2022年考研考博-考博英语-新疆大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号13

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-新疆大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theearthrevolvesalittlemorerapidly（）itisclosertothesun.

问题1选项

A.when

B.or

C.than

D.wherever

【答案】A

【解析】考查连词辨析。A选项when“当……时候”；B选项or“或者”；C选项than“比”；D选项wherever“无论在哪里”。句意：当地球离太阳较近时，它的公转速度稍快一些。故A项符合句意。

2.翻译题

A:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

把信息当知识，把知识当智慧。许多人日夜在网上“泡着”，四处收集新闻热点，说起来滔滔不绝，犹如天下大事尽在心中。可是如果你仔细听听，认真想想，却发现他嘴里没有一句是他的话。他根本没有兴趣咀嚼和消化那些信息。他只是一个信息的贩卖者，或者是廉价的传声筒。

【答案】Modernpeopletendtoequateinformationwithknowledge,andknowledgewithwisdom.That’swhymanyofthemaremousepotatoes,searchingforhotnewsdayandnight.Theywouldrattleonandononcesuchpeoplestrikeaconversationwithyou,asiftheykneweverythingaboutallmajoreventsintheworldandthesecretary-generalofUNwerealwaysathisbeckandcall!However,ifyoulistenattentivelyandthinkcarefullyyouwillfindtheyarebutparrotsthatonlyrepeatwhatothershavesaidwithoutasinglewordoftheirown.Theyneverbothertochewanddigesttheinformationroundedup.Theyarenomorethanmongersofinformationorcheapmegaphones.

3.不定项选择题

Thedramacritic,ontheotherhand,hasnosuchadvantages.Hecannotbeselective;hemustcovereverythingthatisofferedforpublicscrutinyintheprincipalplayhousesofthecitywhereheworks.Thecolumnspacethatseemed,yesterday,sopitifullyinadequatetocontainhiscommentsonLongDay’sJourneyIntoNightisroughlythesameasthatwhichyawnstodayforhisverdictonthelatestscrapofmilk-fedKitschthathaschancedtofindforitselfanumskullbackerwithahundredthousanddollarstolost.ThisstateofaffairsmayhelptoexplainwhytheNewYorktheatrereviewersaresooften,andsounjustly,stigmatizedasbalefulanddestructivefiends.Theyspendmostoftheirprofessionallivesattemptingtopronounceintelligentjudgmentsonplaysthathavenoaspirationtointelligence.Itishardlysurprisingthattheylashoutoccasionally;infact,whatamazesmeaboutthemisthattheydonotlashoutmoreviolentlyandmorefrequently.AsShawsaidofhisfellow-criticsinthenineties,theyare“culpablyindulgentbodyofmen.”ImaginetheverbalexcoriationsthatwouldbeinflictedifLionelTilling,orsomeoneofcomparableeminence,werecalledontoreviewfivebooksamonthofwhichthreewerenovelettescomposedofcriminalconfessions.ThebutchersofBroadwaywouldseemlambsbycomparison.

14.Inwritingthispassage,theauthor’schiefpurposeseemstobe（）.

15.Thepassageindicatesthatthedramacriticis（）.

16.ThepassagesuggeststhatasaplayLongDay’sJourneyIntoNightwas（）.

17.Asusedinthepassage,theword“excoriations”mostnearlymeans（）.

18.LionelTillingismostprobablya（）.

19.The“butchersofBroadway”are（）.

20.Theparagraphprevioustothisonemostprobablydiscussedthe（）.

