2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号24

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

By2030,peopleover65inGermany,theworld’sthird-largesteconomy,willaccountforalmosthalftheadultpopulation,comparedwithone-fifthnow.Andunlessthecountry’sbirthraterecoversfromitspresentlowof1.3perwoman,overthesameperioditspopulationofunder35willshrinkabouttwiceasfastastheolderpopulationwillgrow.Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.

TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.InJapan,theworld’ssecond-largesteconomy,thepopulationwillpeakin2005,ataround125m.By2050,accordingtothemorepessimisticgovernmentforecasts,thepopulationwillhaveshrunktoaround95m.Longbeforethat,around2030,theshareoftheover-65sintheadultpopulationwillhavegrowntoabouthalf.AndthebirthrateinJapan,asinGermany,isdownto1.3perwoman.Thefiguresareprettymuchthesameformostotherdevelopedcountries,andforagoodmanyemergingones,especiallyChina.

Lifeexpectancy—andwithitthenumberofolderpeople—hasbeengoingupsteadilyfor300years.Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.Buteventherethebirthrateiswellbelowreplacementlevel,andtheproportionofolderpeopleintheadultpopulationwillrisesteeplyinthenext30years.Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.Pensionshavealreadybecomearegularelectionissue.Thereisalsoagrowingdebateaboutthedesirabilityofimmigrationtomaintainthepopulationandworkforce.Togetherthesetwoissuesaretransformingthepoliticallandscapeineverydevelopedcountry.

By2030atthelatest,theageatwhichfullretirementbenefitsstartwillhaverisentothemid-70’sinalldevelopedcountries,andbenefitsforhealthypensionerswillbesubstantiallylowerthantheyaretoday.Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.Alreadyyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleatworksuspectthattherewillnotbeenoughpensionmoneytogoroundwhentheythemselvesreachtraditionalretirementage.Butpoliticianseverywherecontinuetopretendthattheycansavethecurrentpensionssystem.

1.InGermany,（

）.

2.Theproblemthatthepopulationbecomesaging

（

）.

3.Anewtendencyisdemographicchangeisthat

（

）.

4.Whatisthepoliticalimplicationofthedemographicchangeinthedevelopedcountries?

5.By2030thegovernmentsindevelopedcountriesmayputanendtofixedretirementages（

）.

问题1选项

A.birthratehasgoneupto1.3perwoman

B.peopleover65nowconstitutesabouthalftheadultpopulation

C.itspopulationofunder-35sistwiceaslargeasthatofover-65s

D.by2030itsworkingforcemayhaveshrunkby25%

问题2选项

A.isexceptionaltoGermany

B.hasbecomeuniversal

C.canberelievedinJapanwiththeshrinkageofitspopulationtoaround95m

D.makestheeconomicoutlookinthedevelopedcountriesevenmoregloomy

问题3选项

A.lifeexpectancyhasbeengoingupsteadily

B.thereisadeclineoftheyoungpopulation

C.inAmericathebirthratehasgoneabovereplacementlevel

D.theoldpopulationhasrisensharplyinIJSA

问题4选项

A.Winningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomecrucialinpolitics.

B.Pensionpolicywillbecomeakeyissueinelections.

C.Immigrationshouldbebannedtomaintaintheworkforce.

D.Thedemographicchangewillchangethepoliticallandscapegreatly.

问题5选项

A.tosavethecurrentpensionsystem

B.toensurethebenefitsforhealthypensioners

C.torealizefullretirementbenefitssubstantially

D.torelievethepensionsburdenontheworkingpopulation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段介绍了德国的人口老龄化问题，根据第一段最后一句“Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.最终的结果将是总人口从现在的8200万下降到7000万到7300万。劳动年龄人口将减少整整四分之一，从目前的4000万降至3000万。”可知，到2030年德国的劳动人口将减少四分之一(afullquarter),即25%。所以D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。本题是问关于人口老龄化问题的。由本文第二段第一句"TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.德国的人口结构也不例外。”可知德国并不是例外，通过第二段的内容可知其他发达国家也呈现同样的趋势，所以B选项‘已经成为普遍’陈述正确。

