认知神经-英文文献翻译

精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业专心---专注---专业精选优质文档-----倾情为你奉上专心---专注---专业黑体、小初，段后距1行，单倍行距—黑体、小初，段后距1行，单倍行距—打印时请删除毕业论文（设计）英文文献翻译黑体、一号，单倍行距黑体、一号，单倍行距—打印时请删除黑体、三号，左对齐，单倍行距黑体、三号，左对齐，单倍行距—打印时请删除学生姓名:系别:专业:年级:学号:指导教师:衡水学院教务处印制中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距—打印时请删除中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距—打印时请删除黑体、小四，单倍行距—打印时请删除题目：SocialCognitiveNeurosciencePerspectiveforUnificationPsychologyWhat'sSocialCognitiveNeuroscience?Socialcognitiveneuroscience(SCN)datedbacktothebeginningoftwenty-firstcentury.OschnerandLieberman(2001)gaveaconcreteinterpretingforSCN.TheypointedoutthatSCNevolvedfromtheinterdisciplinarycombinationbetweensocialpsychologyandcognitiveneuroscience.Meanwhile,theyalsoarguedthatitsgoalseemedtounderstandphenomenaintermsofinteractionsacrossthreelevels,includingsocial,cognitiveandneural.Inparticular,thenameSCNdenotestheinterdisciplinarynatureofthisfield,andemphasizesthecharacteristicofintegratingdatafrommultiplelevelsrangedfromindividualexperienceandbehaviorinthesocialcontexts(sociallevel)toinformationprocessingmechanismsgivingrisetothosephenomena(cognitivelevel)tothebrainbase(neurallevel).SCNisstillrelativelynew;however,itbuildsonalotofwellestablisheddisciplinesincludingsocialpsychology,developmentalpsychologyandcognitivepsychology,evolutionarybiology,neuropsychologicalandcomputerscience.EachprovidesasolidbasisofrelevantresearchforSCNfromdifferentaspects(Blakemore,Winston,&Erith,2004).Inparticularly,thosestudiesonsocialcognitioncontributemoretothedevelopmentofSCN,includingstereotype,attitudeformingandorattitudechange,socialjudgment,self-knowledgeandtheinteractionbetweenemotionandcognition.Then,thetechnologiessuchasbrainimagingoreventrelatedpotentials(ERPs)contributetoit.Inaword,SCNencompassesnumerousempiricalstudiesonneuralmechanismunderlyingsocialcognitiveprocess(Blakemore,Winston,&Frith,2004),andthosestudiesongeneralcognitiveprocesssuchasperception,languageandmemoryCouldSCNIntegratePsychologicalScience?WhenwearguethatSCNwillintegratedifferentfieldsofpsychologicalscience,therearemanyresearchersorstudiesmaybequestionthatwhywouldbeSCN,notothers,andhowdoesSCNintegratethosedividedapproaches.Wewilldiscusstheseproblemsinthefollowing.However,wehavetointroducetheconceptandconstructofhumanityhypothesiswhichtheintegrationdependsHumanityHypothesisIstheBeginningofUnificationIngeneral,therearetwoapproachesinpsychologicalscience.Oneishumanscienceapproach,theotherisnaturalscienceapproach.Theformerismainlyguidedbyphenomenologicalphilosophy,whereasthelatterisinstructedbyempiricalphilosophy.Justso,thosetwoguidelinesresultintheyaredifferentnotonlyintheirviewsbutalsointheirmethods.Specifically,humanscienceapproachinpsychologymainlyemploysqualitativeparadigm.