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2020“外研社·国才杯”全国英语阅读大赛样题赛题分值说明:1.线上初赛:题型仅为客观题,即ReadandKnow,ReadandReason,ReadandQuestion三个模块,共40题,答题时间为110分钟,满分100分。第1-3题每题1分,第4-9题每题2分,第10题5分,第11-30题每题3分,第31-40题每题2分。2.复赛和决赛:题型包含客观题和主观题,即ReadandKnow,ReadandReason,ReadandQuestion,ReadandCreate四个模块,共41题,答题时间为150分钟,满分100分。第1-3题每题1分,第4-9题每题2分,第10题5分,第11-30题每题1.5分,第31-40题每题2分,第41题30分。注:本样题仅供了解大赛题型,不提供参考答案;体验更多大赛真题,可加入备赛课程《阅读大赛真题——2019》,全面了解大赛题型,充分把握考查要点,官方赛事系统iTEST提供即时反馈,支持反复练习。
PartIReadandKnowInPartI,
youwillreadshorttextsofvariouskinds.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Timeallowed:20minutes)Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:3minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingquotes.Matchthequoteswiththepeople.Pleasenotetherearetwoextraoptionsyoudonotneed.Question4(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Toensurethehighstandardsoffacilitiesweneedtobuildnewwards,laboratoriesandconsultingrooms.Inshort,weneedyourhelpnow.Completethecoupontodayandrestassuredthatyourdonationisgoingtothebestpossiblecause.4.Whereisthepieceoftexttakenfrom?A.
anadvertisement
B.
aninstructionbooklet
C.
astory
D.
anewspaperQuestion5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Fewcornersoftheworldremainuntaintedbyintrepidtourists,andtheirimpactisoftendevastating.Toofrequentlytheytrampleheedlesslyonfragileenvironments,displacingwildlifeandlocalpopulationsintheirinsatiablequestforunexploredlocations.5.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?A.
TheFutureofTourism
B.
TheRoleofTourism
C.
ThePriceofTourism
D.
TheBenefitsofTourismQuestion6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.WithE-booksalesincreasingbymorethan300%forthesecondyear,publishersdeliveringnewrevenuestreamsthroughE-bookApps,andacademicpublisherslonghavingderivedsome90%oftheirrevenueonline,itisatravestytodescribeallthisasthepublishingworldbeing"indenial"aboutdigital.6.Whatisthemainideaofthistext?A.
PublishersaremakingprofitsfromE-booksales.
B.
Notallpublishersarethreatenedbydigitalstorms.
C.
E-booksbecomeamainsourceofrevenueforpublishers.
D.
Traditionalpublishingindustryisdyingout.Question7(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.
Withourtravelagency,theholidayyoubookistheholidayyouget.Ifyouarriveandfindwe'vefailedtoliveuptoourpromises,letusknowwhattheproblemiswithinonedayofyourarrival.We'llspend24hoursdoingeverythingpossibletosorttheproblemout.Intheunlikelyeventthatwecan'tresolveyourproblemandmakeyouhappywithin24hours,we'llflyyouhomeandgiveyourmoneyback.7.Thetextcouldbestbedescribedas__________.A.
acommitment
B.
anappeal
C.
awarning
D.
avowQuestion8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.
Thenewdigitalcamerasaregreatfunandveryeasytouse.Theyletyoureviewyourpicturesthemomentyoutakethem,soyoucanre-shootrightawayifyou'renotsatisfied.Butremember,adigitalcameraisjustacomputerXXXX.It'snotareplacementforyourordinarycamera.8.WhatisthemeaningofthemissingwordXXXXinthetext?A.
"somethingthatispoorquality"
B.
"anitemthatisnotessential,somethingextra"
C.
"somethingexpensivebutgoodvalueformoney"
D.
"afashionwhichalwaysremainspopular"Question9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetextandanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Shehadgonealone,butthechildrenweretogotothestationtomeether.Andlovingthestationastheydid,itwasonlynaturalthattheyshouldbethereagoodhourbeforetherewasanychanceofMother'strainarriving,evenifthetrainwerepunctual,whichwasmostunlikely.9.Whatcanyousayabouttheirmother'strain?A.
Itwouldprobablybeearly.
B.
Itwouldprobablybeontime.
C.
Itwouldprobablybelate.
D.
Ithadbeencancelled.Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Thebarchartshowsthenumberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,from1990-1992to2014-2016.Answerthequestionaccordingtotheinformationinthechart.Source:
TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Report2015
10.ChoosetheINCORRECTdescriptionaboutthechart.A.