问题1选项

A.showwhybookreviewingiseasierthanplayreviewing

B.pointuptheopinionsofShaw

C.shownewtrendsinliterarycriticism

D.defendtheworkoftheplaycritic

问题2选项

A.conditionedbycertainrequirementsofhiscolumn

B.happytoobligethebackersofplays

C.mindfulofthevalueofpublicopinion

D.suspiciousofcriticismdirectedagainsthim

问题3选项

A.inconsequential

B.worthwhile

C.poorlywritten

D.long

问题4选项

A.attacks

B.explanations

C.praises

D.pronouncements

问题5选项

A.followerofShaw

B.dramacritic

C.bookreviewer

D.crimereporter

问题6选项

A.newspapereditors

B.playbackers

C.ineffectiveauthors

D.playreviewers

问题7选项

A.workofabookreviewer

B.characteristicsofthereadingpublic

C.advantagesofbeingadramacritic

D.costsofplayproduction

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:A

【解析】14.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】作者意图题。根据文章首句，可得知戏剧评论家则没有这样的优势，他不可能有选择性，以及原文Theyspendmostoftheirprofessionallivesattemptingtopronounceintelligentjudgmentsonplaysthathavenoaspirationtointelligence.Itishardlysurprisingthattheylashoutoccasionally;infact,whatamazesmeaboutthemisthattheydonotlashoutmoreviolentlyandmorefrequently.（他们将职业生涯的大部分时间用于明智地评判不太明智的戏剧，他们偶尔破口大骂就不足为怪了。实际上，他们让我感到奇怪的是，他们骂得不够激烈，不够频繁）很明显，这是在为评论家辩护。A选项“表明为什么书评比戏剧评论容易”，B选项“指出萧伯纳的观点”，C选项“展示文学批评的新趋势”，都太过片面，所以A，B，C选项错误，因此，D选项“为戏剧评论家这个工作辩护”符合题意。

15.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】根据题干定位到原文首段第二句，可知戏剧评论家受篇幅的制约。A选项“受到他的专栏的某些要求的制约”，B选项“很高兴能帮助这些戏剧的支持者”，C选项“注意公众舆论的价值”，D选项“怀疑针对他的批评”。因此，A选项符合题意。

16.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干定位到原文首段的第三句Thecolumnspacethatseemed,yesterday,sopitifullyinadequatetocontainhiscommentsonLongDay’sJourneyIntoNightisroughlythesameasthatwhichyawnstodayforhisverdictonthelatestscrapofmilk-fedKitschthathaschancedtofindforitselfanumskullbackerwithahundredthousanddollarstolost.（他对《日夜兼程》的评论是如此不恰当，令人遗憾，就像今天他对最近一个奶嘴喂养的媚俗派的判决一样，这个媚俗派碰巧给自己找到了一个笨蛋赞助人，损失了10万美元）暗示了如果不是由于篇幅的限制，戏剧评论家会评论得更充分一些，这就说明《日夜兼程》是值得的，可知选择B选项“有价值的”，A选项“无关紧要的”，C选项“写得很差”，D选项“冗长的”。因此，B选项符合题意。

17.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义推测题。根据题干定位到原文的倒数第三句AsShawsaidofhisfellow-criticsinthenineties,theyare“culpablyindulgentbodyofmen.”ImaginetheverbalexcoriationsthatwouldbeinflictedifLionelTilling,orsomeoneofcomparableeminence,werecalledontoreviewfivebooksamonthofwhichthreewerenovelettescomposedofcriminalconfessions.（萧伯纳在谈到他90年代的评论家同僚时说他们是“罪有应得的放纵之人。”想象一下，如果莱昂内尔•蒂林或其他有同等声望的人每月被要求评论五本书，其中三本是由犯罪供词组成的中篇小说……），根据罪有应得的放纵之人，可知会受到口头的谴责，因此，A选项“抨击”符合题意。

18.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文倒数第二句ImaginetheverbalexcoriationsthatwouldbeinflictedifLionelTilling,orsomeoneofcomparableeminence,werecalledontoreviewfivebooksamonthofwhichthreewerenovelettescomposedofcriminalconfessions.（想象一下，如果莱昂内尔•蒂林或其他有同等声望的人每月被要求评论五本书，其中三本是由犯罪供词组成的中篇小说，会遭到怎样的口头谴责。）可得知莱昂内尔•蒂林受人邀请评论书籍，那么他很可能是一位书评家。因此，C选项“书评家”符合题意。

19.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】语义推测题。根据题干定位到原文最后一句ThebutchersofBroadwaywouldseemlambsbycomparison.（相比之下，百老汇的屠夫就像是羔羊）这句话的前面是有提到书评家，而百老汇是美国戏剧艺术的活动中心，由此可知百老汇的屠夫也就是说的戏剧评论家，因此，D选项“戏剧评论家”符合题意。