3.细节事实题。本题是问关于人口结构变化的新趋势。由本文第三段第二句“Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.但年轻人数量的下降是一个新现象。迄今为止，唯一避免这种命运的发达国家是美国。”可知B选项‘年轻人口在减少’是新的趋势，符合题意。

4.推理判断题。本题是问关于发达国家的人口变化的政治意义是什么。由倒数第二段内容“Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.所有这一切意味着，赢得老年人的支持将成为每个发达国家的政治当务之急。”所以A选项‘在政治上赢得老年人的支持将变得至关重要。’正确。

5.细节事实题。本题是问道2030年，发达国家的政府可能结束固定的退休年龄的目的。由文章最后一段内容“Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.的确，为了防止工作人口的养恤金负担变得无法承受，可能已经取消了对身体和精神状况合理的人的固定退休年龄。”可知D选项‘减轻劳动人口的养老金负担’符合题意。

2.单选题

Onceaducklinghasidentifiedaparent,theinstinctivebondbecomesapowerful（

）foradditionallearningsince,by（

）theparent;theducklingcanacquirefurtherinformationthatisnotgeneticallytransmitted.

问题1选项

A.impulsesurpassing

B.referent...recognizing

C.inspiration...emulating

D.channel...mimicking

【答案】D

【解析】名词和动词词义辨析。A选项的impulse“推动，冲动，刺激”；surpass“优于或超过某人、某物”；B选项的referent“指示物”；recognize“认出，识别，承认”；C选项的inspiration“灵感，鼓舞或激励人的人或事物，好主意”；emulate“与…竞争，模仿，仿效”；D选项的channel“通道，频道，海峡”；mimicking“模仿，仿效”根据句意‘一旦某只小鸭辨认出其父母，这种带有本能性质的纽带便变成一条极有用的进行额外学习的渠道，因为通过模仿其父母，小鸭能进一步获取那些单靠基因遗传所无法传输给它的信息’可知应选D项。

3.单选题

Wehadbeenwantingtoexpandourchildren’shorizonsbytakingthemtoaplacethatwasunlikeanythingwe’dbeenexposedtoduringourtravelsinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.InthinkingaboutwhatwaspossiblefromGeneva,wherewearebased,wedecidedonatriptoIstanbul,atwo-hourplaneridefromZurich.

Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear,butthoughtour11-and13-year-oldsneededafirststepawayfrommanicuredboulevardsandpristinemonuments.

Whatwedidn’tforeseewasthereactionoffriends,whowarnedthatwewereputtingourchildren“indanger,”referringvaguely,andmostincorrectly,todisease,terrorismorjusttheunknown.TohelpusgetacquaintedwiththepeculiaritiesofIstanbulandtogiveourchildrenachancetochoosewhattheywereparticularlyinterestedinseeing,weboughtanexcellentguidebookandreaditthoroughlybeforeleaving.

Friendlywarningsdidn’tchangeourplanning,althoughwemighthavemoreprudentlycheckedwiththeU.S.StateDepartment’slistoftroublespots.Wedidn’tseealotofchildrenamongtheforeignvisitorsduringoursix-daystayinIstanbul,butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson,whoseoft-repeatedrequestisthatwenotsee“everysingle”churchandmuseuminagivencity.

Vaccinationsweren’tneededforthecity,butwewereconcernedaboutadaptingtothewaterforashortstay.Soweusedbottledwaterfordrinkingandbrushingourteeth,aprecautionthatmayseemexcessive,butweallstayedhealthy.

Takingtheadviceofafriend,webookedahotela20-minutewalkfrommostofIstanbul’smajortouristsites.Thisnotonlygotussomemorningexercise,strollingovertheKarakoyBridge,buttookuspastacolorfulassortmentoffishermen,vendorsandshoeshiners.

