2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号69

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.填空题

（1）totheweatherreportontheradio,it’sraininginShanghai,butthat（2）betrue.IwasjustonthephonetoShanghaiandthe（3）Ispokewithsaiditwassunnythere.

句意:听收音机上的天气预报说伤害正在下雨，但那不可能是真的。我刚和上海的一个人通了电话，其说上海正出太阳。

【答案】1.According

2.can’t

3.person

【解析】1.固定搭配。Accordingto根据,此处表示“据天气预报报道”。

2.语义题。句意:但那不可能是真的。

3.语义题。person作spokewith的宾语。句意:我刚和上海的一个人通了电话。

2.填空题

A:Areyougoingtotellyourbosstodaythatyou'requittingyour（1）?

B:Ican’tmakeupmymind（2）totellhimtodayornot.

A:I’dtellhimtodayifI（3）you.Whydelay?

B:ButwhatifI（4）mymind?

A:I（5）thatyou’dmadeafirmdecision.

B:Well,yesterdayIhadaconversationwithsomeonewho（6）

toworkforthecompanythatwantstohireme.（7）

tohim,there’sa

lotofdissatisfactionamongtheemployees.

A:Didhesaywhatthe（8）ofthedissatisfactionwas?

B:Hementionedanumberofthings.I’llstaywithmycurrentfirmifthealternativeisacompanywithmajormanagementproblems.They’reofferingmeahigher，butistheadditionalpayenoughtomakeupforabunchofnew（9）headaches?

A:Itsoundstomeasifyou'd（10）talktosome（11）currentorpastemployeesbeforeyouacceptthenewfirm’s

offer.

大意:

A.你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？

B.我不确定是否今天告诉他。

A.如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？

B.但是，要是我改变主意了呢？

A.我觉得你己经决定了。

B.昨天，我和一个之前在想雇我的那个公司中工作过的人谈话。据他所说，员工间有很多不满。

A.他有说不满的原因是什么吗？

B.他说了很多事。如果这个公司主要是管理问题的话，我会呆在现在的公司。他们会给我提供更高的薪水，但是，这额外的工资足以弥补一连串新的麻烦吗？

A.这听起来，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和现在或者之前的雇员多谈谈。

【答案】1.job

2.whether

3.were

4.change

5.thought

6.used

7.According

8.cause

9.salary

10.better

11.more

【解析】1.词汇题。根据上下文推测此处填job。Quitone’sjob辞职。

2.固定搭配。Whetherornot是否。

3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。根据If以及主句中动词时态“would/shouldtell”可知,此处是if引导的虚拟语气。而且,根据today判断,这是对现在的虚拟,故填

4.词汇题。句意:但是，要是我改变主意了呢？

5.词汇题。句意:我觉得你已经做好了决定。再根据后面的you’dmade判断此处为think的过去式thought。

6.词汇题。此处为定语从句修饰someone。此处的someone指在这个公司工作或曾经工作过的人,所以此处填used，与后面的to搭配表示“曾经”。

7.固定搭配。Accordingto根据…。

8.词汇题。句意:他有说不满的原因是什么吗？

9.词汇题。根据语境推测此处填salary(工资,薪水)。

10.固定搭配。You’dbetter你最好是…。

11.词汇题。A希望B能在接受新公司邀请之前和目前或之前的员工谈谈。此句已经完整,因此应填入程度副词，故填more，即多了解情况。

3.单选题

Asyoucantellfromhowanimatedheis.Charlesisnottiredenoughtogotobedyet.Hewouldn’tsleepifhegoestobednow.

问题1选项

A.Asyoucan

B.howanimatedheis

C.tiredenough

D.hegoestobed

E.没有问题

【答案】D

【解析】时态错误。hegoestobed改为weretogotobed,主句和从句部分都是表示与将来事实相反，主句用would/could+动词原形，从句用wereto/should+动词原形。

4.填空题

Lookatthetime!It’salready5:10,andwehavetobeatthestationby5:45!Ifwedon’t（1）up,we’ll（2）ourtrain.

句意:你看看时间吧！现在已经五点十分了，而我们必须在五点四十五分赶到火车站！如果我们不快点，就会错过火车。

【答案】1.hurry

2.miss

【解析】1.固定搭配。Hurryup快点。

2.语义题。句意:我们就会错过火车。

5.填空题

MrAmescan’tcometothephone.He’stalkingtoaclientatthe（1）.

