跨文化交际复习资料

monochronictime(MTime):Itschedulesoneeventatatim、eIntheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture、polychronictime(PTime):schedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime、Intheseculturepeopleemphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedule、sTheydonotseeappointmentsasironcladmitmentsandoftenbreakthe、minterculturalmunication:isaface-to-facemunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundshostcultureisthemainstreamcultureofanyoneparticularcountr、yminoritycultureistheculturalgroupsthataresmallerinnumericaltermsinrelationtothehostculture、subcultureisasmaller,possiblynonconformist,subgroupwithinthehostcultur、emulticulturalismistheofficialrecognitionofacountry'sculturalandethnicdiversity、cross-culturalmunicationisaface-to-facemunicationbetweenreprentativesofbusiness,governmentandprofessionalgroupsfromdifferentculture、shigh-contextculture:acultureinwhichmeaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords、Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilen、celow-contextculture:acultureinwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode、perception:initssimplestsense,perceptionis,asMarshallsingertellsus”,theprocessbywhichanindividualselects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld”Inotherwords,perceptionisaninternalprocesswherebyweconvertthephysicalenergiesoftheworldintomeaningfulinternalexperience、sNon-verbalmunicationItreferstomunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesfsignaleintoplay,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachothe、r、IndividualismIndividualismreferstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,right,anddutiesoriginateinindividuals、Itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy、13、ParalanguageThesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtomunicateattitudesorothershadesofmean、ing人际交际interpersonalmunication:asmallnumberofindividualswhoareinteractingexclusivelywithoneanotherandwhothereforehavetheabilitytoadapttheirmessagesspecificallyforthoseothersandtoobtainimmediateinterpretaionsfromthem、指少数人之间得交往她们既能根据对方调整自己得信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释。内文化交际intraculturalmunicationisdefinedasmunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture、指同一文化内某成员之间得交际,总得来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣得人们之间得交际。跨民族交际interthnicmunication:referstomunicationbetweenpeopleofthesamerace,butdifferentethnicbackgrounds、指同一种族,不同民族背景得人们之间得交际。跨种族交际interracialmunication:occurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics、指信息源与信息来自不同得种族,种族具有不同得身体特征。跨地区交际interregionalmunication:referstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry、指一个国家内主流文化成员之间得信息交换过程Context场景Thefinalponentofmunicationiscontext、Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthemunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethemunication、Allmunicationhassevenponents:thesource,encoding,themessage,thechannel,thereceiver,decoding,feedback、TheInferentialModelofmunicationfourpresumptions:linguisticpresumption,municativepresumption,presumptionofliteralness,conversationalpresumptions、Conversationalpresumptionsfiveaspects:1relevance:thespeaker'sremarksarerelevanttotheconversation2sincerity:thespeakerisbeingsincere3truthfulness:thespeakerisattemptingtosaysthtrue4quantity:thespeakercontributestheappropriateamountofinformation5quality:thespeakerhasadequateevidenceforwhatsheorhesays、TheMessageModelcannotaccountfor:1disambiguation2underdeterminationofreference3underdeterminationofmunicativeintent4nonliterality5indirection6nonmunicativeacts、Sixcharacteristicsofculturedirectlyaffectmunication:1learnedtransmittedfromgenerationtogbasedonsymbols4subjecttochange5integrated6EthnocentricTheprimarycharacteristicsofmunicationinclude:nodirectmind-to-mindcontactwecanonlyinfermunicationissymbolictime-bindinglinksustogetherweseektodefinetheworldmunicationhasconsequencemunicationisdynamicmunicationiscontextualmunicationisselfreflectiveFunctionsofnonverbalmunicationNonverbalmunicationhasitsownuniquefunctionsininterpersonalmunication、Wewillsumupsomeoftheimportantwaysofnonverbalmunicationinregulatinghumaninteraction、\Repeatingplementing\SubstitutingRegulating\Siximportantmunicationfunctions:indicatedegreesofattentiveness,interest,andarousalinfluenceattitudechangeandpersuasionregulateinteraction4municationemotions5definepowerandstatusrelationships6andassumeacentralroleinimpressionmanagementculture:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemAnsharedartifact(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)sharedBehavior(whattheydo)sharedConcepts(beliefs,values,worldviews whattheythinkCulturemeans:Thearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornat、ion、Thebeliefs,values,behaviorandmaterialobjectsthatconstituteapeople'swayoflife、5、 Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared、Allmunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols、Cultureislearned、Cultureislearned,notinherited、Itderivesfromone'ssocialenvironment,notfromone'sgenes、Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningone'sculturearecalledenculturation、Cultureisdynamic、(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange、It'sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures、Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures、Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义)、Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior、Ethnocentrism:thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior、6、 Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofmunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualmunicationisdynamic、municationisongoing,ever-changingactivity、Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoumunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction、municationisirreversible、Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback、municationissymbolic、Symbolsarecentraltothemunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthataremunicated、Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbemunicatedtoanotherperson、municationissystematicmunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem、Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction、municationistransactional、(P8)Atransactionalviewholdsthatmunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation、municationiscontextual、(P8)Allmunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext、Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship、Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings、StudyingInterculturalmunicationTh