20.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。这个自然段前面的一个自然段很可能论述书评家的工作。根据第一句话，Thedramacritic,ontheotherhand,hasnosuchadvantages.（而戏剧评论家则没有这样的优势）可知作者改变了他的话题，因为他运用了ontheotherhand（另一方面）这个词组。与戏剧评论相对应的很可能是书评，而且文章结尾处把书评家和戏剧评论家进行了比较。因此，A选项“书评家的工作”符合题意。

4.单选题

Ourcommitteehaselectedanew（）.

问题1选项

A.chief

B.principal

C.head

D.chairman

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查名词用法。A选项chief“首领，头目”，B选项principal“校长”，C选项head“负责人，领导人”，D选项chairman“（会议的）主席，主持人，（委员会的）委员长，主席，（公司等的）董事长”。句意：我们委员会选出了一位新的委员长。因此，D选项符合句意。

5.不定项选择题

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atemporarygainincropyieldwasachievedinthisway,butover-irrigationwastohaveseriousandunforeseenconsequences.Fromasearlyas2400BCwefindSumeriandocumentsreferringtosalinizationasasoilproblemisbelievedthatthefalloftheAkkadianEmpirearound2150BCmayhavebeenduetoacatastrophicfailureinlandproductivity;thesoilwasliterallyturnedintosalt.Eventoday,fourthousandyearslater,vasttractsofsalinizedlandbetweentheTigrisandEuphratesriversstillresemblerock-hardfieldsofsnow.

Soilerosionisanotherformofdesertification.Itisaself-reinforcingprocess;oncethecycleofdegradationbegins,conditionsaresetforcontinualdeterioration.Asthevegetativecoverbeginstodisappear,soilbecomesmorevulnerabletoraindropimpact.Waterrunsoffinsteadofsoakingintoprovidemoistureforplants.Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.Assoilqualitydeclinesandrunoffisincreased,floodsbecomemorefrequentandmoresevere.Floodingwashesawaytopsoil,thethin,rich,uppermostlayeroftheearth’ssoil,andleavesfinerunderlyingparticlesmorevulnerabletowinderosion.Topsoilcontainstheearth'sgreatestconcentrationoforganicmatterandmicroorganisms,andiswheremostoftheearth'sland-basedbiologicalactivityoccurs.Withoutthisfragilecoatofnutrient-ladenmaterial,plantlifecannotexist.AnextremecaseofitserosionisfoundintheSahel,atransitionalzonebetweentheSaharaDesertandthetropicalAfricanrainforests;hometosome56millionpeople.Overpopulationandovergrazinghaveopenedthehyper-aridlandtowinderosion,whichisstrippingawaytheprotectivemarginoftheSahel,andcausingthedeserttogrowatanalarmingrate.Between1950and1975,theSaharaDesertspread100kilometerssouthwardthroughtheSahel.

One-thirdoftheearth’slandareaof150millionsquarekilometersisalreadyclassifiedassemiarid,aridorhyper-arid.Itisestimatedthatisincreasingby215,000squarekilometersoflandrenderedunproductivebydesertificationeveryyear.InAmerica,salinizationaffectsover160,000squarekilometersoflandinwesternandmid-westernstates,andisworseningannually.Africaloses300to400milliontonsoftopsoilayearwiththespreadingofthedesert.Asabillionpeopleareaddedtotheworld’spopulationeverydecade,thereislessandlessarablelandtoprovidefoodforthem.Atthepresentrateofsoildeterioration,ecologistwarn,anotherquarteroftheearth’sproductivesoilwilldisappearwithinthenextcentury.

14.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutdesertification?

15.Theworddegradationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

16.Accordingtothepassage,manypeople’sunderstandingofdesertificationisincorrectbecause（）.

17.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

18.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturefurthersdesertificationthroughwhichofthefollowingactivities?

19.Paragraph4ofthepassageservesmainlytodowhichofthefollowing?

20.Thewordleachinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）.