Couldyoucall（2）

（3）twentyminutes?

【答案】1.moment

2.back

3.in

【解析】1.固定搭配。Atthemoment现在。

2.固定搭配。Callback回电话。

3.语义题。此处表示二十分钟后。

6.单选题

WhenIapproachedtheBritishembassytoapplyavisatoworkonadesignprojectinAberdeen,Ihardlyexpectedthatitwouldtakesixmonthstoobtainone.

问题1选项

A.toapplyavisatowork

B.onadesignproject

C.hardly

D.thatitwouldtakesixmonthsto

E.没有错误

【答案】A

【解析】动词误用。动词apply为不及物动词,后面接宾语时应加介词for。Applyfor申请。

7.单选题

YesterdayWangWeiguowasinabarfightinwhichhehitapatrolmanattemptingtobreakitup;afterwardshewasquiteupsetwiththepolice,wholethimstayiniailovernight

问题1选项

A.wasinabarfightinwhich

B.attemptingto

C.breakitup

D.lethimstayiniail

E.没有问题

【答案】C

【解析】动词误用。Let改成made。由关键词“stayinjail呆在监狱里”知这里的动词let“让；允许”在语境上不恰当，这里可以改成“made”(make的过去式)。

8.单选题

ComparingwithotherAsiancountries,Chinasuffersfromthegreatestgapbetweenitsdevelopmentneedsanditsactualwaterresources.

问题1选项

A.Comparingwithother

B.from

C.gapbetweenits

D.itsactualwaterresources

E.没有问题

【答案】A

【解析】语法错误。考查非谓语动词。Comparingwithother改为Comparedwithother,当表示被动时，非谓语动词需用过去分词的形式。

9.单选题

WithtrafficconstantlyontheincreaseinthestreetsofBeijing,themetroisthebestwaytogetaroundthecityduringrushhours，howeverthecrowdsinthemetrotrainsarenowalsoa

problem.

问题1选项

A.getaroundthecity

B.constantlyontheincrease

C.getaroundthecity

D.hours，however

E.没有错误

【答案】D

【解析】句子连接错误。however后面加逗号。however在句子中表示"然而",表示转折时,通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。

10.填空题

A:Silviahassuggested（1）tothecinemathisevening.Howdoyoufeel（2）that?

B:Totellthe（3）,I’mnotreallyinthe（4）togooutagain.It'sbeenalongday.

Wouldyou（5）spendingaquieteveningathome（6）?

A:No,notreally.I’llphoneSilviaandtellherthatwe’llgooutwithherother

（7）

night.

【答案】going;about;truth;mood;mind;together;the

【解析】句意:

一一西尔维娅提议今晚去电影院。你觉得怎样？

一一实话说，我真的不想出去了。你介意一起在家里度过安静的一晚吗？

一一不会的。我给西尔维娅打电话告诉她我们改天晚上再跟她出去吧。

1.语义题。句意为:西尔维娅提议今晚去电影院。空前为suggest后面接doingsth.,故填going。

2.固定搭配。feelaboutsth.认为,感觉。

3.常用语。totellthetruth实话说。

4.固定搭配。inthemoodtodosth.有兴趣做某事。

5.常用语。wouldyouminddoingsth.是否介意做某事。

6.语义题。句意为:你介意一起在家里度过安静的一晚吗?故填together。

7.语法分析。Theothernight表示“另一晚”。

11.填空题

Is（1）acarreallysuchagoodidea?Thinkofhowmuchfuelitwouldneed,andofthecostofmaintenanceandinsurance.Inthisneighborhoodyou’dprobablyhavetopayafeeto（2）itatnight.OnyoursalaryIreally（3）thatyoucan（4）it.Asafriend,Iwould（5）

youtowaituntilyourfinancialsituationimproves.

