2022年考研考博-考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号100

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday",whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants-thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.

1.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcaninferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause

（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect

（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto

（

）.

5.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?

问题1选项

A.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

B.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-care

C.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

D.informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights

问题2选项

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofpatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealth

D.somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician'sadvice

问题3选项

A.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

B.warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

C.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

D.admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective

问题4选项

A.aproposalofcontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates

D.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

问题5选项

A.Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.

B.Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.

C.Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernment,islesslikelytoacquiescetodemandsforpaymentwhentheillnessofthepatientisregardedasserious.

D.BothAandB.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到在经济的大部分领域购买者做出决定，但在医学领域却不是如此（Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.）文章主要讲述了卫生保健领域医生和病人奇怪的经济关系，其他几段分析了这种关系的不同之处，因此选项B符合题意。

2.推理判断题。文章第三段最后一句话提到“因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员是‘权力中心’，而不是行政部门”（Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration），根据asaconsequence可知，原因在该句的前面，Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."（难怪在医院的眼里医生才是真正的消费者）。也就是说医生决定了医院的收入，选项A符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到“医生通常做出所有重大的购买决定，如：病人是否应该在下周三回医院”（itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday"），选项A“指导病人买更多的医疗服务”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。最后一段作者指出75-80%的医疗花费是由医生决定的，而不是病人（Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients），因此针对病人或一般人的节约是相对无效的（Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective），由此可以看出作者对这种做法是持否定意见的，所以作者接下来可能会提出一些建议来改变这种行为，选项A“控制医疗成本的建议”符合题意。

5.观点态度题。文章第二段最后一句提到很少有病人会为价格问题来质疑医生，尤其是那些病重的病人（Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious），选项A的大意是很少有病人不愿意反对医生，与原文不符合，因此符合题意。

2.单选题

Doctorsbelievethatsecondhandsmokemaycauselungcancerinpeoplewhodonotsmoke.Nonsmokersoftenbreatheinthesmokefromotherpeople'scigarettes.Thisissecondhandsmoke.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyreportsthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmericaeachyearasaresultofexposuretosecondhandsmoke.

Thesmokethatcomesfromalitcigarettecontainsmanydifferentpoisonouschemicals.Inthepast,scientistsdidnotthinkthatthesechemicalsharmanonsmoker'shealth.Recently,though,scientistsexpressedtheiropinionaftertheystudiedalargegroupofnonsmokers.Theydiscoveredthatevennonsmokershadunhealthyamountsofthesetoxicchemicalsintheirbodies.Asamatteroffact,almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot.Forexample,wecannotavoidsecondhandsmokeinrestaurants,hotels,andotherpublicplaces.Eventhoughmanypublicplaceshavenonsmokingareas,smokeflowsinfromtheareaswheresmokingispermitted.

Itisevenharderforchildrentoavoidsecondhandsmoke.InAmerica,ninemillionchildrenundertheageoffiveliveinhomeswithatleastonesmoker.Researchshowsthatthesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes.Thedamagingeffectsofsecondhandsmokeonchildrenalsocontinueastheygrowup.Thechildrenofsmokersaremorethantwiceaslikelytodeveloplungcancerwhentheyareadultsasthechildrenofnonsmokers.Theriskisevenhigherforthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherebothparentssmoke.

1.Itcanbeinferredthataboutfifty-threethousandpeopledieinAmerican（

）.

2.Non-smokersgetharmedbysmokers

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotlistedasanegativeeffectimposedbysecondhandsmokingonchildren?

5.Whichgroupofchildrensufferfromsecondhandsmokingtothegreatestextent?

问题1选项

A.becauseofsmoking

B.thoughtheydon'tsmoke

C.becausetheirparentssmoke

D.thoughtheirparentsdon'tsmoke

问题2选项

A.becauseofthepoisonoussmoketheybreathein

B.iftheylivetogether

C.whenthereisnonon-smokingareainthepublicutilities

D.thoughthepoisonouschemicalscontainedinthesmokedon'tharmthem

问题3选项

A.Non-smokersmaybepassivelyinvolvedinsecondhandsmoking.

B.Somenon-smokersmaydieoflungcancerbecauseofsecondhandsmoking.

C.Weall,moreorless,sufferfromsecondhandsmoking.

D.Secondhandsmokingisevenmoreharmfulthansmokingitself.

问题4选项

A.Theyaremorelikelytobesick.

B.Theyaremorelikelytodevelopmentaldisease.

