,inlessthanthreeseconds,achievedhisfeatsandthenFitzsimmonsknockedoutanIrishman,wontheheavyweightchampionshipoftheworld,andinventedtheterrible“solarplexuspunch."1.Boxingmatchesintheearlydayswere.A)shortandbloodyB)usuallyspare-timecompetitionsC)governedbystrictrulesD)cruelSullivanheldtheworld'sheavyweighttitlefor.A)atleastsevenyears B)onlyayearC)fiveyearsD)twenty-oneyearsSullivan'sfightwithKilrainwas.thefirstboxingchampionshipmatchabare-fistedchampionshipfightthelastboxingmatchtobefoughtbare-fistedD)asix-roundmatchSullivanwassopopularthathisadmirers.encouragedhimtobeagovernorraisedtwentythousanddollarsforhimadvisedhimtotakeboxingtourofAustraliarefusedtobelievehecouldbedefeatedAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A)BoxingwaslongviewedinterestingSullivaninventedtheterrible“solarplexuspunch.^^Thefightingwasusuallydonewithbarefistsintheearlyyears.WhilefightingPatsyCardiffatMinneapolis,Sullivanbrokehisleftarminthethirdround.4-52(0.69)CCDBATheUnitedStatespopulationisgrowingolder.In1987,12percentofAmericanswere65yearsoldorolder,comparedwith8percentin1950.PopulationexpertsattheU.S.BureauoftheCensusexpectthispercentagetocontinuetorisegradually,reaching14percentin2010,thentoskyrocketduringthenext20years,reaching21percentby2030.This"grayingofAmerica”hasgeneratedconcernsaboutwhetherthebestreallyisyettobe,abouthowwellofftomorrow'selderlywillbe.Therealsoarequestionsabouttheimpactofanagingpopulationontherestofsociety.ThegrayingofAmericahastwocauses.First,advancesinmedicalcarehaveenablepeopletolivelonger.IntheUnitedStatesin1900,theaveragelifeexpectancyatbirthwas47.7years.By,1985,thelatestyearforwhichfiguresareavailable,ithasclimbedto74.7years.Second,theU.S.birthrateroseinthemid-1900s,interruptingalong,slowdecline.Adramaticincreaseoccurredduringthisbriefrise.From1945to1947,theratejumpedfrom20.4birthsforevery1,000peopleto26.6.In1957,thebirthratewasstillhigh-25.3-butthenbegantodecline.Thebirthratedroppedtothe1933levelof18.4in1966,andby1985,was15.7.Mostexpertsseelittlechangeinthedownwardtrendofthebirthrateintheforeseeablefuture.Whatistheauthor'smainpurposeinthepassage?CTobringattentiontotheneedsoftheelderly.Tocontrastbirthratesandlifeexpectancyrates.ToexplainhowandwhytheAmericanpopulationisagingToshowthepercentagesofagegroupsingeneralpopulationDuringwhichperiodoftimewillthepercentageofAmericans65yearsoldorolderincreasethemost?CA)1970-1990B)1990-2010C)2010-2030 D)2030-2050Inthefirstparagraph,thephrase“thisgrayingofAmerica^^referstoD_.theuncertaintyofthefutureforolderAmericanstheeffectsofpopulationonthehealthoftheelderlystatisticsreleasedbytheU.S.BureauoftheCensustheincreasingnumberofelderlypeopleinthepopulationAbouthowlongdidittakethebirthratetoreturntothe1933level?BA)20years B)30yearsC)40yearsD)50yearsWhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutthebirthrateissupportedbythepassage?AThelong-rangedeclineinthebirthratewillcontinueinthenextcentury.Anotherdramaticincreaseinthebirthratewilloccurbeforethe215century.C)rrhebirthratewillcontinuetovarygreatly.D)Anincreaseinthebirthratedependsmainlyonadvancesinmedicalcare.4-53(0.67)ADBCDThesurfaceoftheEarthistheshoreofthecosmicocean.Fromitwehavelearnedmostofwhatweknowaboutspace.Recently,wehavewadedalittleouttosea,enoughtodampenourtoesor,atmost,wetourankles.Thewaterseemsinviting.Theoceancalls.Thedimensionsofthecosmosaresolargethatusingfamiliarunitsofdistance,suchasmetersormiles,chosenfortheirutilityonEarth,wouldmakelittlesense.Insteadwemeasuredistancewiththespeedoflight.Inonesecondabeamoflighttravels186,000miles,nearly300,000kilometers,orseventimesaroundtheEarth.IneightminutesitwilltravelfromtheSuntotheEarth.WecansaytheSuniseightlight-minutesaway.Inayear,itcrossesnearlytentrillion