大意:买车真的是个好想法吗？想想它需要多少油耗，维修和保养要多少花费。在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。以你的工资，我真怀疑你能买得起。作为朋友，我建议，等你经济状况有所提高后再买。

【答案】1.buying

2.park

3.doubt

4.afford

5.advise

【解析】1.词汇题。此处应填一个动词的ing形式,宾语为acar。本段讲的应该是关于“购买一辆车”。

2.词汇题。句意:在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。因此此处填入动词原形park。

3.词汇题。句意:以你的工资，我真怀疑你能否买得起。

4.词汇题。此处应填一个动词,而且表示“买得起”,故填afford。

5.词汇题。空格处应填一个谓语动词,根据后面的内容推测此处应该是给与建议。因此填advise，advisesb.Todosth.建议某人做某事。

12.填空题

（1）hestudiedinAmericaforthreeyears,hecan’twriteEnglishverywell.Heisratherembarrassedbythisnow.He（2）hehadnotspentmoretime（3）hiswrittenEnglishwhilehewasabroad.

句意:尽管在美国学习过三年，但是他的英语书写能力却很差。这让他现在倍感尴尬。他说自己在国外时没有在书面英语上花较多的时间。

【答案】1.Although

2.said

3.on

【解析】1.逻辑分析。空格所在句子与其后面句子构成让步关系。

2.语义题。用said表示“说过”。

3.固定搭配。Spendtimeon花时间在某事上。

13.填空题

Earthquakesarenaturalshakingswithintheearth’scrust.Theyshowthatcrustalmovementsarestilltaking（1）onourplanettoday,（2）ontheMoon,whichappearstohavenosuchactivity.Seismometersenablegeologiststo（3）theintensityofquakes.MuchofChinaisseismicallyactive,withthemost（4）recentearthquakehavingoccurredin2008,inSichuan（5）.

【答案】place;unlike,measure;serious:province

【解析】句意:地震是地球地壳内的正常震动。他们发现地壳运动在我们今天的星球上仍在发生，不像月球上，貌似没有这样的运动。测振仪能够使地质学家测量震动的强度。中国大部分地区地质活跃，最近最严重（破坏力最大）的一次地震发生在2008年的四川。

1.固定搭配。takeplace发生。

2.语义题。句意:不像月球上，貌似没有这样的运动。故填unlike。

3.语义题。根据前面的seismometers(测振仪)推测此处填measure(测量)。

4.语义题。句意:中国大部分地区地质活跃，最近最严重的一次地震发生在2008年的四川。故填serious。

5.语义题。根据Sichuan推测此处填province。

14.单选题

EvenasachildIwasnotagreatfanofcartoon,butmydaughterwatchesthemwhenevershecan,withnoapparentilleffectsonherattitudeorherperformanceatschool.

问题1选项

A.Evenasachild

B.fanofcartoon

C.themwhenevershecan

D.apparentilleffectsonher

E.没有问题

【答案】C

【解析】代词误用。them改成it,此处的代词指代前面的cartoon,因为是单数名词，故需要用it。

15.单选题

1.Gettingtoolittlesleepforseveralnightsinarowdisruptshundredsofgenesthatareessentialforgoodhealth,includingthoselinkedtostressandfightingdisease.Testsonpeoplewhosleptlessthansixhoursanightforaweekrevealedsubstantialchangesintheactivityofgenesthatgoverntheimmunesystem,metabolism,sleepandwakecycles,andthebody’sresponsetostress,suggestingthatpoorsleepcouldhaveabroadimpactonlong¬termwellbeing.

2.Thechanges,whichaffectedmorethan700genes,mayshedlightonthebiologicalmechanismsthatraisetheriskofahostofailments,includingheartdisease,diabetes,obesity,stressanddepression,inpeoplewhogettoolittlesleep.’’Thesurpriseforuswasthatarelativelymodestdifferenceinsleepdurationleadstothesekindsofchanges,"saidProfessorDijk,directoroftheSurreySleepResearchCentreatSurreyUniversity,wholedthestudy.“It’sanindicationthatsleepdisruptionorsleeprestrictionisdoingmorethanjustmakingpeopletired.”

3.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhosleeplessthanfivehoursanighthavea15%greaterriskofdeathfromallcausesthanpeopleofthesameagewhogetagoodnight’ssleep.InonesurveyofworkersinBritainmorethan5%claimedtosleepnomorethanfivehoursanight.AnothersurveypublishedintheUSin2010foundthatnearly30%ofpeopleclaimedtosleepnomorethansixhoursanight.