C.Theytendtohavethebadaffectastheygrowup.

D.Theyaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancer.

问题5选项

A.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithnosmokers.

B.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithoneparentsmoking.

C.Childrenundertheageoffivelivinginhomeswithtwoparentssmoking.

D.Childrenundertheageoffivelivingawayfromtheirparents.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干要求推断美国53,000人死亡的原因。根据关键词fifty-threethousand定位到文章第一段最后一句可知，这些人的死因是由于exposuretosecondhandsmoke，即“暴露于二手烟中”，由此可以推断死亡者本人不抽烟，故B项“尽管他们不吸烟”正确。而A项“由于吸烟”和C项“因为他们的父母吸烟”明显错误；D选项“尽管他们的父母不抽烟”属于过度推断。因此本题正确答案为B项。

2.细节事实题。根据题干Non-smokers可定位到原文第二段第四句，再根据下一句...almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，不管我们有没有意识到，我们几乎都吸入烟草的烟，所以非吸烟者身体受损的原因是“因为他们吸入有毒的烟”，故A项正确。B选项原文没有提及，C选项与第二段最后一句不符，故排除；D选项根据第二段第三句“甚至非吸烟者身体内有过量的这些化学物质”可以排除。

3.细节事实题。题干要求找出错误选项。A选项“非吸烟者也许会被动吸入二手烟”，根据常识可判断正确；根据第一段最后一句可知非吸烟者可能死于二手烟，所以B选项“有些非吸烟者可能因为吸二手烟而死于肺癌”正确；根据第二段almostallofusbreathetobaccosmokeattimes,whetherwerealizeitornot可知，C选项“我们都多多少少遭受二手烟的痛苦”正确；D选项“二手烟比抽烟本身伤害更大”在原文中并未提及，属于无中生有。因此本题答案为D项。

4.细节事实题。题干要求判断四个选项中哪一个不是二手烟对孩子的消极影响。根据题干定位至原文最后一段。由thesechildrenaresickmoreoftenthanthechildrenwholiveinhomeswherenoonesmokes可知，这些孩子比家里没有人吸烟的更容易生病，故A选项正确，可排除；B选项“他们更可能患心理疾病”在原文中并未提及。根据原文倒数第三句可知，C选项“孩子们长大了也会受二手烟的影响”正确，可排除。根据原文最后一句“父母吸烟的孩子长大后患肺癌的概率是父母不吸烟的孩子的两倍多”可知，D选项“一些非吸烟者可能由于二手烟死于肺癌”正确，可排除。故本题正确答案为B。

5.推理判断题。题干要求判断以下那种孩子受二手烟的伤害最大。根据关键词children定位至最后一段可知，“父母都抽烟的孩子患肺癌的风险更高”。A选项为“5岁以下生活在无人抽烟的家庭的孩子”；B选项为“5岁以下生活在父亲或母亲一方抽烟的家庭的孩子”；C选项为“5岁以下生活在父母都抽烟的家庭的孩子”；D选项“5岁以下不和父母一起生活的孩子”。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

3.单选题

AmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethewindsweptcliffsoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets.Ofallthebirdsonthesecliffs,theblack-leggedkittiwakegullisthebestsuitedfornestingonnarrowledges.Althoughitsnestinghabitsaresimilartothoseofgullsthatnestonflatground,thereareanumberofimportantdifferencesrelatedtothecliff-nestinghabit,

Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.Thisimmunityhasbeenfollowedbyarelaxationofthedefenses,andkittiwakesdonotreacttopredatorsnearlyasfiercelyasdoground-nestinggulls.AcolonyofBonaparte'sgullsrespondstotheappearanceofapredatoryherringgullbyflyingupasagroupwithaclamorofalarmcalls,followedbyconcertedmobbing,butkittiwakessimplyignoreherringgulfs,sincetheyposelittlethreattonestsoncliffs.Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest.Mostgullskeepthenestareaclearofdroppings,andremoveemptyeggshellsafterthechickshavehatched,sothatthelocationofthenestisnotgivenaway.Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous.

Ontheotherhand,nestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andkittiwakebehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.Thefemalekittiwakesitswhenmating,whereasothergullsstand,sothepairwillnotoverbalanceandfallofftheledge.Thenestisadeepcup,madeofmudorseaweed,toholdtheeggssafely,comparedwiththeshallowscrapeofothergulls,andthechicksareremarkablyimmobileuntilfullygrown.Theydonotrunfromtheirnestswhenapproached,andiftheyshouldcomeneartothecliffedge,theyinstinctivelyturnback.

1.Whataspectofthekittiwakegulldoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“immunity”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Whyisitdifficultforravenstostealthekittiwakes'eggs?

4.Theauthormentionsthateggshellslitterthenestsofkittiwakesinorderto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingbirdsconcealtheirnest?

问题1选项

A.Itsdefensivebehavior

B.Itinteractionswithothergullspecies

C.Itsnestinghabits

D.Itsphysicaldifferencefromothergullspecies

问题2选项

A.distance

B.transition

C.protection

D.reminder

问题3选项

A.Thekittiwakescanseetheravensapproachingthenest.

B.Theravenscannotlandonthenarrowledgeswherekittiwakesnest.

C.Thekittiwakes'eggsaretoobigfortheravenstocarry.

D.Thefemalekittiwakesrarelyleavethenest.

问题4选项

A.demonstratethatkittiwakesarenotconcernedaboutpredators

B.provehowbusykittiwakesareincaringfortheiroffspring

C.showasimilaritytoothertypesofgulls

D.illustratekittiwakes’lackofconcernfortheirchick

问题5选项

A.Bonaparte’sgulls

B.Atlanticpuffins

C.Kittiwakegulls

D.Northerngannets

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。分析文章内容可知，第一段主要讲不同于其它海鸥，三趾鸥习惯在峭壁上筑巢；第二段讲三趾鸥在峭壁上筑巢的优势；最后一段讲了三趾鸥如何适应在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文叙述的主要内容是三趾鸥的筑巢习惯。因此，本题正确答案为C项。

词汇题。

2.由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealegg可知，三趾鸥在在悬崖上筑巢的一大好处就是更安全，可以躲避无法攀登峭壁的狐狸和那些难以在陡峭岩石上立足的乌鸦和其他鸥类，防止鸟卵被偷走。因此，本题的正确答案为C项。

3.细节事实题。由原文第二段Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.可知，乌鸦无法偷走三趾鸥鸟卵的原因是它们难以在三趾鸥的巢边落脚。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。

4.推理判断题。根据原文第二段Kittiwakesdefecateovertheedgeofthenest,whichkeepsitclean,butthispractice,aswellastheirtendencytoleavethenestlitteredwitheggshells,makesitslocationveryconspicuous可知，三趾鸥会在巢边排便，以保持巢内干净，但这种做法以及它们倾向于在鸟窝里乱丢蛋壳的行为，使得它们巢的位置非常显眼。这里的描述是为和大多数海鸥作对比，说明三趾鸥也不会试着去隐藏它们的巢（Neitherdokittiwakesattempttoconcealtheirnest）。根据上下文可知三趾鸥之所以这样做是因为它们在峭壁上筑巢比在地面上筑巢更有优势，无需在意捕猎者，因此本题正确答案为A项。

5.推理判断题。原文第二段中指出，三趾鸥对捕食者的反应不像在地面筑巢的海鸥那么强烈。接着举出了Bonaparte’sgulls的例子，说明Bonaparte’sgulls和三趾鸥的筑巢习惯不同。大多数的海鸥在平地上筑巢，所以它们在雏鸟出生后会把蛋壳拿走，尽量不暴露鸟巢的位置。因此，可推测Bonaparte’sgulls也是这样的习惯，所以才会暴露自己的位置。由此可知，本题正确答案为A项。

4.单选题

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

问题1选项

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B选项becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C选项beconvincedof表示“确信；认识到”；D选项beconfrontedwith表示“面临，面对”。根据youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，虽然致力于工作是好的，但你不应该让工作占据所有的休闲时间。因此，B选项最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B。

5.单选题

Themanagerspokehighlyofsuch（

）asloyalty,courageandtruthfulnessshownbyhisemployees.

问题1选项

A.virtues

B.features

C.properties

D.characteristics

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。virtue“美德，优秀品质”；feature“特征，特点”；property“特性，性能，财产”；characteristic“特征，特点”。句意：经理高度赞扬了员工所体现的忠诚、勇敢和诚实的优秀品质。题干中的loyalty，courage和truthfulness都属于“优秀的品质”，因此答案选A。

6.单选题

Thepresidentmadea（

）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.tedious

C.flat

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。vigorous“充满活力的，精力充沛的”;tedious“冗长的，单调乏味的”；flat“平淡的，平坦的”；harsh“严酷的，恶劣的”。句意：校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。根据下文which从句的内容可知这个演讲是慷慨激昂的，故A项符合题意，答案选A。

7.单选题

Thepresidentmadea（

）speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting,whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.tedious

C.flat

D.harsh

【答案】A

【解析】句意:校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。

考查形容词辨析。vigorous充满活力的，精力充沛的;tedious冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的；flat平淡的，单调的，平坦的；harsh严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的。根据后半句句意可知A正确。

8.单选题

Despitehisdisappointingrecordthisyear,I（）feelheisthebestmaninourteam.

