功能语法SFG13cohesionandcoherence市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

COHERENCE&COHESION

YangXueqian第1页Introduction:Cohesionandcoherencearetermsusedindiscourseanalysisandtextlinguisticstodescribethepropertiesofwrittentexts.Advertisinglanguagetendsnottouseclearmarkersofcohesion,butisinterpretedasbeingcoherent.Howabout“语音室使用相关要求”？第2页Definitions:Coherence:Thewaysatextmakessensetoreaders&writerthroughtherelevanceandaccessibilityofitsconfigurationofconcepts,ideasandtheories.Cohesion:

Thegrammaticalandlexicalrelationshipbetweendifferentelementsofatextwhichholdittogether.第3页Coherencevs.CohesionCoherence:verygeneralprincipleofinterpretationoflanguageincontextfewerformallinguisticfeaturese.gvocabularychoicerelationshipsdealwithtextasawholebasedonprimarilysemanticrelationshipsCohesion:formallinguisticfeaturese.grepetition,referencesemanticrelationshipsbetweensentencesandwithinsentencesdeterminedbylexicallyandgrammaticallyovertintersentential

relationships第4页Isitcoherentornot?TheancientEgyptiansweremastersofpreservingdeadpeople'sbodiesbymakingmummiesofthem.Mummiesseveralthousandyearsoldhavebeendiscoverednearlyintact.Theskin,hair,teeth,fingernailsandtoenails,andfacialfeaturesofthemummieswereevident.Itispossibletodiagnosethediseasetheysufferedinlife,suchassmallpox,arthritis,andnutritionaldeficiencies.Theprocesswasremarkablyeffective.Sometimesapparentwerethefatalafflictionsofthedeadpeople:amiddle-agedkingdiedfromablowonthehead,andpoliokilledachildking.Mummificationconsistedofremovingtheinternalorgans,applyingnaturalpreservativesinsideandout,andthenwrappingthebodyinlayersofbandages.第5页Belowisthesameparagraphrevisedforcoherence.Italicsindicatespronounsandrepeatedkeywords,boldindicatestransitionaltag-words,andunderliningindicatesparallelstructures.

TheancientEgyptiansweremastersofpreservingdeadpeople'sbodiesbymakingmummiesofthem.Inshort,mummificationconsistedofremovingtheinternalorgans,applyingnaturalpreservativesinsideandout,andthenwrappingthebodyinlayersofbandages.And

theprocesswasremarkablyeffective.Indeed,mummiesseveralthousandyearsoldhavebeendiscoverednearlyintact.Theirskin,hair,teeth,fingernailsandtoenails,andfacialfeaturesarestillevident.

Theirdiseasesinlife,suchassmallpox,arthritis,andnutritionaldeficiencies,arestilldiagnosable.Even

theirfatalafflictionsarestillapparent:amiddle-agedkingdiedfromablowonthehead;achildkingdiedfrompolio.

第6页

CohesivetieAtextisasemanticunitwhosepartsarelinkedtogetherbyexplicitcohesiveties.

Cohesivetie:asemanticand/orlexico-grammaticrelationbetweenanelementintextandsomeotherelementthatiscrucialtointerpretetionofit.

Cohesivetiesacross‘sentenceboundaries’arethosewhichallowsequencesofsentencestobeunderstoodastext.Cohesionthereforedefinesatextastext.

第7页

ReferenceSubstitutionEllipsisConjunctionLexicalCohesioncohesivedevicesthatsignalcoherenceintexts:GrammaticalCohesion第8页ReferenceReference:

Replacementofwordsandexpressionswithpro-forms.

e.gpronouns,pro-modifiers.Threetypesofreference:PersonalDemonstrativeComparative

第9页Personal(communicationgoalofreferent)Demonstrative(proximityofreferent)Comparative(similaritytoprecedingreferent)REFERENCEReference第10页

Typesofreference:

PersonalReferenceareferencebymeansofperson,includes;Personalpronouns(e.g.,I,he,she)Possesivepronouns(e.g.,mine,hers,his)Possesivedeterminers(e.g.,my,your,her)e.g.

Englishisconsideredaninternationallanguage.Itisaspokenbymorethan260millionpeopleallovertheworld.