4.ProfessorDijk’steamasked14menand12women,allhealthyandagedbetween23and31years,toliveunderlaboratoryconditionsatthesleepcentrefor12days.Eachvolunteervisitedthecentreontwoseparateoccasions.Duringonevisit,theyspent10hoursanightinbedforaweek.Intheother,theywereallowedonlysixhoursinbedanight.Attheendofeachweek,theywerekeptawakeforadayandnight,oraround39to41hours.UsingEEG(electroencephalography)sensors,thescientistsfoundthatthoseonthe10hours-per-nightweeksleptaround8.5hoursanight,whilethoselimitedtosixhoursinbedeachnightgotonaverage5hoursand42minutesofsleep.

5.Thetimespentasleephadahugeeffectontheactivityofgenes,pickedupfrombloodtestsonthevolunteers,accordingtoareportintheUSjournalProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Amongthesleep-deprived,theactivityof444geneswassuppressed,while267genesweremoreactivethaninthosewhosleptforalongertime.

6.Changesingenesthatcontrolmetabolismmighttriggerorexacerbateconditionssuchasdiabetesorobesity,whiledisruptionofothergenes,suchasthosethatgovernthebody’sinflammatoryresponse,mighthaveanimpactonheartdisease.Additionalgenesthatwereaffectedhavebeenlinkedtostressandaging.Sleeplossalsohadadramaticeffectongenesthatgovernthebody'sbiologicalclock,suggestingthatpoorsleepmighttriggeraviciouscycleofworseningsleepdisruption.Thetestsshowedthatpeoplewhosleptfor8.5hoursanighthadaround1,855geneswhoseactivityroseandfellovera24-hourcycle.Butinthesleep-deprived,nearly400ofthesestoppedcyclingcompletely.Theremainderroseandfellinkeepingwiththebiologicalclock,butoveramuchsmallerrange."Thereisafeedbacklinkbetweenwhatyoudotoyoursleepandhowthataffectsyourcircadianclock.Thatwillbeveryimportantinfutureinvestigations,”saidDijk.

7.Theresearchersdidnotcheckhowlongittookforgenestoreturntotheirnormallevelsofactivityinthesleep-deprivedvolunteers,buttheyhopetodosoinlaterstudies.Thoughscoresofgenesweredisruptedinthesleep-deprived,thescientistscannotsaywhetherthosechangesareaharmlessshorttermresponsetopoorsleep,asignofthebodyadaptingtosleep-deprivation,orarepotentiallyharmfultohealth.

8.JamesHome,professorofpsychophysiologyatLoughboroughUniversity’sSleepResearchCentre,said:"Thepotentialperilsof’sleepdebt’intoday'ssocietyandtheneedforeighthoursofsleepanightareoftenoverplayedandcancauseundueworry.Althoughthisimportantstudyseemstosupportthisconcern,theparticipantshadtheirsleepsuddenlyrestrictedtoanunusuallylowlevel,whichmusthavebeensomewhatstressfulWe

mustbecarefulnottogeneralizesuchfindingsto,say,habitualsix-hoursleeperswhoarehappywiththeirsleep.Besides,sleepcanadapttosomechange,andshouldalsobejudgedonitsquality,notsimplyonitstotalamount.”

1.BasedonwhatisreportedintextA,Prof.Dijkseemstohavechosenthevolunteersforhissleepexperiments（

）.

2.TheresearchdescribedintextA（

）.

3.Theuseoftheverbtoclaiminparagraph3indicatesthattheresearchers（

）.

4.WhenthesleepresearcherswhoseworkisthefocusoftextAneededtofindouthowmuchsleeptheirhumanexperimentalsubjectsweregetting,they（

）.

5.AccordingtotextA,DrDijk'sresearchindicatesthatobesity（

）.

6.Prof.Home’sremarks(paragraph8)（

）.

问题1选项

A.primarilyfromamonguniversityundergraduateswithagreatdealoffreetime.

B.fromanagegroupinwhichphysicalgrowthhadendedandmajorundetectedhealthproblemswereunlikelytobepresent.

C.fromarandomassortmentofBritishpeople.

D.fromamongthepeoplemostlikelytosufferfrominterruptedsleeporothersleepingproblems.

问题2选项

A.usefullyconfirmstheworkofearlierresearchersbutofferslittlethatisnew.