问题1选项

A.however

B.therefore

C.nonetheless

D.otherwise

【答案】C

【解析】Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

考查副词词义辨析。A选项however表示“然而，可是”，表转折，后面必须用逗号隔开；B选项therefore表示“所以，因此”；C选项nonetheless表示“尽管如此，但是”；D选项otherwise表示“否则”。由Despite“尽管”可知，空缺处应表转折关系，因此只有C符合句意。A项however虽然也表示转折，但后面必须用逗号隔开；【句意】虽然他今年的成绩差强人意，但我仍然觉得他是我们队最好的球员。

9.单选题

Asadevelopingcountry,wemustkeep（）withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

问题1选项

A.pace

B.move

C.step

D.speed

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组的固定搭配。A选项pace表示“步速，步伐，速度”；B选项move表示“行动，举措，改变”；C选项step表示“脚步，步骤，步伐”；D选项speed表示“速度，进展”。词组keeppacewith是一个固定搭配，表示“与并驾齐驱，保持一致”。因此本题正确答案为A选项。

10.单选题

Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim'shead（

）frombehind.

问题1选项

A.shouldhavebeenmade

B.musthavebeenmade

C.wouldhavebeenmade

D.oughttohavebeenmade

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法中情态动词表推测的用法。A项shouldhavedone表示“本该做某事（其实没做）”；B项musthavedone表示“—定做了某事”；C项wouldhavedone表示“将会做某事”，常用于表达虚拟语气；D项oughttohavedone表示“本该做某事”，比shouldhavedone语气强，意思为根据责任或者义务应该做。句意：警察宣称受害者头上的伤一定是从后面猛击造成的。故本题正确答案为B项。

11.单选题

ThisAfricancountryhasbeen（）bycivilwar,famineandfloodfordecades.

问题1选项

A.afflicted

B.conflicted

C.despaired

D.inclined

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项afflict表示“折磨；使痛苦；使苦恼”；B选项conflict表示“冲突，矛盾；争执；斗争”；C选项despair表示“绝望，丧失信心”；D选项incline表示“倾向于，有……倾向”。根据关键词“civilwar,famineandflood（内战、饥荒和洪水）”可知，这个非洲国家一直饱受这些灾害折磨，故afflict最符合句意。因此，本题正确答案为A项。

12.单选题

Iwish（

）thatmuchmoneylastmonth.

问题1选项

A.Ihadnotspent

B.didnotspent

C.wouldnothavespent

D.havenotspent

【答案】A

【解析】考察虚拟语气。根据lastmonth可知此处是与过去事实相反的情况，因此wish后面要用过完完成时态。选项A符合题意。句意：我希望我上个月没花这么多钱。

13.单选题

Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.In1987,arecord126,000carsrolledoffassemblylineseachworkingday,andcloseto400millionvehicleschokeuptheworld’sstreetstoday.

Butthecar'susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem.SincethedaysofHenryFord,societieshavemadeasteadystreamoflawstoprotectdriversfromeachotherandthemselves,aswellastoprotectthegeneralpublicfromtheunintendedeffectsofmassiveautomobileuse.Lawmakershavestruggledoverthecompetinggoalsofunlimitedmobilityandtheindividual’sfighttobefreeofthenoise,pollution,andphysicaldangersthattheautomobileoftenbrings.

Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.Evenworriesaboutuprisinggaspricesandfiiturefuelavailabilitysubsided（减退）intheeightiesalmostasquicklyastheyhademerged.Carsalesrecovered,drivingisup,andwealthycustomersareoncemoreshoppingforhighperformancecars.

Themotorvehicleindustry'sapparentsuccessindealingwiththechallengesoftheseventieshasobscuredtheharmfullong-termtrendsofautomobilecenteredtransportation.Risinggasolineconsumptionwillbeforelongputincreasedpressureonoilproductioncapacities.Inaddition,asmoreandmorepeoplecanaffordtheirowncarsandasmassmotorizationtakeshold,trafficjambecomesatoughproblem.Andmotorvehiclesareimportantcontributorstourbanairpollution,acidrain,andglobalwarming.