21.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph6ofthepassagethat（）.

22.LookatthefoursquaresmarkedA,B,C,andDthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit(A,B,CorD)?

问题1选项

A.Itisafairlyrecentproblem.

B.Ancientsocietiesmanagedtheproblemwell.

C.Ithasahistoryaslongasthatofcivilization.

D.Itwasjustasseriousinthepastasitistoday.

问题2选项

A.rejuvenation

B.deterioration

C.consumption

D.contribution

问题3选项

A.theydonotthinkofitasaseriousproblem

B.theydonotseeitasbeingcausedbyhumanactivity

C.theythinkofitasaveryslowprocess

D.theyseeitasbeingreversible

问题4选项

A.Itistheareasthatexistbetweenthedesertsandthelandthatisusableforagriculturethataremostatriskbecausetheyaresusceptibletopoorlandmanagementmethodsfromhumanactivitywhichwillalwaysresultinthelossofsoil.

B.Mostofthevulnerableareasareintransitionfromdeserttoarableland;aprocessthatbecauseofhumanactivityandthedelicatenatureoftheseareas,alwaysleadstosoilloss.

C.Soillossinthetransitionalzonesisespeciallyseverewherehumanactivityisdamagingtheenvironmentthroughagriculturewhichiscausingthelossofsoil.

D.Humanactivityinthetransitionareasisvulnerablebecauseofthefragilenatureoftheseareasthatareneitherdesertnotarablelandbecausetheyhavesuffereddamagetothesoil.

问题5选项

A.Overfertilization.

B.Thestrippingawayofnativevegetation.

C.Irrigation.

D.Therepetitiveplantingofthesamecrops.

问题6选项

A.Proposeamethodfordealingwiththedesertificationproblem.

B.Showtheprogressofdesertificationdownthroughhistory.

C.Describethemaincauseofdesertificationinoneparticulararea.

D.Describeoneprocessthatleadstodesertification.

问题7选项

A.washing

B.depositing

C.concentrating

D.dispersing

问题8选项

A.newtechnologywillsolvetheproblemofdesertification

B.findingawaytostopdesertificationwillbecomeincreasinglyurgent

C.desertificationismoreofaproblemindevelopedcountries

D.desertificationiscausingstarvationinAfrica.

问题9选项

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:D

第7题:A

第8题:B

第9题:B

【解析】14.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.（自从近6000年前美索不达米亚出现了第一个伟大的城市——农业中心以来，人类活动对土壤质量产生了破坏性的影响，导致世界上几乎所有地区逐渐沙漠化。），说明沙漠化现象早在数千年前就已经存在。因此C选项“它的历史与文明的历史一样长”正确。A选项“它是一个相当新的问题”，由原文可知，沙漠化是一个很古老的问题，所以A错误。B选项“古代社会对这个问题处理得很好”，原文没有提到古代社会对沙漠化的处理情况，所以B错误。D选项“它在过去和今天一样严重”，原文没有将当时问题的严重性和今天的状况相比较，所以D错误。

15.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】词义推测题。由题干关键词“degradation”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.（盐碱化是土地退化的一种类型，涉及到土壤盐分含量的增加。），说明“degradation”在文中指的是“退化，下降”的意思。因此B选项“恶化”正确。A选项“恢复活力”，C选项“消耗”，D选项“贡献”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

16.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.（认为沙漠化是干旱造成的是一种普遍的误解。），说明沙漠化现象是因为干旱造成的是一种错误观念，其实是和人类的活动有关的。因此B选项“他们不认为它是由人类活动引起的”正确。A选项“他们不认为它是一个严重的问题”。C选项“他们认为它是一个非常缓慢的过程”，D选项“他们认为它是可逆的”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