B.offersbiologicalclarificationofresearchdoneearlier.

C.contradictstheresultsofearlierresearch.

D.ispioneeringworkofakindneverdonebefore.

问题3选项

A.aresurethatthesleepdataareaccurate.

B.havenoreasonnottobelievethatthesleepdataarecorrect.

C.thinkthatthereislittlereasontoacceptthesleepdata.

D.cannotbeabsolutelysurethatthesleepdataareaccurate.

问题4选项

A.usedtechnicalmeanstoworkouthowmuchthevolunteershadreallyslept.

B.watchedthesleepingvolunteersinthelabtoseehowlongtheyslept.

C.estimatedthefiguresbyaveragingsleepdataarrivedatbyvariousmeans.

D.reliedonstatementsmadebythevolunteersusedintheexperiments.

问题5选项

A.isthedirectresultofgettingtoolittlesleep.

B.maybethedirectresultofnotgettingenoughsleep.

C.mayresultfromorbeworsenedbyalterationsinthegenesofpeoplewhogettoolittlesleep.

D.cannotbeshowntohaveanyreasonabledirectorindirectconnectionwithsleepingpatterns.

问题6选项

A.cautionreadersnottoconcludetoomuchfromProf.Dijk’sfindings

B.emphasizetheimportanceforallhumanbeingsofgetting8hoursofsleepnightly

C.warnthatdangerousstressistheinevitableresultofgettingtoolittlesleep

D.underlinetheimportanceandvalueofProf.Dijk'sresearch

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干意思“基于文章A中的陈述，教授Dijk为自己的睡眠实验选择的自愿者似乎…”定位至第四段“ProfessorDijk'steamasked14menand12women,allhealthyandagedbetween23and31years...教授Dijk的团队要求身体都健康且年龄介于23至31岁的14位男人和12位女人……”,由此可知知B项“来自身体发育已停止且不太可能有主要的未被发现的健康问题的年龄群体”正确。

2.细节事实题。由第二段中“Thechanges,whichaffectedmorethan700genes,may

shedlightonthebiologicalmechanismsthatraisetheriskofahostofailments,includingheartdisease,diabetes,obesity,stressanddepression,inpeoplewhogettoolittlesleep.这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病风险增加的生物学机制。”及第三段中“Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhosleeplessthanfivehoursanighthavea15%greaterriskofdeathfromallcausesthanpeopleofthesameagewhogetagoodnight’ssleep.先前的研究显示，每晚睡眠少于5小时的人相比睡好觉的同龄人死于各种原因的风险增加了15%。”的对应关系知B项“为早些时候的研究提供了生物学上的阐明”正确。

3.词义题。claim本意指“要求；声称”及它在第三段的主语分别是“英国工人”和“在美国接受调研的人”,由此推测claim这个词的使用表明研究者对睡眠对声称的睡眠数据不能确定，由此知D项“不能完全确定这些睡眠数据是精确的”正确。

4.细节事实题。第四段指出:UsingEEG(electroencephalography)sensors,thescientistsfoundthatthoseonthe10hours-per-nightweeksleptaround8.5hoursanight，...(通过使用脑电图传感器，科学家发现每晚睡觉十个小时的人每晚大约睡觉8.5个小时。由此可知A项“用技术方式去算出志愿者们真正睡眠时间是多久”正确。

5.C细节事实题。第二段的第一句指出:这些对超过700个基因有影响的变化可能让人明白睡觉过少的人患上如心脏病、糖尿病、肥胖、压力和抑郁等疾病风险增加的生物学机制。第六段:Changesingenesthatcontrolmetabolismmighttriggerorexacerbateconditionssuchasdiabetesorobesity,...控制新陈代谢的基因发生的变化可能会引发或加剧如糖尿病或肥胖等情况……,可知c项“可能被睡觉很少的人的基因变化引起或恶化”正确。

6.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第八段:Wemustbecarefulnottogeneralizesuchfindingsto,say,habitualsix-hoursleeperswhoarehappywiththeirsleep(我们必须小心避免去推广这些发现，如不能将这些发现推广到习惯六小时睡眠而对自己睡眠满意人身上),可知A项“告诫读者不要从教授Dijk的发现上推断太多”正确。

16.单选题

Sincethedatafromtheexperimentsarenoteasytobeanalysed,itwillbeseveralweeksbeforeweknowwhetherwearefreetoproceedwiththesecondpartofourresearchprogram.

