2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号86

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Inthelightofthecurrentsituation,Ihavetoreviewmyplans.

问题1选项

A.Throwinglighton

B.Inlinewith

C.Inaccordancewith

D.Intermsof

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwinglighton“阐明”；B选项Inlinewith“符合”；C选项Inaccordancewith“依照”；D选项Intermsof“在……方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分Inthelightof是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread（）lettersfromtheirfamilies.

问题1选项

A.sentimental

B.affectionate

C.intimate

D.sensitive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sentimental“多愁善感的”；B选项affectionate“深情的，充满爱的”；C选项intimate“亲密的”；D选项sensitive“敏感的”。根据句意可知，来自亲人的应该是深情的，充满爱的信件，所以选项B符合语境。

3.翻译题

Idon’trecallFrenchcivilizationfeelingsoimportantinmylifetime.Therewillbeuglyargumentsoverthecomingweeks,oncethefirstshockpasses,overwhowasresponsible,howthisdisasterhappened,whatnegligencewasinvolved.Butinthosesilent,reverent,hymn-singingcrowdsonthestreetsofParis,IalsosawthepossibilityofaFrenchcoming-togetherinthedeterminationtorebuildnotonlytheNotre-Damecathedral,butalsoanationshakenbytheviolenceoftheYellowVestmovementandthesocialdivisionsitreflects.ThestoryofNotre-Dameisastoryofenduranceandrebirth.

【答案】在我的一生中，法国文明从未有过如此重要的感觉。在接下来的几周内，一旦第一波冲击过去，谁应该对此负责，这场灾难是如何发生的，哪些过失牵涉其中，将会有令人不快的争论。但在那些沉默的,虔诚的,只需人群在巴黎街头,我也看到了一个法国相遇了的可能性的决心重建不仅圣母院大教堂,也是一个国家遭受的暴力黄色背心运动和社会部门反映。巴黎圣母院的故事是一个关于忍耐和重生的故事。

4.单选题

It’stimeyou（）somereadingortheotherstudentswillleaveyoubehind.

问题1选项

A.gotdownto

B.adaptedto

C.heldonto

D.attendedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项gotdownto“开始认真”；B选项adaptedto“适应于”；C选项heldonto“坚持”；D选项attendedto“注意”。句意：你该认真读书了，否则其他学生就会把你甩在后面。本句表示开始认真读书。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.Alllivingcreatures,especiallyhumanbeings,havetheirpeculiarities,buteverythingaboutthelittleseacucumberseemsunusual.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutabizarreanimalthat,amongothereccentricities,eatsmud,feedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnightbutcanlivewithouteatingforlongperiods,andcanbepoisonousbutisconsideredsupremelyediblebygourmets?

Forsomefiftymillionyears,despiteallitseccentricities,theseacucumberhassubsistedonitsdietofmud.Itisadaptableenoughtoliveattachedtorocksbyitstubefeet(棘皮动物的管足)，underrocksinshallowwater,oronthesurfaceofmudflats.CommonincoolwateronbothAtlanticandPacificshores,ithastheabilitytosuckupmudorsandanddigestwhatevernutrientsarepresent.

Seacucumberscomeinavarietyofcolors,rangingfromblacktoreddish-browntosand-colorandearlywhite.Oneformevenhasvividpurpletentacles.Usuallythecreaturesarecucumber-shaped—hencetheirname—andbecausetheyaretypicallyrockinhabitants,thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents.

Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomemotionlessandliveatalowmetabolicrate—feedingsparinglyornotatallforlongperiods,sothatthemarineorganismsthatprovidetheirfoodhaveachancetomultiply.Ifitwerenotforthisfaculty,theywoulddevourallthefoodavailableinshorttimeandwouldprobablystarvethemselvesoutofexistence.

Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.Itsmajorenemiesarefishandcrabs.Whenattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintothewater.Italsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.Theseacucumberwilleviscerateandregenerateitselfwhenitisattackedoreventouched;itwilldothesameifthesurroundingwatertemperatureistoohighorifthewaterbecomestoopolluted.