17.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.（然而，最脆弱的是沙漠和耕地之间的过渡地带；凡人类活动导致脆弱边缘地区土地滥用的地方，土壤破坏是不可避免的。），说明最容易受害的就是位于沙漠和已开垦耕地之间的过渡地区，只要人类活动在这些脆弱的边缘区域，过度滥用土地，那么土壤的破坏在所难免。因此A选项“存在于沙漠和可用于农业的土地之间的地区才是风险最大的，因为它们很容易受到人类活动的不良土地管理方法的影响，而这种影响总是会导致土壤的流失。”正确。B选项“大多数脆弱地区正从沙漠向耕地过渡；由于人类活动和这些地区的脆弱性，这一过程总是导致土壤流失。”，原文说的不是沙漠向耕地过渡的过程，所以B错误。C选项“过渡区的土壤流失尤为严重，人类活动正在通过农业破坏环境，导致土壤流失。”，原文没有提到农业活动，所以C错误。D选项“由于这些地区的脆弱性，它们既不是沙漠也不是耕地，因为它们已经破坏了土壤，因此人类在过渡地区的活动是脆弱的。”，原文说的不是人类活动很脆弱，所以D错误。

18.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.（大规模的农业需要大量的灌溉，这最终会耗尽土地的养分，并使矿物质渗入表层土壤，从而破坏土地。），说明灌溉会对土地造成不好的影响，加剧沙漠化。因此C选项“灌溉”正确。A选项“过度施肥”，B选项“剥去本地植被”，D选项“重复种植相同的农作物”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

19.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段，第四段主要说明土壤盐碱化现象，但是并非针对某一特定区域。而盐碱化现象也是造成沙漠化的原因。因此D选项“描述导致沙漠化的一个过程”正确。A选项“提出处理沙漠化问题的方法”，B选项“展示历史上沙漠化的进展”，C选项“描述一个特定地区的沙漠化的主要原因”均不符合原文内容，所以A，B，C错误。

20.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】词义推测题。由题干关键词“leaching”可以定位到文章第五段第五句Thisfurtherdiminishesplantcoverbyleachingawaynutrientsfromthesoil.（这进一步减少了植物覆盖，因为土壤中的养分流失了。），说明“leaching”在文中指的是“养分流失”的意思。因此A选项“洗涤”正确。B选项“沉积”，C选项“浓缩”，D选项“分散”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。

21.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第六段，第六段强凋了沙漠化现象已经发展到何种程度，以及目前继续恶化的速度，还预言了如果按照这样的情况发展下去将会带来的结果。说明必须尽快找出解决问题的方法，否则后果将不堪设想。因此B选项“找到阻止沙漠化的方法将变得越来越紧迫”正确。A选项“新技术将解决沙漠化的问题”，C选项“沙漠化在发达国家是一个更大的问题”，D选项“沙漠化在非洲造成了饥荒”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

22.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干中的句子Eachfurtherstheprocessdramatically,buttheyactinquitedifferentways.（每个都极大地促进了这一进程，但它们的影响方式却截然不同。）是对造成沙漠化现象的两种过程做出进一步的诠释，B处前文说农业和过度放牧是沙漠化的两个主要来源，后文分别介绍了这两种方式对沙漠化的影响。因此该句放在B处最合适。

6.单选题

Duetohisrecentfailuretomeetthedeadline,Jasonis（）fromthelistforpromotion.

问题1选项

A.eliminated

B.retreated

C.pried

D.wrenched

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项eliminated“消除”；B选项retreated“撤退”；C选项pried“撬动”；D选项wrenched“猛扭”。句意：由于最近未能按时完成任务，贾森被从晋升名单上除名了。本句表示从名单上除名。因此A选项正确。

7.不定项选择题

Picture-takingisatechniquebothforannexingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexist,thoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatis,photographyhastwoantitheticalideals:inthefirst,photographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecond,photographyistheinstrumentofintrepid,questingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.

Theseconflictingidealsarisefromafundamentaluneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentitin“taking”apicture.Accordingly,theidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractivebecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissue,ofcourse,isnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimply,andessentially,benevolent.Asaconsequence,oneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.

Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whatevertheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressiononaparwithpainting,itsoriginalityisinextricablylinkedtothepowersofamachine.Thesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographs,likeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticated,moreautomated,somephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed,preferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitsimposedbyper-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruder,lesshighpoweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresults,toleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.Forexample,ithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographers,includingWalkerEvansandCartier-Bresson,torefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraaninstrumentof“fastseeing.”Cartier-Bresson,infact,claimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.

Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefuture(offasterandfasterseeing)alternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpas—whenimageshadahandmadequality.Thisnostalgiaforsomepristinestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywide-spreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographs,itseems,needperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.

1.Accordingtothepassage,interestamongphotographersineachofphotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas（）.

2.Theauthor’sisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

3.TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thetwoantitheticalidealsofphotographydifferprimarilyinthe（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldbemostlikelytobegintheparagraphimmediatelyfollowingthepassage?

问题1选项

A.rapidlychanging

B.cyclicallyrecurring

C.steadilygrowing

D.unimportanttotheviewersofphotographs

问题2选项

A.establishingnewtechnicalstandardsforcontemporaryphotography

B.analyzingtheinfluenceofphotographicidealsonpicture-taking

C.tracingthedevelopmentofcameratechnologyinthetwentiethcentury

D.describinghowphotographers’individualtemperamentsarereflectedintheirwork

问题3选项

A.howacontrolledambivalencetowardphotography’smeanscanproduceoutstandingpictures

B.howthecontentofphotographshaschangedfromthenineteenthcenturytothetwentieth

C.thepopularityofhigh-speedphotographyinthetwentiethcentury

D.therelationshipbetweenphotographicoriginalityandtechnology

问题4选项

A.wayinwhicheachdefinestheroleofthephotographer

B.emphasisthateachplacesontheemotionalimpactofthefinishedproduct

C.degreeoftechnicalknowledgethateachrequiresofthephotographer

D.extentofthepowerthateachrequiresofthephotographer’sequipment

问题5选项

A.Photographers,asaresultoftheirheightenedawarenessoftime,areconstantlytryingtocaptureeventsandactionsthatarefleeting.

B.Thusthecultofthefuture,theworshipofmachinesandspend,isfirmlyestablishedinspiteofeffortstothecontrarybysomephotographers.

C.Therejectionoftechnicalknowledge,however,canneverbecompleteandphotographycannotforanylengthoftimepretendthatithasnoweapons.

D.Thepointofhonorinvolvedinrejectingcomplexequipmentis,however,ofnosignificancetotheviewerofaphotograph.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词twoideals定位到文章第二段倒数第一句Asaconsequence,oneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.（因此，拍照两个理想总是被重新发现和拥护），可知B选项“周期性重复出现”符合题意；A，D选项“快速变化”“对照片的观众来说不重要”在文章内没有提及；根据第三段第二、三句Whatevertheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressiononaparwithpainting,itsoriginalityisinextricablylinkedtothepowersofamachine.Thesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographs...（无论摄影是一种与绘画同等的个人表现形式，它的独创性都不可避免地与机器的力量联系在一起。这些力量的稳步增长，使许多照片的非凡的信息性和想象力的形式美成为可能）可知稳步增长的是机器的力量，由此可以排除C选项“稳步增长”；因此B选项符合题意。

2.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】作者意图题。根据第一段最后Thatis,photographyhastwoantitheticalideals:inthefirst,photographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecond,photographyistheinstrumentofintrepid,questingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.（也就是说，摄影有两个相反的理想：第一，摄影是关于世界的，摄影师只是一个无足轻重的观察者；第二，摄影是一种无畏、求索主体性的工具，摄影者是一切）提出了摄影有两个相反的影响这个观点，接下来几段都围绕这两个观点展开，因此B选项“分析摄影理想对摄影的影响”是作者关心的内容；A选项“为当代摄影建立新的技术标准”和C选项“追溯20世纪照相机技术的发展”在原文中未提及；D选项“描述摄影师的个人气质如何反映在他们的作品中”只是原文中片面的内容，用来支撑作者所提出的摄影有两个相反的影响这个观点，排除。因此B选项正确。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】作者意图题。根据关键词HaroldEdgerton可以定位到文章倒数第二段第二句话itsoriginalityisinextricablylinkedtothepowersofamachine（它的独创性都不可避免地与机器的力量联系在一起）可以得知D选项正确，由文章最后一段第一句Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.（这种对摄影手段的矛盾心理决定了品味的趋势）可以得知A选项“对摄影手段有节制的矛盾心理是如何产生杰出的照片的”错误，文章提及了矛盾心理会影响品味的趋势但并没有提到是如何因此产生杰出照片；和B选项“从19世纪到20世纪，照片的内容是如何变化的”以及C选项“20世纪高速摄影的普及”在原文中都没提到；D选项“摄影创意与技术的关系”，因此D选项符合题意。