Thelatestestimatessuggestthatnearlyoneinnineindividualsdonothaveenoughtoeatbetween2014and2016.
B.
Projectionsindicatethatthe2015MDGtargetisnearlyreached,with12.9percentofundernourishedpopulation.
C.
Thesituationnoticeablyimprovedduringtheyears1995-1999,butwentdowninthefirstfiveyearsofthenewmillennium.
D.
Theproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregionshasfallenbyalmosthalfsince1990.PartIIReadandReasonInPartII,youwillreadshorttextsondifferentsubjects.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonlogicalinferenceandreasoning.(Timeallowed:55minutes)Question11(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingdefinitionofalogicalfallacy.Answerthequestionaccordingtothedefinition.11.Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleof
poisoningthewell?A.
That'smystanceonfundingtheeducationsystem,andanyonewhodisagreeswithmehateschildren.
B.
Youaresoweird.Thatmeans—weareprettymuchsure—thatyourwholefamilyisweird,too.
C.
GodexistsbecausetheBiblesaysso.TheBibleisinspired.Therefore,weknowthatGodexists.
D.
Idon'tcarewhatyousay.Wedon'tneedanymorebookshelves.Aslongasthecarpetisclean,wearefine.Question12(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandthenanswerthequestion.12.Whichofthefollowinglogicalfallaciesdoesthepictureillustrate?A.
FalseDilemma:
anargumentthatpresentsalimitedsetoftwopossiblecategoriesandassumesthateverythinginthescopeofthediscussionmustbeanelementofthatset
B.
GuiltbyAssociation:
afallacyusedtodiscreditanargumentforproposinganideathatissharedbysomesociallydemonizedindividualorgroup
C.
NoTrueScotsman:
anargumentcomingupaftersomeonehasmadeageneralclaimaboutagroupofthingsandthenbeenpresentedwithevidencechallengingthatclaim
D.
HastyGeneralization:
afallacycommittedwhenoneformsaconclusionfromasamplethatiseithertoosmallortoospecialtoberepresentativeQuestions13-14Reasoning(Suggestedcompletiontime:10minutes)13.Manypeoplereportthatexposuretocertainfoodsanddrinkssuchascheese,chocolate,andredwine,isassociatedwiththeonsetofmigraineheadaches.Otherpeoplereportthatexposuretocertainsmells(especiallystrongperfumes)seemstotriggeramigraineheadache,andsomenotethatexposuretobrightandflickeringlightscanbefollowedbyamigraine.Itwouldseemthatapersonwithatendencytogetmigrainesshouldtrytofindoutwhichofthesesituationsisassociatedwiththeonsetoftheheadacheandthenavoidthisstimulus.Allofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmaketheaboverecommendationimpracticalexcept:A.
Thetimedelaybetweenthetriggerandtheonsetoftheheadachecanmakeitexceptionallydifficulttoidentifythetrigger.
B.
Thepresenceofaknowntriggerdoesn'talwayscauseamigraine.
C.
Inahighproportionofcasesthepatientsreportmultipletriggersfortheirheadaches.
D.
Mostoftheknowntriggersarecommonandalmostunavoidablefeaturesofmodernlife.14.
Richard:
Thenationalbudgetshouldprovidesignificantincreasesinalllevelsofeducationintheupcomingyear.Natalie:
That'snotfair.Areductionindefensespendinginpeacetimemaybringusexcessiverisks.Wecan'taffordit.WhichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationofNatalie'sargument?A.
Fundssavedfromdefensehavebeendivertedtoalllevelsofeducation.
B.
Highlightingspendingoneducationdangerouslyimpactsonspendingonthemilitary.
C.
Thesizeofthemilitarybudgetreflectsastate'sabilitytofundeducationalactivities.
D.