Itpaysmoreattentiontouniquevalueofpersonbecauseitbelievesthatthereisimportantdifferencebetweenpersonandmachinesuchascomputer,oranimalssuchasThorndike'scatorTolman'srat.Incontrast,thenaturalscienceapproachofpsychologymainlyarguesthatthepsycheormindcanbereducedtologicorprocessingofmachineorothers,suchassomeactivitiesofanimals.Alsoforthis,manyradicaltheoreticalpsychologistsnameitreductionist.Hence,thereisagreatgapbetweenthesetwoapproachesinmethodologyandmethod.Asmanytextbooksmentioned,theformerinvestigatepsychologicalprocessandcognitivemechanismmainlydependingonnarrativeanalysisorotherphenomenologicalmethods,whereasthelatterdothisprimarilydependingonquantitivemeasuressuchaslabexperimentandpsychologicaltest.Accordingtotheaforementioned,thereisagreatdifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachesrangingfromguidelinestomethods.Peopleshouldrealizethathowdifferenttheyare,althoughtheyallbelongtopsychologicalscience.Inthissense,theyallexploreandtrytoclarifyhumanity.Namely,thereisaconsensusbetweenthem.Insum,theywanttoexploreanddiscussmindandbehaviorsofhumanbeing.UnifiedHumanityDeterminesUnificationPsychologyInpsychology,therearenumeroushumanityhypotheses,suchas"self-realizationhuman"hypothesisand"complexhuman"hypothesis.Differentapproachesofpsychologyaredevelopedbasedondifferenthumanityhypotheses.Forexample,ourhumanisticpsychologywasdevelopedbyMaslowbasedonself-realizationhumanhypothesis.Ifwewanttoinvestigatethereasonsofdivisioninpsychologicalscience,wewillfindthathumanityhypothesisplaysanimportantroleinit.Whyisit?Becausethosehumanityhypothesesaresodifferentthattheyguideddifferentapproaches.However,thosehypothesesreachlittleconsensus.Thatis,thoseapproachesofpsychologywhichbasedondifferentorcontraryhumanityhypothesessharelittlesimilarity.Hence,differenthumanityhypotheses,tosomeextent,resultinthedivisionofpsychology.Whenyoucriticallyreviewedthosehumanityhypotheses,youwillfindthateachofthemisnotappropriate,becausetheyonlyfocusesononesideofhumanity.Inotherwords,humannaturehasbeenconstructeddifferentsecond-orderhumanitiesclarifiedbydifferenthumanityhypotheses.Second-orderhumannatureisbasedonhumanityonhighground,notprimaryandlowground,suchasmoralitywhichwasnotbasedonbasicandlowground,butbasedonhighground(similartoanoblepersonratherthananusualperson).Oneprominentproblemonhumanityhypothesisisthatitonlyfocusesonsocialorpsychologicalaspectofhumannature,ratherthaneverysideofhumanity.Insuchsense,ahumanityhypothesisdetermineswhichdirectionpsychologicalsciencegoesahead.Ifhumanityisunified,peoplewillperhapshaveaunificationpsychology.Toresolvesuchsharpdifferenceintheliterature,itisnecessarytoconstructanewandunifiedhumanityhypothesis.Thus,wetrytoproposeaunifiedhumanityhypothesis(seeFigure1)Theinvestigatorsbelievethathumanityincludesdifferentelements.Humanityco-evolvedwithsociality,physicnature,biologicalbasisandexperienceorculture.Meanwhile,humanityisevolvingwiththegrowthofaperson.DoThoseRelatetoSCN?Althoughpreviouscontentshowedthathumanityhypothesisseemstoplayacriticalroleinunificationpsychology,ithasnothingwithSCN.Ifso,whydoesSCNintegratepsychologicalscience?First,weshouldargueforSCN,becauseSCNrelatetohumanityhypothesis,andeventointegrationofpsychologyscience.Themaintaskofpsychologyisexploringconsciousnessandmindofhumanbeing.However,ourbehaviorsandmindsareshapedbyourexperiencesandtheirunderlyingneurophysiologicmechanisms.Amongthese,ourexperiencesoftenoccurinthecontextofthenurture,ormainlycultureinwhichwedevelopandlive,while,neurophysiologicmechanismsofourbehaviorsandmindsmainlydeterminedbyourgenesandbrain,whichinfluencedandevendecidedbyourparents.Inaword,ourbehaviorsandmindsaremainlydeterminedbytheirgeneticbackgroundandtheirexperiences,theeformeralsonamednature,thelaternurture.Whatwehavereferred,SCNcombinesmainlycognitiveneuroscienceandsocialpsychology.However,animportantgoalofsocialneuroscienceresearchistounderstandthebasicgeneticandneurobiologicalmechanismsunderlyinghumansociality.Althoughthisinformationcanthenbeusedforthedevelopmentofnoveltreatmentstrategiesforclinicaldisordersassociatedwithdisruptedsocialbehaviors.Unfortunately,basicandclinicalhumanresearchhasbeenseverelylimitedinitsabilitytodissectthecomplexinteractionsofgenes,theenvironment,andtheneuralmechanismsunderlyingnormalsocialprocesses(Cacioppo,Amaraletal，2007).ItisnotdifficulttofindthatSCNtrytounderstandneuralbasisofourbehaviorsandtheirunderlyingphenomenameaning.Meanwhile,wealsounderstandtheserelationshipsbetweenhumanityandSCN.Asnotedabove,SCNbuildsonavarietyofwellestablisheddisciplinesincludingsocial,developmentalandcognitivepsychology,evolutionarybiology,neuropsychologyandcomputerscience,especiallysocialpsychologyandcognitiveneuroscience.Whatweshouldemphasize,socialpsychologiesmainlyfocusonsocialphenomenaanditspsychologicalmeanings,cognitiveneurosciencemainlypayattentiontoneuralorphysiologicalbasisofmindsandbehaviors.However,humanityismainlyinfluencedbysuchtwofactors.Therefore,SCNrelatetohumanityhypothesis,andeventointegrationofpsychologyscience.SCNIntegratesPsychology:AFrameworkPsy-DNAModelInthisrespective,weproposedaunificationframeworkcorrespondingtoourhumanityhypothesizes,whichnamedPsy-DNAmodelanddatedbacktoWundtandinspiredbyWasonandCrick'sDNAmodel(seeFigure2).InWundt’stime,Wundthastriedtosketchablueprintofpsychologysystem.Hisworksof"Contributiontothetheoryofsensoryperception"depictayoungscientist'sdream;heoriginallyproposedagreatideathathewantstoconstructadisciplinecomposedbybothexperimentpsychologyandsocialpsychology.Whatweshouldpointisthattheunderlyingunderstandingsofso