问题1选项

A.from

B.arenoteasy

C.tobeanalysed

D.freetoproceedwith

【答案】B

【解析】语法错误。主谓不一致。are改成is。主语thedata为单数，故系动词应该用is。

17.填空题

Smallchildrenneedtobe（

）tolookbothwaysbeforetheycrosstheroad.

【答案】

told

【解析】语义题。句意:小孩子需要被吿知横穿马路前要看两边/需要告知小孩过马路要看两边。因此tell符合句意,空格处应用动词的过去分词形式和前面的be动词一起表被动。

18.填空题

Inmyoffice（1）deskisbythewindowandthereis（2）largebookshelfalongthewall.Twoyearsagoanair（3）wasinstalledintheoffice,sonowIcanworktherecomfortablyevenonsummerafternoons.Ihaveadesktop（4）intheoffice,butlatelyithasn’tbeenveryreliable;asa（5）,Iusuallybringmylaptopwithme.

大意:在我办公室，靠窗边有把椅子，沿墙靠着一个大书架。两年前，办公室装了一台空调，所以，现在即使是夏天的午后，我也可以舒服地工作。办公室有台台式电脑，但是，后来它并不可靠。结果，我经常带手提电脑来办公室。

【答案】1.the

2.a

3.conditioner

4.computer

5.result

【解析】1.语法题——定冠词。这里的desk特指办公室靠窗的椅子,因此填定冠词the。

2.语法题——不定冠词。此处为thereis,而且空格处修饰名词的单数bookshelf，因此空格处填不定冠词a。

3.词汇题。根据后面的sonowIcanworktherecomfortablyevenonsummerafternoons以及空前的air推测此处填conditioner。Airconditioner空调。

4.语义题。后文中出现了laptop(手提电脑),据此推测空格处填computer。Desktopcomputer桌面电脑。

5.固定搭配。Asaresult因此/结果。

19.单选题

TheclerkIspokewithinsistedoverandoverthatwehadbeenchargedthenormalrateforthehotelroom,soIaskedtospeakwithhismanager.

问题1选项

A.insistedoverandover

B.hadbeencharged

C.ratefor

D.soIaskedtospeakwithhismanager

E.没有错误

【答案】E

【解析】没有错误。句意:和我说话的店员一遍又一遍坚持说,我们付的是正常价位的房钱,所以我要求和经理谈话

20.填空题

Who（1）youyourfirstChinesecharacterswhenyouwereachild?Anddidyouuseapencil,apen（2）abrushtowritethem?

【答案】1.taught

2.and

【解析】1.语义题。teachsb.sth.“教授某人”，由题干的表示时间的“whenyouwereachild”可知第一个空应填入teach的过去式taught。

2.逻辑分析。apencil,apen,abrush三者是并列关系,用and连接表示列举。

21.单选题

TheEarth'satmosphererecordedthehugedeclineinthepopulationoftheWesternHemisphereinthe150yearsfollowingthearrivalofColumbusfromSpainin1492.Soldiers,officials,settlersandmerchantsfromEurasiaandslavesfromAfricaunwittinglyintroducedcommondiseasessuchassmallpox(天花)，measles(麻疹)andinfluenzatowhichtheinhabitantsoftheAmericaspossessednoimmunity.Scholarlyestimatesofthetotalnumberofdeathsfromdiseasevarywidely,butthenumbermayhaveexceeded50millionandcertainlywipedout75%ormoreofnativeAmericans.Thisrapiddepopulationofthehemisphereallowedforeststogrowinformerfarmlands.By1610thegrowthofallthosetreeshadsuckedenoughcarbondioxide(CO2)outoftheskytocauseadropofatleastsevenpartspermillioninatmosphericconcentrationsofthemostprominentgreenhousegasandstartalittleiceage.

