2021年考研英语一真题VIP

2021年全国硕士研究生入统一考试英语（-）（目代码：201）（考试时间：上午1400-1700）考生注意事项答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置填写考生姓名和考生编号;在答题卡指定彳立置填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。选择题答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上,mE选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内，超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无规填（书）写部分必须使用黑色签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。2021年全国硕士研究生入统一考试英语（-）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirectionsReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It]inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-oIder-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears11 .Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13 .itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.16 ,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental 18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]fades[D]peaks2.[A]generally[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]alternatively3.[A]since[B]while[C]once[D]until4.[A]detection[B]consumption[C]accumulation[D]separation5.[A]decision[BJpossibility[C]goal[D]requirement6.[A]ensure[B]delay[C]seek[D]utilize7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]predicted[D]included8.[A]devoted[B]converted[C]compared[D]applied9.[A]above[B]with[C]by[D]against10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]played[D]scored11.[A]wentby(BJsetoff[C]drewin[DJranout12.[A]superior[B]parallel[C]attributable[D]resistant13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]controlled[D]involved14.[A]explain[B]spread[C]remove[D]alter15.[A]treatments[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]compensations

[A]Likewise[A]take[A]process[A]love[A]Likewise[A]take[A]process[A]love[A]design[B]Therefore[B]watch[B]wellbeing[B]level[B]diet[C]Meanwhile[C]count[C]formation[C]knowledge[C]prescription[D][D]Instead[D]change[D]coordination[D]spaceroutineSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirectionsReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)TextlHowcanBritain'strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreaserailpassengerfares?IthasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritualeveryJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofservicefbrthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityfbrthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustralactionshouldreceivecompensationfbrthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffbrnow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfares .haskeptpacewithinflationremainsanunreasonablemeasureisabigsurprisetocommuterswilleasetrainoperators'burdenThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor .localinvestorsordinarytaxpayerscardriversrailtravellersItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators .havefailedtoprovideanadequateserviceLBJhavesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikesareofferingcompensationstocommutersaretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionsIfunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface .[A]thelossofinvestmentLBJthecollapseofoperationsachangeofownershipareductionofrevenueWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWorkEver-risingFaresAren'tSustainableCanNationalisationBringHope?Text2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfbrtheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment,infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandfbrcattletoraisefbrmeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.Ferrarov/antedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces."Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,''Ferrarosays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodfbrpeoplemayalsobegoodfbrtheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn'treducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustfbrcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts."Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto .helppoorfamiliesgetbetterofffacilitatehealthcarereformimprovelocaleducationsystemslowerdeforestationratesThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat .cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorLB]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyleseconomicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradationantipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmersInhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout .itsannualrateofpovertyalleviationtherelationofCCTstoitsforestlosstheroleofitsforestsinclimatechangeitsacceptancelevelofCCTsAccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat .itcanboostgrainproductionitcanprotecttheenvironmentitwillreduceregionalinequalityitwillbenefitotherAsiancountriesWhatisthetextcenteredon?Theprocessofastudy.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Thedebatesoveraprogram.Theeffectsofaprogram.Text3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingfbrthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I'vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylongthedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewherefbranexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin."Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth/'ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular'pearlywhites'wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclassdrunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgumandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrol'sgum-sxposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe''nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever''.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter .illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotographyhighlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudiesre-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimagechangedpeople'simpressionoftheVictoriansWhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

[CjTheymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.[D]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas .AB1C1DrlAB1C1DrlWhichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?WhydidmostVictorianslooksteminphotographs?WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographydifferently?WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals'.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandfbrrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfbrtheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.BuiJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat**theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodembroadbandservice,'5andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould .bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrolLB]slowdownthetrafficontheirnetworkshowpartialityintreatingclientsintensifycompetitionwiththeirrivalsFacedwiththedemandfbrnetneutralityrules,theFCC .stickstoanout-of-dateorderIBJtakesananti-regulatorystancehasissuedaspecialresolutionhasallowedthestatestointerveneWhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision .focusesontrivialitiesconveysanambiguousmessageisatoddswithitsearlierrulingsisoutoftouchwithrealityWhatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirectionsInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(1Opoints)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(Al)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAlinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedooni-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAimoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployeesBetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,''saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithmHowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,"(41) "Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42) Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,,,saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.Domingossays,"(43) 、‘Improvedaccuracy"Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,''saysWinston.It"helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.,,(44) ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,''saysDomingos.“(45) ”AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimefor.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperfbnnanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAlsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulfbremployeestogoto.We'realsogivingourcustomersbelterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.Allooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.PartCDirectionsReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventfbrhighereducationinmodemWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesfbrincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesfbrentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybefbrethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sa