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theshapeofseacucumbersisimportantbecause（）.

3.Thefourthparagraphofthepassagemainlydiscuses（）.

4.Ofallthefeaturesoftheseacucumber,whichofthefollowingseemstofascinatetheauthormost?

5.Comparedwithotherseacreaturestheseacucumberisvery（）.

问题1选项

A.thereasonfortheseacucumber’sname

B.whatmakestheseacucumberunusual

C.howtoidentifytheseacucumber

D.placeswheretheseacucumbercanbe

问题2选项

A.itshelpsthemtodigesttheirfood

B.ithelpsthemtoprotectthemselvesfromdanger

C.itmakesiteasierforthemtomovethroughthemud

D.itmakesthemattractivetofish

问题3选项

A.thereproductionofseacucumbers

B.thefoodsourcesofseacucumbers

C.theeatinghabitsofseacucumbers

D.threatstoseacucumbers’existence

问题4选项

A.Whatitdoeswhenthreatened

B.Whereitlives

C.Howithidesfrompredators

D.Whatiteats

问题5选项

A.dangerous

B.intelligent

C.fat

D.strange

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句说到Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.（海洋里没有比普通海参更奇怪的生物。），而文章的其余部分都是围绕这句话展开，介绍了海参的种种奇特之处。所以B选项“什么让海参与众不同”符合文章的中心主旨。A选项“海参得名的原因”，C选项“如何识别海参”和D选项“海参可能在的地方”文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D不正确。

2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“shape”可以定位到文章第三段最后一句thisshape,combinedwithflexibility,enablesthemtosqueezeintocreviceswheretheyaresafefrompredatorsandoceancurrents（这种形状，再加上柔韧性，使它们能够挤进裂缝中，在那里它们可以免受捕食者和洋流的伤害。），说明海参的形状能使它们躲避捕食者和洋流的伤害，所以B选项“帮助它们保护自己免受危险”正确。A选项“帮助它们消化食物”，C选项“使它们更容易在泥中移动”和D选项“使它们对鱼有吸引力”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

3.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到第四段，第四段第一句说到Althoughtheyhavevoraciousappetites,eatingdayandnight,seacucumbershavethecapacitytobecomemotionlessandliveatalowmetabolicrate—feedingsparinglyornotatallforlongperiods（虽然海参食欲旺盛，昼夜不停地进食，但它们有能力静止不动，以低代谢率的方式生活——很少进食或长期不进食。），可以得知第四段说的是海参的进食习惯，所以C选项“海参的进食习惯”符合第四段的中心主旨。A选项“海参的繁殖”，B选项“海参的食物来源”和D选项“对海参生存的威胁”在第四段中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

4.观点态度题。由题干关键词“fascinatetheauthormost”可以定位到文章最后一段第一句Butthemostspectacularthingabouttheseacucumberisthewayitdefendsitself.（但海参最引人注目的是它的自卫方式。），说明作者认为海参最吸引人的地方在于它遇到威胁时的自卫方式，所以A选项“它受到威胁时的做法”正确。B选项“它住在哪里”，C选项“它是如何躲避捕食者的”和D选项“它吃什么”虽然文章中有介绍，但都不是吸引作者的地方，所以B，C，D错误。

5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“seacreatures”可以定位到第一段第一句Certainlynocreatureintheseaisodderthanthecommonseacucumber.（海洋里没有比普通海参更奇怪的生物。），说明比起其他海洋生物，海参非常奇怪，所以D选项“奇怪”正确。A选项“危险”，B选项“聪明”和C选项“肥胖”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，C错误。

6.单选题

Theindomitablespiritdisplayedbyathletesembodiesthenewlookofthisnation.