Theytoldmeyouhadgonebyhercar第11页

DemonstrativeReferenceessentiallyaformofverbalpointingthespeakeridentifiesthereferentbylocatingitonascaleofproximity.Ingeneral,

this,theseandhereimplyproximitytothespeaker;

that,thoseandthereimplydistancefromthespeaker.第12页

DemonstrativeReferenceLikepersonals,thedemonstrativesregularlyreferexophoricallytosomethingwithinthecontextofsituaiton.e.g.Howdoyoulikeacruiseinthatyacht?Picktheseup!第13页

ComparativeReferencecontributestotextualcohesionbysettinguparelationofcontrastexpressedbysuchadjactivesassame,identical,equal,adjectivesinacomparativedegreesuchasbigger,fasterandadverbssuchasidentically,likewise,so,suchetc.e.g.Shehasasimilarlyfurnishedroomtomine.Thelittledogbarkedasnoisilyasthebigone.Theyaskedmethreeequallydifficultquestions.第14页

HallidayandHasancallwithintextcohesivetiesendophoric,andreferences,itemsoutsidethetext

exophoric:OUT(SIDE)IN(SIDE)第15页

HallidayandHasancallwithintextcohesivetiesendophoric,

e.g.Washsixapples.Putthemintoadish.

anexampleofanendophoricreferencewhenthemreferredbacktoapples.Referencesignalstothereaderwhatkindofinformationistoberetrieved.

Them,therefore,signalstothereaderthatheorsheneedstolookbackinthetexttofinditsmeaning.

第16页Endophora

e.g.WewenttoDevonforaholiday.Thepeoplewestayedwithhadfourchildren.Theeldestgirlwasaboutnine.Thefirsttheiscataphoricsincethereisnolexicalrelationbetweenpeopleandanythingintheprecedingsentence.

ThesecondtheisbothcataphoricandanaphoricCataphoric:eldestdefinesgirl,Anaphoric:girlisrelatedtochildrenAnaphora(toprecedingtext)Cataphora(tofollowingtext)第17页HallidayandHasancallreferences,itemsoutsidethetext

exophoric:e.g.Forhe'sajollygoodfellow

Andsosayallofus.

Asreadersoutsideofthisenvironment,weareunfamiliarwithwhotheheisthatisbeingreferredto,But,mostlikely,thepeopleinvolvedareawareofthehe.Whenthemeaningisnotexplicitfromthetextitself,butisobvioustothoseinaparticularsituation.Thisiscalledexophoricreference.第18页SubstitutionSubstitution:

Replacementofoneitembyanother.Arelationinthewordingratherthaninthemeaning.

somewhatdifferentfromreferenceinthatanotherword

takestheplaceofthethingthatisbeingdiscussed.

TypesofSubstitution:

NominalVerbalClausal

第19页

TypesofSubstitution

NominalSubstitution:

Nominalsubstitutes;

fornounhead:one/onesfornominalcomplement:thesameforattribute:soe.g.Johnseemstobeintelligent.–Ishereallyso?

第20页

NominalSubstitution:Thepronounoneisoftenusedinnominalreferences.

e.g.Let'sgoandseethebears.Thepolaronesareoveronthatrock.

Inthissentence,onesistakingtheplaceofbearsintheprevioussentence.e.g.Winterisoftensodamp.Thesameistrueforthe

summer.第21页

TheverbalsubstituteinEnglishisdo.Verbalsubstitutes;forverb:do,be,haveforprocess:dothesame/likewiseforproposition:doso,beso

e.g.Thewordsdidnotcometothesameastheyusedtodo.e.g.Ifinallycalledonhim.Ihavewantedtodo(so)foralongtime.VerbalSubstitution:第22页

ClausalSubstitution:Theclausalsubstitutes;

forpositive:so

fornegative:not

Inclausalsubstitutiontheentireclauseispresupposed,andthecontrastingelementisoutsidetheclause.第23页

ClausalSubstitution:e.g.Istheregoingtobeanearthquake?Itsaysso.

so

presupposesthewholeoftheclausethere’sgoingtobeanearthquakeandcontrastiveenvironmentisprovidedbythesayswhichisoutsideit.e.g.Haseveryonegonehome?Ihopenot.第24页EllipsisEllipsis:Deletionofwords,expressionsorphrases,Simply‘substitutionbyzero’.

TypesofEllipsis:NominalVerbalClausal第25页

TypesofEllipsis

NominalEllipsis:

ellipsiswithinthenominalgroup.e.g.Herearethirteencards.Takeany(-).Nowgivemeanythree(-).e.g.Somesayonething,otherssayanother(-).e.g.Whichhatwillyouwear?Thisisthebest(-).e.g.Haveanotherchocolate.Nothanks;thatwasmythird(-).e.g.Smithwasthefirstpersontoleave.Iwasthesecond

(-).第26页

VerbalEllipsis:ellipsiswithintheverbalgroup.e.g.Haveyoubeenswimming?Yes,Ihave.e.g.Whathaveyoubeendoing?Swimming.e.g.Ishecomplaining?Hemaybe;Idon’tcare.e.g.Ihaven’tfinishedityet.Ihopeyou’regoingtohavebytomorrow.e.g.Somewerelaughingandotherscyring.e.g.Wereyoulaughing?NoIwasn’t.e.g.Johncame,didnothe?NO,buthewill.