Society'sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.Intheyearsahead,thechallengewillbetodevelopinnovative（革新的）transportationpolicies.

1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Thephrase"rolledoffassemblylines"（Para.I,Lines2）means（）.

3.Thepassagestatesthatthereis（）.

4.Itisimpliedthattheauto'sassuredroleinsocietyis（）.

5.Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsare（）.

问题1选项

A.Acarprovidesitsownerwithasenseofsafety.

B.Agoodcarallowsitsownertotravelfree.

C.Agoodcarindicatesitsowner'shighsocialposition.

D.Acaraddstoitsowner'sattractiveness.

问题2选项

A."wereturnedoutfromfactories"

B."movedalongproductionlines"

C."movedalongthestreets"

D."werelinedupinthestreets"

问题3选项

A.asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandusefulnessofthecars

B.asharpcontrastbetweenthecostandperformanceofthecars

C.asharpconflictbetweencardriversandtrafficrules

D.asharpcontradictionbetweentheconvenienceofcarownersandtheburdensofsociety

问题4选项

A.threatenedbytherisinggasprices

B.challengedbyaseriesoffundamentalproblems

C.protectedbylaw

D.firmlyestablished

问题5选项

A.onlypartofthesolutiontomassiveautomobileuse

B.thebestwaytocopewiththemassiveuseofcars

C.innovativetransportationpolicies

D.futurepoliciesoftheautomobileindustry

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段第一句“Theindividualmobility,convenience,andstatusgivenbytheprivatepassengercarofferaseeminglyunbeatableattraction.私人轿车给个人所带来的流动性、便利性和地位，似乎具有无与伦比的吸引力。”由此可知，一辆好车能够彰显车主较高的社会地位。选项C符合原文。

2.判断推理题。rolloff指的是“从...复印出...”；assemblylines指的是“工厂组装线”。车从工厂组装线复印出，也就是说，车被一辆一辆的组装生产出来，所以选项D为正确答案。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段首句“Butthecar'susefulnesstotheindividualstandsinsharpcontrasttothecostsandburdensthatsocietymustshouldertoprovideanautomobile-centeredtransportationsystem．但是汽车对个人的有用性与社会为提供一个以汽车为中心的交通系统所必须承担的成本和负担形成了鲜明的对比。”也就是汽车给车主带来的便利与给社会带来的负担之间的尖锐矛盾，所以选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。根据第三段的首句“Priortotheseventies,theauto’susefulnessandassuredroleinsocietywerehardlyquestioned.在七十年代之前，汽车的实用性和它在社会中的作用几乎没有受到质疑。”但是在最后一段首句，作者提到“Society'sinterestinfuelsupplysecurity,theintegrityofitscities,andprotectionoftheenvironmentcallsforafundamentalrethinkingoftheautomobile’srole.社会对燃料供应的安全性、城市完整性和对环境保护的关注，要求我们从根本上重新思考汽车的作用。”也就是说，曾经汽车在社会中可靠的角色现在受到了一系列根本问题的挑战，所以选项B正确。

5.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二、三句“Stricterfueleconomyandpollutionstandardsarethemostobviousandimmediatemeasuresthatcanbeadopted.Buttheycanonlybepartoftheanswer.更严格的燃油经济性和污染标准是可以采取的最明显和最直接的措施。但它们只是答案的一部分。”由此可知，这只是大规模汽车使用的部分解决方案。选项A符合原文。

14.翻译题

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

RecentlybadairpollutioninBeijinghasledtoafloodofstrongcriticismfromthecountry'sstate-runmedia.Governmentofficialswereorderedtoreducevehicleuseovertheweekend,accordingtothestate-runXinhuanewsagency,whichalsocoveredthepollutionstoryextensively.Environmentalprotectionauthoritiespublisheddailyair-qualitymeasurements,butthosedidn'ttakeintoaccountthesmallerpollutionparticles,knownasPM2.5,thatpublichealthexpertssayarethemostdamagingtohumanhealth.

People'sDaily,meanwhile,ranafronteditorialundertheheadline"ABeautifulChinaStartswithHealthyBreathing"onMonday."Thevast,unmovinghazehasobscuredourvision,butithasmadetheurgencyofpollutioncontrolclearertous,"theeditorialsaid,notingthechallengestoChina’senvironmentfromrapidongoingindustrializationandurbanization.Post-crisisemergencymeasures,itcontinued,"cannotreplacesystematic,scientific,efficientandpowerfulmanagementoftheproblematitssource.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.