Fromateenagerandpre-teen’sview,Istanbulstreetlifeisfascinatingsincealmosteverythingcanbeboughtoutdoors.TheywereatagoodagetospendtimewanderingthelabyrinthoftheSpiceBazaar,whereshopsdisplaymoundsofpungentherbsinsacks.Doingthiswithyoungerchildrenwouldbehardersimplybecausethestreetsaresopackedwithpeople;itwouldbeeasytogetlost.Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.TheyalsolearnedtofigureouttherelativevalueoftheTurkishlira,notasmallmatterwithitsmanyzeros.

BeingexposedtoIslamwasanimportantpartofourtrip.Visitingthemosques,especiallytheenormousBlueMosque,wasourfirstglimpseintohowthismajorreligionispracticed.Ourchildren’scuriosityalreadyhadbeenpiquedbythefivedailycallstoprayeroverloudspeakersineverycomerofthecity,andthescarvescoveringtheheadsofmanywomen.

Navigatingmealscanbetroublesomewithchildren,butakebab,boughtonthestreetorinrestaurants,wasunfailinglypopular.Sincewehaddecidedthistripwasnotforgourmets,kebabssparedustheagonyoftryingtofindarestauranteachdaythatwouldsuittheadults*desiretotrysomethingnewamidchildren’sinsistencethatthefoodbeservedimmediately.Gradually,webranchedouttotrysomeotherTurkishspecialties.

AlthoughoursonhadstudiedIslambriefly,itisimpossibletobepreparedforeveryawkwardquestionthatmightcomeup,suchasduringourvisitstotheTopkapiSarayi,theOttomanSultans'palace.Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.Nexttime,weresolvedtomakesucharrangementsinadvance.

Onthistrip,wewanderedthroughthemagnificentcomplex,withitsimperialtreasures,itscourtyardsanditsharem.Thelastrequiredabitofexplanationthatwewouldhavehappilylefttoalearnedthirdparty.

1.ThecouplechoseIstanbulastheirholidaydestinationmainlybecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

3.Welearnfromthecouple’sshoppingexperiencebackhomethat

（

）.

4.ThelasttwoparagraphssuggestthattovisitplacesofinterestinIstanbul

（

）.

5.ThefamilyhaveseenorvisitedallthefollowinginIstanbulEXCEPT（

）.

问题1选项

A.thecityisnottoofarawayfromwheretheylived.

B.thecityisnotonthelistoftheU.S.StateDepartment.

C.thecityisbetweenthefamiliarandtheexotic.

D.thecityismorefamiliarthanexotic.

问题2选项

A.Thefamilyfoundthecitywasexactlywhattheyhadexpected.

B.Theirfriendswereopposedtotheirholidayplan.

C.Theycouldhavebeenmorecautiousaboutbringingkidsalong.

D.Theywereabitcautiousaboutthequalityofwaterinthecity.

问题3选项

A.theywereusedtobargainingoverprice.

B.theypreferredtobuythingsoutdoors.

C.streetmarketsweretheirfavorites.

D.theypreferredfashionandbrandnames.

问题4选项

A.guidebooksareveryuseful.

B.aprofessionalguideisamust.

C.onehastobepreparedforquestions.

D.onehastomakearrangementsinadvance.

问题5选项

A.religiousprayers.

B.historicalbuildings.

C.local-stylemarkets.

D.shoppingmallboutiques.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问这对夫妻选择伊斯坦布尔作为它们的度假目的地的主要原因。从第一段内容与第二段开头“Weenvisionedthetripasapreludetomoreexoticones,perhapstoNewDelhiorBangkoklaterthisyear.我们把这次旅行想象成更多异国情调之旅的前奏，也许今年晚些时候会去新德里或曼谷”一句可以知道这家人打算选择一个较为陌生但又与家较近的地方作为旅游目的地。C选项‘这个城市介于熟悉和陌生之间’正确。

2.细节事实题。本题是问选项中哪一项叙述是错误的。由文章第四段中的“...butwefoundthetouristareasquitesafe,veryinterestingandvariedenougheventosuitourson.但是我们发现旅游区非常安全，非常有趣，而且种类繁多，甚至适合我们的儿子。”一句可知当他们到达伊斯坦布尔旅行之后才发现这里和旅行之前所了解到的信息是不一样的，所以A选项“这家人发现这个城市和他们设想中的是一样的”错误，符合题意。