-calledexperimentpsychologyandfolkpsychology,atleastinfollowingunderstandingofboth.Inclassicalworksofpsychology,Wundt'sexperimentpsychologymorehasbeenviewedphysiologicalpsychology,whichacquiredtheirresultsandconclusionbyexperiment,includingexperimentinthelabsorinthefield.However,therearemanydifferentviewpointsoropinionsfocusontheunderstandingofWundt'sfolkpsychology,somestudiesbelieveinthatthereisnotanydifferencebetweenculturepsychologyandfolkpsychology,someresearchersarguedthatthemeaningoffolkpsychologyisequaltosocialpsychology,althoughmorepeoplearguedforthelatter.InWundt'sfollowingworks,suchas"ThePrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",hehasgivenamorespecificanddetailedelaborationforhissciencedreaminitspreamble.Accordingtohisclarifycanonin"ThePrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",thefolkpsychologyreferstothelattersubjectwhoincludesmoredifferentfields,suchaslaw,artandmoralitywhichrelatedtosocialphenomenon.Thatis,thePsy-DNAmodelisdevelopedfromWundt'spsychologysystem.中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、四号，段前后距0.5行，单倍行距—打印时请删除黑体、小四，单倍行距—黑体、小四，单倍行距—打印时请删除TITLE：社会认知神经科学的角度统一心理学（正文-打印时请删除）中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、小四，首行缩进2字符，行距固定值22磅。—中文为宋体、西文为TimesNewRoman、小四，首行缩进2字符，行距固定值22磅。—打印时请删除社会认知神经科学(SCN)追溯到二十一世纪的开始。Oschner和利伯曼为视交叉上核(2001)给一个具体的解释。他们指出,视交叉上核从跨学科的结合社会心理学和认知神经科学。与此同时,他们还认为,它的目标似乎理解现象之间的交互三个层次,包括社会、认知和神经。特别是名字SCN表示这一领域的跨学科性质,并强调集成数据的特点从多个水平范围从个人经验和行为在社会环境中(社会行为水平)信息处理机制引起这些现象(认知水平)(神经到大脑基地级)。视交叉上核仍是相对较新的;然而,它建立在大量良好的学科包括社会心理学、发展心理学和认知心理学、进化生物学、神经心理学和计算机科学。每个视交叉上核提供了一个坚实的基础的相关研究从不同方面(&Erith布莱克莫尔,温斯顿,2004)。特别是,这些研究社会认知的发展做出更多贡献,视交叉上核,包括原型、态度形成和或态度的变化,社会判断、自我认知和情感与认知之间的交互。然后,脑成像等技术或事件相关电位(erp)的贡献。总之,视交叉上核包含大量实证研究在底层社会认知神经机制的过程(弗里斯布莱克莫尔,温斯顿,2004年),和这些研究一般认知过程如知觉、语言和记忆视交叉上核能够集成心理科学吗？当我们认为SCN将整合心理科学的不同领域,有许多研究者或研究也许疑问,为什么会视交叉上核,没有其他人,SCN如何集成这些划分方法。在下面我们将讨论这些问题。然而,我们必须引入的概念和构造集成取决于人性假说。人性假设是统一的开始一般来说,有两种方法在心理科学。一种是人文科学的方法,另一种是自然科学的方法。前者主要是由现象学哲学,而后者是指示实证哲学。这样,这两个准则导致他们不仅是不同的在他们的观点,而且在它们的方法。具体来说,人类科学心理学的方法主要采用定性范式。它更关注独特价值的人,因为它相信,人与机器之间有重要的区别,如电脑,或动物如桑代克的猫或杜尔曼的老鼠。相反,心理学的自然科学方法主要认为心理或思想可以减少逻辑或处理的机器或其他人,比如动物的一些活动。也为此,许多激进的理论心理学家的名字它还原论者。因此,这两种方法有很大差距在方法论和方法。像许多教科书提到,前者研究心理过程和认知机制主要取决于叙事分析或其他现象学的方法,而后者这么做主要取决于数量的措施,例如实验室实验和心理测试。根据前面提到的,这两种方式有很大的区别,从指导方法。人们应该意识到他们是多么不同,虽然他们都属于心理科学。从这个意义上讲,他们都探索和尝试阐明人类。也就是说,它们之间有一个共识。总之,他们想要探索和讨论人类的思想和行为。统一的人类决定统一心理学在心理学中,有许多人性假设,如“自我实现人”假设、“复杂人”的假设。心理学的不同方法是基于不同的人性假设开发的。例如,我们的人本主义心理学是由马斯洛自我实现基于人类的假设。如果我们想调查部门在《心理科学的原因,我们会发现人性假说中发挥着重要作用。为什么是吗?因为这些人性假设是如此不同,它们引导不同的方法。然而,这些假设达到共识。也就是那些心理学方法基于不同或相反的人性假设共享相似。因此,不同的人性假设,在某种程度上,导致分工的心理学。当你批判了人性假设,你会发现他们每个人都是不合适的,因为他们只关注人性的一面。换句话说,构造不同的二阶人文澄清了人性不同的人性假设。二阶人性是基于人类高地上,不是主要和较低的地面,如道德并不是基于基本和较低的地面,但基于高地(类似于一个高尚的人,而不是一个平常的人)。人性假设的一个突出问题是,它只关注人性的社会或心理方面,而不是人类的四面八方。在这种意义上,一个人性的