Comparedwithmilitaryspending,investingineducationwillcreateafinancialcrisis.Questions15-17(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutasciencediscovery.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ManipulatingMemoryMemoryisnotoriouslymalleable.Ourrecollectionsfadeandtakeonnewmeanings;sometimeswerememberthingsthatneverevenhappened.But
15
.Recently,however,scientistshavestartedtograspandtinkerwithmemory'sphysicalbasis.Lastyear,inworkevocativeoffilmssuchas
EternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMind
andInception,researchersdiscoveredwaystomanipulatespecificmemoriesinmiceusingoptogenetics,apowerfultechniquethatcantriggernervecellsinanimals'brainsbyzappingthemwithbeamsoflaserlight.Inaseriesofexperiments,theyshowedthattheycoulddeleteexistingmemoriesand
"incept"
falseones.Thisyear,researcherswentevenfurther:switchingtheemotionalcontentofamemoryinmicefrombadtogoodandviceversa.Underthelaser,forexample,malemicethathadonceassociatedacertainroomwithbeingshockedweretrickedintoactingasthoughtheyhadoncemetfriendlyfemalemicethereinstead.Whetherthemiceintheseexperimentsactuallyexperiencedvividfalsememoriesorjustafuzzysenseofpleasureorfearisunclear.Norisitclearwhetherthefindingsapplytothetricksofmemorysofamiliartopeople.Long-soughttherapeuticadvances,suchastreatmentsforpost-traumaticstressdisorder,couldremainfaroff.Onethingiscertain,however:Onceconsideredbeyondscientificdissection,memoryisfinallystartingtoyielditssecrets.15.
Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthetext?A.
whatisreallyhappeninginourbrainasmemoriesareremodeledremainsmysterious
B.
scientistsarecuriousaboutwhypeopleareoblivioustowhathavehappenedtothem
C.
advancedtechnologyhashelpedscientistsdiscovertheworkingsofourbrain
D.
somescientistsarguethatwhatweobserveabouthumanmemoryisnotwhatitreallyis16.
Theword
"incept"
isclosestinmeaningto________.A.
operate
B.
start
C.
detect
D.
occupy17.
Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?
A.
People'sfalsememoriesresultfromtheimpactofdifferentemotionprovokedbylaterexperienceonthesamespot.
B.
Thesuccessinresearchindicatesthatitwon'tbelongthatatherapyisworkedoutforpeopledisturbedbypainfulmemory.
C.
Byzappingthebraincellsofmicewithlight,researchersareabletocreate,erase,oraltertheirmemories,goodorbad.
D.
Manyfancyideasinsciencefictionsormoviesthatarebasedonthemactuallydrawgreatlyuponscientificachievement.Questions18-19(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutcholera.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothetext.Achildreceivestheoralcholeravaccine
ShancholCholeraiscausedbyabacterialinfectionoftheintestine.Approximatelyonein20peopleinfectedwithcholerahasaseriouscase,withsymptomsincludingseverediarrhea,vomiting,andlegcramps.Thesesymptomsquicklycausedehydrationandshock,andcanresultindeathwithinhoursiftheinfectedpersondoesn'treceivetreatment.Choleraistypicallytransmittedbycontaminatedfoodorwater.Inareaswithpoortreatmentofsewageanddrinkingwater,thefecesofpeoplewithcholeracanenterthewatersupplyandspreadquickly,resultinginanepidemic.Thecholerabacteriummayalsoliveintheenvironmentinsomecoastalwaters,soshellfisheatenrawcanbeasourceofcholerainaffectedareas.18.Choleraisknowntobealife-threateningdiseasewhicheasilycausesdeathofmostofthepatients.
True(
)
False(
)19.Choleratypicallyoccursinareasneartheseaortheriverwherecontaminatedfoodisamajorsourceofthedisease.
True(
)
False(
)Questions20-21(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:ReadtheabstractofaresearchpaperfromtheDeepMindwebsite.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtotheabstract.TeachingMachinestoReadandComprehendAuthors:K.M.Hermann,T.Kočiský,E.Grefenstette,L.Espeholt,W.Kay,M.Suleyman,P.BlunsomPublished:NIPS2015Abstract:
Teachingmachinestoreadnaturallanguagedocumentsremainsanelusivechallenge.Machinereadingsystemscanbetestedontheirabilitytoanswerquestionsposedonthecontentsofdocumentsthattheyhaveseen,butuntilnowlargescaletrainingandtestdatasetshavebeenmissingforthistypeofevaluation.Inthisworkwedefineanewmethodologythatresolvesthisbottleneckandprovideslargescalesupervisedreadingcomprehensiondata.Thisallowsustodevelopaclassofattentionbaseddeepneuralnetworksthatlearntoreadrealdocumentsandanswercomplexquestionswithminimalpriorknowledgeoflanguagestructure.20.Previousstudiesdidn'ttakeconstantefforttoevaluatethereadingabilityofartificialintelligencemachines,whichwaswhythepresentresearchwasconducted.