第27页

ClausalEllipsis:ellipsis

inwhichanentireclauseiselidedfromasentence.e.g.Smithwasgoingtotakepartbutsomebodytelephonedandaskedtoseehimurgentlysohehadtowithdraw.-Who?e.g.IkeptquietbecauseMarygetsembarrassedifanyonementionsaboutJohn’sname.Idon’tknowwhy.e.g.Whocouldhavebrokenthosetiles?-Ican’tthinkwho.第28页ConjuctionsConjunctions:

awordorgroupofwordsusedtoconnectwords,phrases,orclauses.markcertainrelationsipsbetweenclausesandsentences

Fourcategories:AdditiveAdversativeCausalTemporal第29页

CategoriesofConjunction

Examples:Forthewholedayheclimbedupthesteepmountainnside,almostwithoutstopping.Andinallthistimehemetnoone.►AdditiveYethewashardlyawareofbeingtired.►AdversativeSobythenighttimethevalleywasfarbelowhim.►CausalThen,asduskfell,hesatdowntorest.►Temporal第30页

TypesofConjunction

AdditivetypeTheadditiveisakindofconjunctiverelationwhichisclosertocoordination.Additivewordsaresuchasand,also,nor,orelse,moreover,inaddition,besides,bytheway,thatis,likewise,similarly,conversely,thus,forinstance.e.g.Myclientsayshedoesnotknowhiswitness.Further,hedenieseverhavingseenher.e.g.Perhapsshemissedhertrain.Orelseshe’schangedhermindandisn’tcoming.第31页

TypesofConjunction

AdversativetypeThebasicmeaningoftheadversativerelationis‘contrarytoexpectation’.Adversativewordsaresuchasyet,but,however,despitethis,ontheotherhand,infact,instead,eitherway,anyhow,nevertheless,ratheretc.e.g.Allthefigureswerecorrect;they’dbeenchecked.Yetthetotalcameoutwrong.e.g.Wemaybebacktonight;I’mnotsure.Eitherway,justmakeyourselfathome.第32页TypesofConjunction

CausaltypeCausalrelationinvolvesprimarilyreason,resultandpurposerelationsbetweenthesentences.Causalwordsaresuchasso,thus,hence,therefore,arisingoutofthis,inthatcase,otherwise,because,asaresult(ofthis),onthisbasis,accordingly.e.g.Youarenotleaving,areyou?BecauseI’vegotsomethingtosaytoyou.e.g.Iwasnotinformed.OtherwiseIshouldhavetakensomeaction.第33页

TypesofConjunction

Temporaltype

Therelationbetweentwosuccessivesentences.Conjunctionsofthistypearesuchasthen,next,afterward,previously,finally,atlast,meanwhile,nextday,first,fromnowon,tosumup,inshort,henceforward,hitherto,uptonow,thistimeetc.e.g.Theweatherclearedjustasthepartyapproachedthesummit.Untilthentheyhadbeennothingofthepanaromaaroundthem.e.g.Atlast,hefinishedtherehersalforhisrole.第34页CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinating

conjunctionsconnectwords,phrases,orclausesofequalgrammaticalrank.For,and,nor,but,or,yet,soe.g.Iusedphonicsinlearningtoread,andsodidyou.e.g.Thoughheseemedtobetired,hedidnotrefusedtogoout.Subordinatingconjunctionsconnectclausesthatareofsubordinateimportancetothe

independentclauseortosomeelementinthemainclause.

although,except,though,while,if,whetheras,asif,where,wherever,inorderthat,sothat,after,aslongas,assoonas,

before,since,whenetc.CoordinationSubordination第35页LexicalCohesion

LexicalCohesion:

achievedbytheselectionofvocabulary.

TypesofLexicalCohesion:ReiterationCollocation

第36页

TypesofLexicalCohesion

Reiteration:aformoflexicalcohesionwhichinvolvesrepetition,synonymornearsynonym,superordinateandageneralnoun.e.g.Pollutionofourenvironmenthasoccurredforcenturies,butithasbecomeasignificanthealthproblemonlywithinthelastcentury.Atmosphericpollutioncontributestorespiratorydisease,andtolungcancerinparticular.Otherhealthproblemsdirectlyrelatedtoairpollutantsincludeheartdisease,eyeirritationandsoon.Repetition第37页Reiteration:e.g.Henry’shasboughtanewJaguar.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.Superordinatee.g.Iturnedtothe

ascentofthepeak.Theclimbisperfectlyiseasy.

Synonyme.g.Iturnedtothe

ascentofthepeak.Thethingisperfectlyiseasy.Generalnoune.g.Thereisaboyclimbingthattree.Theladisgoingtofallifhedoesn’ttakecare.Near-Synonym第38页

Collocation:

Cohesionthatisachievedthroughtheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur.Theselexicalitemsorwordstendtooccurinsimilarenvironments.Forinstance;hair/comb,reader/writer,door/window,chair/tabl