科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。

【答案】SectionA

最近，北京严重的空气污染引发了中国官方媒体的强烈批评。据广泛报道污染事件的新华社报道，政府官员被要求在周末期间减少车辆使用。环境保护部门公布了每天的空气质量监测数据，但这些数据没有将PM2.5等较小的污染颗粒计算在内。公共卫生专家说，PM2.5对人体健康的危害最大。

与此同时，《人民日报》周一在头版发表了一篇题为《美丽中国从健康呼吸开始》的社论。注意到中国快速发展的工业化和城市化给中国环境带来的挑战，

社论指出：巨大的、静止的雾霾遮蔽了我们的视野，但它让我们更加清楚地认识到控制污染的紧迫性。它还指出，危机后的紧急措施“不能从根本上取代对问题进行系统、科学、有效和强有力的管理”。

SectionB

Sciencemeanstheexplorationoftruth.Intheprocessofexploringtruth,people'sunderstandingofobjectivelawhastogothroughaarduousandtortuousprocess.Itisoftenthecasethatacademicdisputesarisebecauseofdifferentresearchperspectives,differentmasteryofmaterialsanddifferentmethodsofcognition.Therefore,accomplishedscientistsregardopposingopinionsasagreathelptothemselves,andtheircriticismasthemostvaluablefriendship.Thisisbecause,theopinionthatagreesmaynotberight,theopinionthatdisagreesmaynotbewrong.Tosaytheleast,evenafalseobjectionisgoodforone'sownscientificresearch.

15.单选题

Physicsis（

）tothesciencewhichwascallednaturalphilosophyinhistory.

问题1选项

A.alike

B.equivalent

C.likely

D.uniform

【答案】B

【解析】句意:物理学也相当于一门科学，在历史上，这门科学被称为自然哲学。

考查形容词辨析。alike相同的，相似的；equivalent相等的，相同的；likely可能的，预料的，有希望的；uniform一致的，统一的。故B符合句意。

16.翻译题

A.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese(15%)

Surveysshowthatmen’sattitudestoriskaretypicallymoreenthusiastic,whereaswomenaremorelikelytobuyandhold,whichleadsfinancialadviserstoconcludethatmenarelessrisk-averse.Andmenaremorelikelytosaythattheyunderstandfinancialconcepts,whichmightseemtosuggestthattheyaremorefinanciallyliterate.

Butitmaybemoreaccuratetosaythatwomenaremorerisk-awareandlessdeludedabouttheirfinancialcompetence.Astudyin2001byBradBarber,anacademicinthefieldofbehaviouralfinance,showedthatwomenoutperformedmeninthemarketbyonepercentagepointayear.Themainreason,heargued,wasthatmenweremuchmorelikelytobeoverconfidentthanwomen,andhencetocarryoutunprofitabletrades.

Anotherdifferenceisthatmenaremorelikelytosaythatoutperformingthemarketistheirtopinvestmentgoal,whereaswomentendtomentionspecificfinancialgoals,suchasbuyingahouseorretiringat60.Affluentwomenaremorelikelytoseekfinancialadviceandfewerdirecttheirowninvestmentscomparedwithmen.accordingtoCentury,aresearchfirm.Buttheyseemtobelesssatisfiedwiththeadvicetheyaregetting.Asurveyin2016byEconsult,aconsultancy,foundthat62%ofwomenwithsignificantassetsundermanagementwouldconsiderabandoningtheirmanager,comparedwith44%ofmen.

B.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish(15%)

管理者中富有激情，具有个人魅力和感染力的人凤毛麟角。那么，其他和我一样的大部分人该怎么办呢？你也许学不来魅力四射，但是你一定能够学会直截了当、有效地与员工谈论工作。能够学会在合适的时间以合适的方式、用词精准地与员工谈论工作。

最有效的管理者拥有一种特别的谈话方式。他们有着特殊的姿势、风度以及语调。他们的谈话方式既有权威感，又容易让人产生共鸣；既充分表达了严格的要求，又让人感到谈话人所给予的巨大支持；既严肃训导，又让人能够接受。这种谈话既不同于朋友，也不同于老板，恰好介于两者中间。

【答案】A英译汉【参考译文】

调查显示，男性应对风险的态度通常更为积极，然而女性则更可能会去购买和持有，这就导致理财顾问得出结论：男性更愿意承担风险。并且男性更愿意说自己理解金融的概念，也似乎表明他