True(
)
False(
)
21.Oneimplicationoftheresearchisthatamethodologythathelpsgatherandhandlebigdataisindispensabletoartificialintelligencerelatedstudies.
True(
)
False(
)Questions22-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutthe"Thinksmall"advertisingcampaign.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ThinkSmallIfyou'reinterestedinmarketingandadvertising,Volkswagen's"Thinksmall"campaignfortheBeetlewhenitwasfirstintroducedtoNorthAmericain1959loomslargeasoneofthegreatestadvertisingcampaignsofalltime.Itwasn'tjustarevolutioninautomotiveadvertising;itchangedtheentireindustry.UntiltheBeetlehitthemarket,automotivemarketingcopywasfullofbluster,andtheimageswereflightsoffancy,emphasizinglow,longlinesandafantasylifestyle.Theclean,simplephotographyonawhitebackgroundthatemphasizedtheBeetle'scompact,practicalformmayseemcommonplacethesedays,butitwasarevolutioninaworldwhereAmericansgrewupobsessedwithmusclecars,horsepower,andtiresmoke.Makingthecarsmall,whentheconventionwastomakeitfillthepage,wasalsonovel.Thesimplisticapproachtodesignandlayoutwastotallycontrarytotheadvertisingconventionsofthetime.____22_____
Thetextwasminimalistinbothlookandcontent,presentingthefactssimplyinsteadoftryingtoweavetalltalesandfantasies;andinsteadofbluster,itusheredinanintelligentsenseofhumorthatmadereadersfeelliketheywereinonthejoke.Themessagewasoneofsmartanti-luxury,andtookgentleaimatanindustryobsessedwithsuperficialityandstyling,ratherthanthesubstanceunderneaththecarbodies.Notonlydoes"Thinksmall"continuetoinspireVolkswagenadvertisingtothisday,itusheredinacreativerevolutionintheadvertisingbusinessandchangedtheworldofmarketingforever."Thinksmall"showedthepowerofhumorandhonesty,anditsphotographicanddesignprinciplesbroughtaboutamajorshiftinthelookandfeelofmarketingaroundtheworld.22.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthetext?A.
Whatdefinedtheadevenmorethanitsvisualstylewasthetoneofitscopy.
B.
Thisadstartsoffdoingtheexactoppositeofwhatyouwouldexpectinacarad.
C.
Thiswasanexerciseinminimalismandaveryaccuratereflectionontheproductitself.
D.
Thecarwasn'tdepictedasanintegralpieceofthedailylivesofamiddleclassfamily.23.Itcanbeinferredthattheadvertisingconventionsofthe1950swerereflectedinthefollowingexceptthat
___________.A.
Theadsinthe1950stypicallyshowedproudownersandpassengersevokinggreatjoyaboutnewshinybigacquisitions.
B.
Themarketingconceptthenfocusedonprovidingasmuchinformationaspossibletothereadersuchasthewayit'screated.
C.
Themarketingschemesassociatedtheadvertisedproductwithanideaorawayoflivingfromaverageconsumers'perspective.
D.
Themarketingpracticemayattachimportancetoasenseofhumorbroughtbytheuseofexaggeratedlanguage.Questions24-25(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingsixremarksconcerningthecrowd.FourofthemaretakenfromGustaveLeBon'sbook,
TheCrowd:AStudyofthePopularMind.ChoosethetworemarksthatmayNOTbetakenfromthebook.24-25._______TheCrowdA.
Incrowdsitisstupidityandnotmotherwitthatisaccumulated.
B.
Crowdsmostenvythelonelymanwhowalksconfidentlyasifheiswalkingwiththegreatcrowds!
C.
Acrowdisnotmerelyimpulsiveandmobile.Likeasavage,itisnotpreparedtoadmitthatanythingcancomebetweenitsdesireandtherealizationofitsdesire.
D.
Iwalkedwiththem,ascrowdshavethateffectonme,Iwanttodowhattheydo,tojourneytowardssomepointofrevelation,whichofcoursenevercomes.
E.
Crowds,beingincapablebothofreflectionandofreasoning,aredevoidofthenotionofimprobability;anditistobenotedthatinageneralwayitisthemostimprobablethingsthatarethemoststriking.
F.