4.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句Thatis,photographyhastwoantitheticalideals:inthefirst,photographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecond,photographyistheinstrumentofintrepid,questingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.（也就是说，摄影有两个对立的理想：第一，摄影是关于世界的，摄影者只是一个无足轻重的观察者；但在第二种情况下，摄影是无畏的、探索的主体性的工具，而摄影师就是一切。），可知A选项“每个人定义摄影师角色的方式”正确；B选项“强调每个地方对最终产品的情感影响”，C选项“每个人对摄影师的技术知识要求的程度”以及D选项“每个人对摄影师设备的要求的力量的程度”在原文中未提到，错误；因此A选项符合题意。

5.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。倒数一二段都在提及技术的发展给摄影师带来的思考和改变，人们对未来（越来越快的视觉）的狂热，与对回归更纯粹的过去的渴望交替出现，因此C选项“然而，对技术知识的拒绝决不可能是完全的，摄影也不可能在任何时间里假装它没有武器”最有可能出现在下一段；A选项“由于摄影师对时间的高度意识，他们总是试图捕捉那些稍纵即逝的事件和行为”在前文没有大篇幅的提起，所以不可能马上开始在文章的下一段；由倒数第一段Thecultofthefuture(offasterandfasterseeing)alternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpas—whenimageshadahandmadequality.Thisnostalgiaforsomepristinestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywide-spreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.（随着时间的推移，人们对未来（越来越快的视觉）的狂热，与对回归更纯粹的过去的渴望交替出现——那时的图像具有手工制作的质量。这种对摄影事业某些原始状态的怀旧情绪目前正在广泛传播，它是当今对达盖尔银版照相法和被遗忘的19世纪省级摄影师作品的热情的基础。）可以得知对未来的崇拜和对回归过去的渴望是交替出现，B选项“因此，对未来的崇拜，对机器和消费的崇拜，尽管一些摄影师的努力相反，却牢固地建立起来”错误；D选项“然而，拒绝复杂设备所涉及的荣誉问题对照片的观看者来说没有意义”在原文中没有提及。因此C选项符合题意。

8.填空题

Directions:YouaregoingtoreadamagazinearticleaboutthemeparksinBritain.Forquestions34-40,choosefromthethemeparks(A-E).Thethemeparksmaybechosenmorethanonce.Thereisanexampleatthebeginning(0).Markyouranswersontheseparateanswersheet.

Ofwhichthemeparksarethefollowingstated?

Wehadnopreviousexperienceofplaceslikethis.(0)B

Thechildrenwereallyoungenoughtoenjoyit.(34)（）

Itwasgoodthatyoucouldfindsomewheretorest.(35)（）

Itwasmoreenjoyablethanwehadexpected.(36)（）

Thechildrendisagreedaboutwhatwasthemostfrighteningride.(37)（）

Thesurroundingsarenotparticularlyattractive.(38)（）

Wedidn’tmindhavingtowaittogoontherides.(39)（）

Oneoftheridesseemedtofinishveryquickly.(40)（）

VariationsonaTheme

Ifyou’rethinkingoftakingchildrentoathemepark,therearedozenstochoosefrominBritain.Weaskedfivefamiliestotestthebest.

A.FunIsland

JanandSteveBurnstookdaughterSamantha,3,andhercousinsGary,8,andJemma,10.

LastyearwewenttoahugethemeparkintheUSandwethoughtthatFunIslandmightseemdullbycomparison.Infact,wewereimpressed.Theparktrieshardtocaterforyoungerchildren,soourthree-year-olddidn’tfeelleftout.ThekidsalllovedtheCrocodileRideandtheG