3.细节事实题。本题是问我们可以从这对夫妻的购物经历中了解到什么。由文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”一句可知D选项‘在自己国内的购物习惯更倾向于选择流行时尚和知名品牌’正确。

4.推理判断题。本题是问最后两段内容表明在伊斯坦布尔游览名胜的情况…。由文章倒数第二段第二句“Noguideswereavailablesoitwasdo-it-yourself,usingourguidebook,whichcheatedusofalotofinterestinghistoryandanecdotesthataprofessionalguidecouldprovide.没有导游，所以只能自己动手，用我们的导游手册，这让我们错过了很多专业导游能提供的有趣的历史和轶事。”B选项‘专业的指南是必不可少的’正确。

5.推理判断题。本题是问在伊斯坦布尔，除…外，这家人在伊斯坦布尔见过或参观过以下所有地方。综合上下文，A选项在倒数第四段提及，B,C选项在第六，七段提及，而从文章第七段中的“Forourtwo,whosebuyingexperienceconsistedofdepartmentstoresandshoppingmallboutiques,itwasamazingtodiscoverthatyoucouldbargainoverpriceandperhapsendupwithtwoofsomethingforthepriceofone.对于我们两个人来说，他们的购物经验包括百货公司和购物中心的精品店，当你发现你可以讨价还价的时候，你可能会以一件东西的价格买到两件东西，这让我很惊讶。”确定shoppingmallboutiques是这家人在国内的购物点，而不是在伊斯坦布尔，所以符合题意，D选项正确。

4.单选题

Somecinema-goersinLeipzigevenconfessedthatthefilmhadmadethemfeelemotionalandslightly（

）fortheirrecentpast.

问题1选项

A.nostalgic

B.instinctive

C.intuitive

D.mirthful

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。A选项“乡愁的，怀旧的”；B选项“本能的，天生的，直觉的”;C选项“直觉的”;D选项“愉快的，高兴的”；根据关键词emotional和theirrecentpast以及句意‘莱比锡的一些电影观众甚至承认，这部电影触动了他们的情感，有点怀念他们的过去’确定A选项正确。

5.单选题

Withoutproperlesson,youcould（

）alotofbadhabitswhenplayingthepiano.

问题1选项

A.getup

B.pickup

C.drawup

D.catchup

【答案】B

【解析】动词短语词义辨析题。根据句意‘如果没有适当的课程，你在弹钢琴时可能会养成很多坏习惯。’可知本题考查up的动词短语的词义辨析。A选项getup意为“起床”；B选项pickup意为“捡起”，与habit等搭配也意为“养成，学会”;C选项drawup意为“起草”；D选项catchup意为“赶上”。根据句意和空后的alotofbadhabits可知B选项正确。

6.单选题

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheframesofgoodandevil.

问题1选项

A.external

B.eternal

C.central

D.internal

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。A选项“外部的；表面上的；（药物）外用的”；B选项“不朽的，永恒的，无休止的”；C选项“中心的；主要的；中枢的”；D选项“内部的，内在的”；根据句意‘一些人将生活看作善恶势力之间永恒的冲突’确定B选项正确。

7.单选题

OnceRenaissancepaintersdiscoveredhowto（

）volumeanddepth,theywereabletoreplacethemedievalconventionofsymbolic,two-dimensionalspacewiththemoreillusionofactualspace.

问题1选项

A.reverse...conventional

B.portray...abstract

C.deny...concrete

D.render...realistic

【答案】D

【解析】词义辨析题。第一个空的选项：reverse“颠倒，倒转”；portray“描绘，扮演”：deny“否认，拒绝给予”；render“提供，以……回报，描绘，处理（绘画等的主题）”，第二个空的选项：conventional“传统的，习惯的”；abstract“抽象的”；concrete“具体的，有形的”；realistic“现实的，实际的，实事求是的”，根据关键词“volumeanddepth”“symbolic”和句意‘当文艺复兴的画家们发现如何描绘体积和深度之后，他们就能够使用更现实的实在空间感来取代中世纪的象征意味的、二维空间的绘画习惯了’确定D选项正确。

8.单选题

Althoughskepticssayfinancialproblemswillprobably（

）ourestablishingabaseontheMoon,supportersoftheprojectremain（

）,sayingthathumancuriosityshouldovercomesuchpragmaticconstraints.