…theindividualformingpartofacrowdacquires,solelyfromnumericalconsiderations,asentimentofinvinciblepowerwhichallowshimtoyieldtoinstinctswhich,hadhebeenalone,hewouldperforcehavekeptunderrestraint.Questions26-28(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutafly.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.TheFlyAtthatmomentthebossnoticedthataflyhadfallenintohisbroadinkpot,andwastryingfeeblybutdesperatelytoclamberoutagain."Help!Help!"saidthosestrugglinglegs.Butthesidesoftheinkpotwerewetandslippery;itfellbackagainandbegantoswim.Thebosstookupapen,pickedtheflyoutoftheink,andshookitontoapieceofblotting-paper.Forafractionofaseconditlaystillonthedarkpatchthatoozedroundit.Thenthefrontlegswaved,tookhold,and,pullingitssmall,soddenbodyup,itbegantheimmensetaskofcleaningtheinkfromitswings.Overandunder,overandunder,wentalegalongawing,asthestonegoesoverandunderthescythe.Thentherewasapause,whilethefly,seemingtostandonthetipsofitstoes,triedtoexpandfirstonewingandthentheother.Itsucceededatlast,and,sittingdown,itbegan,likeaminutecat,tocleanitsface.Nowonecouldimaginethatthelittlefrontlegsrubbedagainsteachotherlightly,joyfully.
27
.26.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext?A.
Thebosssavedtheflyoutofhisbroadinkpot.
B.
Theflywastrappedbythethickinkonitswings.
C.
Thepassagedescribeshowaflysurvivedanaccident.
D.
Thepassageshowshowaflyconqueredachallenge.27.Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestfitinthenumberedspace?A.
Thehorribledangerwasover;ithadescaped;itwasreadyforlifeagain.
B.
Thebosswasrelievednow,reassuredthattheflyhadbeenoutofdanger.
C.
Butthefrontlegswaved,caughthold,and,moreslowlythistime,thetaskrestarted.
D.
Butsuchagrindingfeelingofwretchednessseizedhimthathefeltpositivelyfrightened.28.Thetoneofthetextcanbedescribedasacomplexmixtureofanythingbut_______.A.
sympathetic
B.
humorous
C.
cheerful
D.
depressingQuestions29-30(Suggestedcompletiontime:7minutes)Directions:ReadthetextaboutChacoCulture.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.The"ChacoCulture",asmodern-dayarchaeologistscallit,flourishedbetweenroughlythe9thand13thcenturiesA.D.andwascenteredatChacoCanyoninwhatisnowNewMexico.ThepeopleoftheChacoCulturebuiltimmensestructuresthatattimesencompassedmorethan500rooms.Theyalsoparticipatedinlong-distancetradethatbroughtcacao,macaws(atypeofparrot),turquoiseandcoppertoChacoCanyon.
29_______,researchershavetorelyontheartifactsandstructurestheyleftbehind,aswellasoralaccountsthathavebeenpassedonthroughgenerations,toreconstructwhattheirliveswerelike.ArchaeologistsgenerallyagreethatChacoCanyonwasthecenterofChacoCulture.TodaythecanyonisanationalparkandaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite.TheNationalParkServiceestimatesthatthereareabout4,000archaeologicalsitesinthepark,includingmorethanadozenimmensestructuresthatarchaeologistssometimescall"GreatHouses".Archaeologicalresearchhasrevealedmanydiscoveries,includingasystemofroadsthatconnectedmanyChacoCulturesites,andevidenceofastronomicalalignmentsthatindicatethatsomeChacoCulturestructureswereorientedtowardthesolsticesunandlunarstandstills.“TherehasbeenmorearchaeologicalresearchconductedinChacoandonthesubjectofChacothanonanyotherprehistoricdistrictinNorthAmerica,”saysaNationalParkServicestatementpostedonChacoCultureNationalHistoricalPark'swebsite."Today,twentyPuebloangroupsinNewMexico,aswellastheHopiinArizona,claimChacoastheirancestralhomelandandaretiedtothisplacethroughoraltraditionsandclanlineages.AnumberofNavajoclansarealsoaffiliatedwithChacoansitesthroughtheirtraditionalstories,"theNationalParkServicestatementsays.DespitethefactthattherehasbeenanimmenseamountofarchaeologicalresearchcarriedoutatChacoCanyon,andatotherChacoCulturesitesintheAmericanSouthwest,modern-dayarchaeologistsdisagreeoverwhatthepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerelike.SomearchaeologiststhinkthatthepeopleoftheChacoCulturewerenotpoliticallyunited,whilesomethinktheycontrolledanempirecenteredonChacoCanyon."WhatwasChaco?Opinionsvarywidely,perhapswildly.Interpretationsrangefromavalleyofpeacefulfarmingvillagestothemonumentalcapitalofanempire,"wroteStephenLekson,aprofessorattheUniversityofColoradoBoulder,inanarticlepublishedinthebook
TheArchitectureofChacoCanyon,NewMexico
(UniversityofUtahPress,2007).LeksonnotedthattherearedifferentinterpretationsamongarchaeologistsastowhattheGreatHouseswere.Somearchaeologistsbelievethattheywerevillagesinhabitedbythousandsofpeople,whileothersthinkthattheywereeliteresidencesthathousedasmallnumberofresidents.29.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsinthenumberedspaceinthetext?A.
ThepeopleoftheChacoCulturedidnotuseawritingsystemandassuch
B.
Whilearchaeologistsarenotcertainwhatcausedthisdramaticpopulationbump
C.
Whenthinkingaboutarchaeologicalsites,wetendtothinkofthemasdeadsilent
D.
SinceChaco'snationalmonumentstatusmaynotprotectitfromdevelopmentpressures30.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanweknowfromthetext?A.
ThepeopleoftheChacocultureweregoodatforeigntrade.
B.
"GreatHouses"werebuiltfromapproximatelythe9thto13thcenturyA.D.
C.
MostdescendantsofancientChacopeopleliveinNewMexiconow.
D.
ArchaeologistsholddifferentideasabouthowthepeopleoftheChacoCulturelived.
PartIIIReadandQuestionInPartIII,
youwillreadpassagesonthesamesubject.
Youwillberequiredtoidentifythewriter'spositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewriter'sarguments.
(Timeallowed:35minutes)Questions31-40(Suggestedcompletiontime:35minutes)Directions:Readthreepassagesaboutfashion.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassages.PassageAIt'snotthateasytoanswerthequestion,"whatisfashion?"becauseitmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Fashionisanart.It'sareligion.It'sajob.It'sapeekintoapersonality.It'splayfulness.It'sanescapeoradisguise.Itisafeastfortheeyes.Butultimately,
32
.FrenchfashiondesignerCocoChaneloncesaid,"Fashionisnotsomethingthatexistsindressesonly.Fashionisinthesky,inthestreet,fashionhastodowithideas,thewaywelive,whatishappening."It'strue.Fashionisn'tdefinedsolelybyourclothingchoices,butisalsoconveyedthroughthewaywecarryourselves,ourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Atitsmostfundamental,fashionissimplytheprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior.So,whoexactlyanswersthequestion"whatisfashion"?Whodecideswhat'sfashionableandwhatisn't?What'sinorwhat'sout?FashionDesigners.Theiconicfashionhouses—Prada,Gucci,Chanel—arereferredtoashautecouture,Frenchfor"highsewing".Thesedesignersleadthewayincreatingtrend-settingfashion.Whilesomeoftheirdesignsareoutrageousandcompletelyunrealisticwhenitcomestoeverydaywear,generallythethemeisadaptedintoversionssuitableforwearing.Media.Fashiontrendsareoftensparkedbycharactersonpopulartelevisionshowsandmoviesaswellasadoptedfrommagazinepages."SexandtheCity","TheDevilWearsPrada",theseshowsintroducedustonew,cutting-edgedesigns.Whileyou
mightnotbecaughtdead
wearingaCarrieBradshaworiginal,youmighttakeideasinspiredfromherlookandpiecetogetheryourowncreation.
Celebrities.Aprimeexampleofacelebrity-drivenfashiontrend?UGGs.UntilKateHudsonandJessicaSimpsonwerespottedwearingthemaroundL.A.severalyearsago,noonehadgivenanythoughttoUGGboots.Nowtheyareeverywhere.Musicians.Musicianshavealwaysbeenveryinfluentialwhenitcomestodictatingfashion.Rock'n'rollisfashion.Elvisisaniconicexample.Inthe1950s,everyonewantedtodresslikeElvis.Whatabouttheheavymetalhairbandssopopularinthe1980s?AxlRosereinventedtheheadbandanawhilePoison,MotleyCrueandBonJovisetthepaceforbig,rockerhair.Justbecauseyoudon'tknowifaPradabagisfall2007orspring2008doesn'tmatter.Allthatmattersisthatyoulikeitandit'sanexpressionofyou.Thatisfashion.PassageB[A]Fashionismoreprevalentinmodernsocietythaninprimitivetribesorpeasantcommunities.Themodernsocietyisanopensocietywherecla
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