Basedonthatdramaticshift,SimonLewisandMarkMaslin,BritishecologistsworkingatUniversityCollegeLondon,believe1610shouldbeconsideredthestartingdateofanewgeologicepochcurrentlyunderdiscussionamongearthscientists:theAnthropocene,orrecentageofhumanity.LewisandMaslindubthedecreaseinatmosphericcarbondioxidethe’’OrbisSpike"fromtheLatinforworld,becausesince1492humancivilizationhasprogressivelyglobalized.InapaperpublishedthismonthinNature,theyarguethathumanimpactsontheplanethavebeendramaticenoughtowarrantformalrecognitionoftheAnthropoceneepochandthattheOrbisSpikeshouldserveasthemarkerofitsopening.

TheAnthropoceneisnotanewidea.Asfarbackasthe18thcenturythefirstscientificattempttolayoutachronologyofEarth’sgeologichistoryendedwithahumanepoch.Bythe19thcenturytheideawascommonplace,appearingastheAnthropozoic("humanliferocks")orthe'*EraofMan"ingeologytextbooks.Butbythemiddleofthe20thcentury,theideaoftheHolocene(thetermmeans"entirelyrecent"inGreekdesignatesthemostrecentperiod,datingfrom11,700yearsago,whentheglaciers(冰河)ofthelasticeagereceded)hadcometodominate,recognizinghumansasanimportantelementofthecurrentepoch,butnotthedefiningone.

Thatideaisnolongeradequate,accordingtoscientistsrangingfromgeologiststoclimatologists.Humanimpactshavesimplygrowntoolarge:somescientistspointtothefloodofnitrogen(N)releasedintotheworldbytheinventionoftheHaber-Boschprocess

forwrestingthevitalnutrientfromtheairtosupportagriculture,othersemphasizethefactthatmodempeoplenowmovemoreearthandstonethanalltheworld’sriversputtogether.

Researchershaveadvancedanarrayofproposalsforwhenthisputativenewepochmighthavebegun.Somelinkittothestartofthemassextinctionoflargemammals（卩甫孚L动物）suchaswoollymammothsandgiantkangaroossome50,000yearsagoortheadventofagriculturearound10,000yearsago.OtherssaytheAnthropoceneismuchmorerecentandtothebeginningoftheuptickinatmosphericCO2concentrationsaftertheinventionofaneffectivecoal-burningsteamengine.

ThemostprominentcurrentproposalconnectsthedawnoftheAnthropocenetothatofthenuclearage:long-lobedradionuclide（放射性同位素）leavealong-livedrecordintherock.Theboominhumanpopulationandconsumptionofeverythingfromcoppertomaize（玉米）after1950orso,knownasthe"GreatAcceleration",roughlycoincideswiththisnuclearmarker.Sodoestheadventofplasticsandotherremnantsofindustrialsociety,dubbed”technofossils"byJanZalasiewiczoftheUniversityofLeicester,thegeologistwhoheadsthegroupthatispushingforadditionoftheAnthropocenetothestandardgeologictimescale.TheradionuclidescanthenserveaswhatgeologistscallaGlobalStratotypeSectionandPoint,morecommonlyknownasa“goldenspike.”Perhapsthemostfamoussuchgoldenspikeisthethinlayerofiridium（Ir）afoundinpockexposednearElKef,Tunisia;itpinpointstheasteroidimpactthatterminatedtheageofthedinosaursandendedtheCretaceousabout65millionyearsago.

LewisandMaslinrejectthisradionuclidespikebecauseitisnottiedtoa*'world-changingevent"--atleastnotyet—althoughitisaclearsignalintherock.Ontheotherhand,theirOrbisSpikein1610reflectsboththemostrecentCO2lowpointandtheredistributionofplantsandanimalsaroundtheworldassociatedwiththeAgeofDiscoveryandtheriseofworldempires,atruechangingoftheworld.Muchlikethegoldenspikethatmarkstheendofthedinosaurs,theproposedOrbisSpikeitselfwouldbetiedtothelowpointofatmosphericCO?concentrationsaround1610,asrecordedinicecores,wheretinytrappedbubblesbetraypastatmospheres.FurthergeologicevidencewillcomefromtheappearanceofmaizepolleninsedimentcorestakeninEuropeandAsiaatthattime,amongotherindicatorsthatwillcomplementtheCO2record.Therefore,scientistslookingaticecores,mudorevenrockwillfindthisepochalshiftinthefuture.