问题1选项

A.beset...disillusioned

B.postpone...pessimistic

C.prevent...enthusiastic

D.allow...unconvinced

【答案】C

【解析】动词和形容词辨析题。A选项beset“困扰，镶嵌，围绕”；disillusioned“醒悟的，幻想破灭的”；B选项postpone“推迟，延迟，延缓”；pessimistic“悲观主义的”;C选项prevent“预防，防止，阻止”；enthusiastic“热心的，热情的”;D选项allow“考虑”；unconvinced“不能令人信服的，怀疑的”。根据句意‘尽管反对者认为在月球上建立一个基地会受到经济问题的阻挠，然而这个项目的支持者仍然保持热情，认为人类的好奇心应该克服这种务实的约束。’C选项正确

9.翻译题

InwhatappearstobethefirstreportedcaseofitskindonUSshores,aColoradowomanallegesthatheriPhone4caughtfirewhilechargingovernightandwantsAppletowarncustomersofthedevice’spossiblecombustionissues.

Thewoman,whospokeundertheconditionofanonymity,saidshetookherstorytotechwebsiteMashableinordertospreadpublicawarenessoverthereportedissue,claimingthatApplehasbeenreticenttoacknowledgetheallegedincident.

Theunnamedsourceclaimsthatsheawokeintheearlymorningduringarecenttriptotheeastcoasttofindheryear-oldwhiteiPhone4making“sizzling”and“popping”noises.

Afteranunspecifiedamountoftimetherewas“notquiteanexplosion,butanimmensecrackling”，andsmokeplumedfromthedevicecreating“anawful,putridsmell,almostlikeyouwereingestingplasticofsomekind”.

Inspectionoftheprovidedpicturesyieldsnocluesastowhichcomponentswereheatedtothepointofcreatingsmoke,thoughabulgingbatteryisdearlyseentohaveexpandedenoughtoforceaparttheiPhone’scasing.

Accordingtothereport,theiPhonewasconnectedviaanApple-brandedchargertoapoweroutletthatwaslaterinspectedandfoundtobeworkingnormally.

ThewomangoesontosaythatwhensheaskedAppletobeupgradedtoareplacementiPhone4S，thecompanyfurnishedherwithanotheriPhone4.

TheallegedincidentisreportedlythefirstofitskindintheUS;thoughtherehasbeenatleastonesimilarinstanceinAustraliainvolvingtheiPhone4.

ThisisnotthefirsttimeApplehasseenproblemswithoverhearingbatteriesasitextendedareplacementprogramforitsfirst-generationiPodNanoin2011duetoadefectthatcausedthedevice’sbatterytooverheat.TheCupertino,Calif.,companyfirstacknowledgedtheproblemina2008pressreleasethatstemmedfromaninvestigationbytheJapanesegovernment.

TherehavebeennoreportsofsevereoverheatingissueswiththeiPhone4SoranyotherproductsinApple’scurrentlineup.