TheCO2dropcoincideswithwhatclimatologistscalltheLittleIceAge.Thatcoolingeventmayhavebeentiedtoregeneratedforestsandotherplantsgrowingonsome50millionhectaresoflandabandonedbyhumansafterthemassdeathbroughtonbydiseaseandwarfare,LewisandMaslinsuggest.Anditwasn'tjustthedeathofmillionsofaboriginalAmericans.Theenslavement（ordeath）ofmanymillionsofAfricansforlaborinthenewlandsmayalsohaveaddedtotheclimateimpact.ThepopulationoftheregionsofwesternAfricamostaffectedbytheNewWorldslavetradedidnotbegintorecoveruntiltheendofthe19thcentury.Inotherwords,from1600to1900areasofthatregionmayhavebeenregrowingforest,enoughtoreduceatmosphericCO?,justliketheregrowthoftheAmazonandthegreatNorthAmericanwoods,althoughthishypothesisremainsinsomedispute.

Howeverdelimited,thenewdesignationwouldmeanwearelivinginanew

Anthropoceneepoch,partoftheQuaternaryperiod,whichstartedmore2.5millionyearsagowiththeadventofthecyclicalgrowthandretreatofmassiveglaciers.TheQuaternaryispartoftheCenozoic("recentlife”)erathatbegan66millionyearsagoandis,inturn,partofthePhanerozoic("revealedlife")eon,whichstarted541millionyearsagoandencompassesallofcomplexlifethathaseverlivedonthisplanet.Intheend,theAnthropocenemightsupplanttheHolocene."Itisdesignatedanepoch,unlikeotherinterglacial,becausebackinthe18thcenturygeologiststhoughthumanswereaveryrecentspecies,arrivingviadivineinterventionorevolvingonEarthintheHolocene,*'Lewisargues,butscientistsnowknowHomosapiensarosemorethan200,000yearsagointhePleistoceneepoch."HumansareaPleistocenespecies,so...callingtheHoloceneanepochisarelicofthepast."MaslinsuggestsdowngradingtheHolocenetoastagwithinthePleistocene,likeotherinterglacialspansinthegeologicrecord.ButZalasiewiczdisagreeswiththisbidtogetridoftheHolocene.*'Idon’tseetheneed,"hesays,"systematictracingofaHolocene-Anthropoceneboundarygloballywouldbeilluminatinginallsortsofways."

1.ThescientistscitedinthisarticleagreethathumanshavebecomeamajorfactorinthehistoryofEarth.Asthearticlehighlights,whattheydisagreeonis（

）

2.EuropeanpenetrationoftheNewWorldinthecenturyandahalfafter1492ledto（

）

3.Thedeclineinatmosphericcarbondioxidethatreacheditslowpointinoraround1610was（

）

4.ThescientifichypothesisthathumanitycanalterthehistoryofEarthinhighlysignificantways（

）

5.TheOrbisSpikeproposedbyLewisandMaslinwouldbemostreliablylocatedin（

）

6.Radionuclidescanbelikenedtoiridium（

）

7.SomescientiststhinkthatradionuclidesarethekeytodefiningtheAnthropocenebecause（

）

8.ProfessorZalasiewiczprobablyfavorsretainingthedistinctionbetweentheHoloceneandtheAnthropocenebecausetracingitsboundary（

）

问题1选项

A.theextenttowhichhumansarealteringEarth.

B.preciselywhenhumanactivitybecameadefiningelementinEarth'shistory.

C.whattonametheperiodofmajorhumanimpact.

D.whenhumanactivitywillbecomethedominantfactorinchangesintheEarth.

问题2选项

A.massivedepopulation.

B.widespreadcontagiousdisease.

C.greatlyreduceduseoflandforagriculture.

D.alloftheabove.

问题3选项

A.asingular,isolatedeventthatleftadiscerniblemarkingeochronoloy.

B.thefirstofalongchainofeventsthatchangedthewayhumansinteractwithnature.

C.theresult(andsignal,asreflectedingeology)ofthefirstinasignificantsetofmodemchangesinhowhumansuseplanetaryresources.

D.thecauseofanewiceageonaparwiththosethatprecededtheHolocene.

问题4选项

A.hasrecentlyre-emergedandgainedsupportafterfadinginthe20thcentury.

B.isstillsupportedbyonlyasmallnumberofresearchersintheearthsciencestoday.

C.wasrejectedasabsurd