【答案】这位不愿意透露姓名的女士称，在最近一次去东海岸的旅行中，某天清晨她醒来时发现她刚买了一年的白色iPhone4“嗞嗞”作响，还发出爆破声。

不知过了多久，她发现iPhone4“虽算不上爆炸，但发出响亮的爆裂声”，还冒出烟，让人闻到“难闻的腐烂味儿，就像在吞咽某种塑料”。

根据所提供的照片，还看不出是手机的哪些部位过热导致冒烟，但可以很清楚地看到电池已经凸出来，膨胀到撑开了iPhone的外壳。

根据报道，当时这部iPhone正通过苹果品牌的充电器连接到电源上充电，根据随后的检查发现电源工作正常。

这位女士还向苹果公司要求以最新款的iPhone4S来代替iPhone4，但苹果公司只给她换了另一部iPhone4。

10.单选题

JanHendrikSchon’ssuccessseemedtoogoodtobetrue,anditwas.InonlyfouryearsasaphysicistatBellLaborites,Schon,32,hadco-authored90scientificpapers—oneevery16days—dealingwithnewdiscoveriesinsuperconductivity,lasers,nanotechnologyandquantumphysics.Thisoutputastonishedhiscolleagues,andmadethemsuspicious.Whenoneco-workernoticedthatthesametableofdataappearedintwoseparatepapers—whichalsohappenedtoappearinthetwomostprestigiousscientificjournalsintheworld,ScienceandNature—thejigwasup.InOctober2002,aBellLabsinvestigationfoundthatSchonhadfalsifiedandfabricateddata.Hiscareerasascientistwasfinished.Scientificscandals,whichareasoldasscienceitself,tendtofollowsimilarpatternsofpresumptionandduereward.

Inrecentyears,ofcourse,thepressureonscientiststopublishinthetopjournalshasincreased,makingthejournalsmuchmorecrucialtocareersuccess.ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.Eachscientificspecialtyhasitsownsetofjournals.PhysicistshavePhysicalReviewLetters,neuroscientistshaveNeuron,andsoforth.ScienceandNature,though,aretheonlytwomajorjournalsthatcoverthegamutofscientificdisciplines,frommeteorologyandzoologytoquantumphysicsandchemistry.Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.Andscientistslooktothejournalsinparttoreachjournalists.Whydotheycare?Competitionforgrantshasgottensofiercethatscientistshavesoughtpopularrenowntogainanedgeovertheirrivals.Publicationinspecializedjournalswillwintheacclaimsfromacademicsandsatisfythepublish-or-perishimperative,butScienceandNaturecomewiththeaddedbonusofpotentiallygettingyourpaperwrittenupinTheNewYorkTimesandotherpublications.

Scientiststendtopaymoreattentiontothebigtwothantootherjournals.Whenmorescientistsknowaboutaparticularpaper,they’remoreapttociteitintheirownpapers.Beingoft-citedwillincreaseascientist's“ImpactFactor’’，ameasureofhowoftenpapersarecitedbypeers.Fundingagenciesusethe"ImpactFactor'*asaroughmeasureoftheinfluenceofscientiststhey’reconsideringsupporting.

1.TheachievementsofJanHendrikSchonturnedouttobe（

）.

2.TofindwhyscientificscandalslikeSchon’soccur,peoplehavebeguntoraisedoubtaboutthetwotopjournalsfor

（

）.

3.Theexpression’’thecreamofthecrop”inParagraph3likelymeans（

）.

问题1选项

A.surprising

B.inconceivable

C.praiseworthy

D.fraudulent

问题2选项

A.theiracademicprestige

B.theirimportancetocareersuccess

C.theirpopularitywithscientificcircles

D.theirreviewingsystem

问题3选项

A.themostofall

B.thebestofall

C.therecentlyreleased

D.thewidelyspread

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问‘JanHendrikSchon的成就被证明是…’。在第一段中，最开始讲到Schon的成绩好得令人难以置信，而后其同事发现他是抄袭的，然后贝尔实验室的调查发现了他伪造和捏造了数据，所以他结束了其科学生涯。所以D选项“骗人的”正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘为了找出像肖恩这样的科学丑闻发生的原因，人们开始怀疑两个顶级期刊上…’。由第二段第二句“ThequestionsarewhetherNatureandSciencehavebecometoopowerfulasarbitersofwhatsciencereachtothepublic,andwhetherthejournalsareuptotheirtaskasgatekeepers.他质疑的问题是，自然和科学是否已经变得过于强大，成为科学走向公众的仲裁者，以及这些期刊是否能够胜任它们作为看门人的任务。”确定A选项“它们的学术声誉”正确。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘第3段中的“thecreamofthecrop”可能是指’。由第三段第四句“Asaresult,journalistslooktothemeachweekforthecreamofthecropofnewsciencepapers.因此，记者们每周都要从这些新发表的科学论文中寻找精华。”确定B选项“所有中最好的”正确。

11.翻译题

Thecollapseofbeliefwehavebeenwitnessingthroughoutthetwentiethcenturycomeswithglobalism.Thepostmodemconditionisnotanartisticmovementoraculturalfadoranintellectualtheory-althoughitproducesallofthoseandisinsomewaysdefinedbythem.Itiswhatinevitablyhappensaspeopleeverywherebegintoseethattherearemanybeliefs,manykindsofbelief,manywaysofbelieving.Postmodernismisglobalism;itisthehalf-discoveredshapeoftheoneunitythattranscendsallourdifferences.

Inaglobal—andglobalizingera,alloftheoldstructuresofpoliticalreality,alltheoldwaysofsayingwhoweareandwhatweareforandwhatweareagainst,seemtobemeltingawayintoair.

Howtohaveanidentityinsuchaworld?Nationalismbecomessemi-obsoletebeforeitevencompletesitsconquest;nationalgovernmentseverywherearechallengedfromfrontandrear,pastandfuture.Theyareforcedtodobattleagainstpre-modemtribalandethnicidentitiesevenastheyresistthethreatstotheirfragilesovereigntiesthatareposedbyinternationalorganizationandmovementsandeconomicforces.Theweakernationalsovereigntyisasanabsoluteprinciple,thelesssecureweareindefiningourselvesaccordingtonationalcitizenship.

Howaboutideology?ThroughouttheeraoftheColdWar,globalideologiesseemedtobereplacingnationalloyaltiesasthesupremedefinersofpoliticalreality.

Foratime,theworldappearedtobedividedintotwoopposedbeliefsystemsratherthanintomanynations.

Buttheinternationalideologiesneverquitemanagedtoseparatethemselvesfromnationalism(Marxismhadaparticularlyhardtimewiththat,waswidelysuspectedofbeingmerelyatoolofRussianambitions),andtodayhardlyanybodyotherthanafewintransigentcommunistsanddie-hardanti-communistsbelievethattheworldispoliticallybipolar.

Religionisstillapotentdefinerofpoliticalrealityandstillanexplosiveone—wemaystillbehavingholywarswhenwehavestoppedhavinganyotherkind—butitisalsothemostvulnerableofalltobeingunveiledasacreationofthehumanmind.

Eachofthesesetsofcategories,eachofthesewaysthatpeopleconstructwhotheyareandwhattheybelieveisincreasinglychimerical,capableofevaporatinginamomentwhenpeoplelookattheworldwithdifferenteyes.

Classandracemayprovetobemoredurabledefinersofreality,morestablemarkersofwhois‘us’andwhois‘them’.Buteachofthose,too,becomesanythingbutpredictableinapostmodernworld.ThewretchedoftheearthmaybeaforceforrebelliouschangebecausetheybelievesomeformofMarxistdoctrineaboutclassconflict,ormerelybecausetheyceasetobelieveinthevarioussocialconstructionsofrealitythatheldtheirconditiontobepartofGod’sownarrangement.Oppressedracesgrowskeptical(astheworldgainsunderstandingofthegamesoppressorsplay)aboutthesocialconstructionsofrealitythatdefinetheirplaceandstrivetokeeptheminit.

【答案】后现代主义正在全球化，据发现，它是以超越我们所有的差异形成统一的半形状形成的。

作为一项绝对原则，国家主权越弱，我们根据国家公民身份对自己的定义就越不安全。

有一段时间，这个世界被划分成两个对立的信仰系统，而不是被划分成许多的国家。

阶级和种族可能被证明是对现实更加持久的定义者，是“我们”和“他们”之间最稳定的标志。

被压迫者对现实的社会结构产生了怀疑(因为世界对压迫者所玩的游戏有了更多的了解)，而现实的社会结构定义了他们的位置，并努力将他们留在其中。

12.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills.Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Humanresourcemanagement(HRM)isnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehiredorrentedatthelowestpossiblecost,whichisamuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm'shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.Whichofthefollowinga