问题1选项

A.specific

B.unsubduable

C.determined

D.industrious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项specific“特定的”；B选项unsubduable“不屈不挠的”；C选项determined“坚决的”；D选项industrious“勤勉的”。句意：运动员们不屈不挠的精神体现了这个国家的新面貌。划线部分indomitable是不屈不挠的意思。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookstore,willgiveyou（）youneed.

问题1选项

A.alltheinformation

B.alltheinformations

C.allofinformation

D.alloftheinformations

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词复数形式。information是不可数名词，复数形式后面不能加s，所以B、D错误。allof后面接不可数名词时，名词前必须要有定冠词the，所以C错误。因此A选项alltheinformation正确。

8.单选题

Theoldman（）defendedtherightofeverycitizentofreedomofchoiceinreligionwhichenabledhimtowintherespectofallpeople.

问题1选项

A.peculiarly

B.indifferently

C.vigorously

D.inevitably

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项peculiarly“尤其地”；B选项indifferently“冷淡地”；C选项vigorously“积极地”；D选项inevitably“不可避免地”。句意：老人积极地捍卫了每个公民选择宗教自由的权利，这使他赢得了所有人的尊重。本句表示积极地捍卫权利。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanyculturewill（）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

问题1选项

A.conform

B.confine

C.confirm

D.confront

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“conform”，意为“相符合”，B选项“confine”，意为“监禁，限制”，C选项“confirm”，意为“证明，确认”，D选项“confront”，意为“面对，遭遇”。句意：任何文化中的大多数人都会和该文化的既定标准保持一致。A选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Thisbookisabouthowthesebasicbeliefsandvaluesaffectimportant（）ofAmericanlife.

问题1选项

A.facets

B.formats

C.formulas

D.fashions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项facets“方面”；B选项formats“构成”；C选项formulas“方案”；D选项fashions“风尚”。句意：这本书是关于这些基本信念和价值观如何影响美国生活的重要方面。本句表示美国生活的重要方面。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

Therewasa（）dropinsupportfortheUnioninthe1974election.

问题1选项

A.delicate

B.distinct

C.distant

D.downward

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项delicate“微妙的”；B选项distinct“明显的”；C选项distant“冷漠的”；D选项downward“向下的”。句意：在1974年的选举中，支持联邦的人数明显下降。本句表示支持率明显下降，因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthosewholivingin（）populatedareas.

问题1选项

A.abundantly

B.intensely

C.densely

D.intensively

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项abundantly“丰富地，大量地”；B选项intensely“强烈地”；C选项densely“浓密地，密集地”；D选项intensively“集中地，广泛地”。根据句中的关键词“than”可知，前后形成对比。句意：住在小城镇的人似乎比住在人口稠密地区的人更友好。人口稠密用“denselypopulated”，所以选项C正确。

13.单选题

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.

Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftenskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheearth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvsgeniusdispute.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

1.Whatleadstotheexpansionofscienceintermsofthenewschoolofscientists?

2.Whatisthenatureofscientificrevolutionaccordingtoaleaderofthenewschool?

3.Whydoesmodernschoolofscientistspayattentiontotheinventionandimprovementoftoolsandtechnology?

4.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Thecreativeideasofthegreatminds.

B.Thescientificknowledgeofthegeniuses.

C.Theimprovementofordinarytoolsandtechniques.

D.Theneglectedforceinscientificinnovations.

问题2选项

A.Ithelpstoinventaseriesofnewinstruments.

B.Itisactuallytheresultofthedevelopmentofaseriesofinstruments.

C.Itpushesthesciencetowardaparticulardirection.

D.Ithasimprovedthetechniquesininnumerabledirections.

问题3选项

A.Becausetheycanbeappliedinscientificexperiments.

B.Becausetheyaregreatlyadmiredbyscientistsandinventors.

C.Becausetheyareoverlookedbyhistoriansandphilosophers.

D.Becausetheycanbeservedasasourceofbasicinnovations.

问题4选项

A.Thegovernment'sdecisiononitsfinanceallocationisdeterminedbyitsopinionontheprioritybetweenscienceandtechnology.

B.Thegovernmenthasdevelopedpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnology.

C.Thegovernmenthasattachedmoreimportancetotechnologythanpurescience.

D.Thegovernmentwillnolongerincreasethefinancialsupporttopurescience.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第一段，“Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.”他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。A选项“伟大思想的创造性思想”，B选项“天才的科学知识”，C选项“普通工具和技术的改进”，D选项“科学创新中被忽视的力量”。因此，C选项符合题意。

2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段的最后一句，“Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”简而言之，新学派的一位领袖认为，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列仪器的改进、发明和使用，这些发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。A选项“它有助于发明一系列新仪器”，B选项“它实际上是一系列仪器发展的结果”，C选项“它把科学推向一个特定的方向”，D选项“它在无数方面改进了技术”。因此，B选项符合题意。

3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第二段，“Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.”多年来，工具和技术本身作为基础性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们所忽视。A选项“因为他们可以应用于科学实验”，B选项“因为他们深受科学家和发明家的尊敬”，C选项“因为他们被历史学家和哲学家所忽视”,D选项“因为它们可以作为基本创新的源泉”。因此，D选项符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据题干定位到文章的最后一段，“WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.”政府是应该以牺牲技术为代价增加纯科学的融资，还是反过来增加纯科学的融资，往往取决于哪一方被视为驱动力的问题。A选项“政府对其资金配置的决定取决于其对科学与技术优先地位的看法”，B选项“政府以牺牲技术为代价发展了纯科学”，C选项“政府更重视技术而不是纯科学”，D选项“政府将不再增加对纯科学的资金支持”。因此，A选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow（）,particularlyinWesternEurope.

问题1选项

A.obscure

B.obsolete

C.optional

D.overlapping

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项obscure“昏暗的，朦胧的”；B选项obsolete“淘汰的，废弃的，过时的”；C选项optional“可选择的”；D选项overlapping“重叠的”。根据句意可知，火药的引入应该是使弓箭逐渐被淘汰，所以选项B符合句意。

15.单选题

TheplanetVenus,likeEarth,spinsonitsown（）asitorbitstheSun.

问题1选项

A.splinter

B.index

C.axis

D.trace

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项splinter“碎片”；B选项index“指数”；C选项axis“轴线”；D选项trace“痕迹”。句意：金星和地球一样，绕着太阳公转，也绕着自己的轴心自转。本句表示自转轴。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Theideathatboysandgirlshavedifferentlearningstylesseemstobelosingground，buttherearestillmany（）supportersofsingle-sexeducation.

问题1选项

A.compulsory

B.pervasive

C.critical

D.passionate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项compulsory“义务的，强制的”，B选项pervasive“遍布的，普遍的”，C选项critical“批判性的，关键的”，D选项passionate“狂热的，热情的”，句意：认为男孩和女孩有不同的学习方式的观点似乎正在失势，但仍有许多普遍支持男女分校教育的人。因此，B选项符合句意。

17.单选题

Thetemperatureoftheatmospherebecomescolderaselevationincreases.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.aptitude

C.latitude

D.longitude

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项altitude“海拔”；B选项aptitude“天资”；C选项latitude“纬度”；D选项longitude“经度”。句意：海拔越高，大气温度越低。划线部分elevation是海拔的意思。因此A选项正确。

18.单选题

TheBenefitsofNewUrbanism

(1)Newurbanismisthemostimportantplanningmovementinthiscentury,andisaboutcreatingabetterfutureforusall.Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.Newurbanismistherevivalofourlostartofplace-making,andisessentiallyare-orderingofthebuiltenvironmentintotheformofcompletecities,towns,villages,andneighborhoods—thewaycommunitieshavebeenbuiltforcenturiesaroundtheworld.Newurbanisminvolvesfixingandinfillingcities,aswellasthecreationofcompactnewtownsandvillages.Thebenefitsofnewurbanismareasfollows:

BenefitstoResidents

(2)Higherqualityoflife;betterplacesinwhichtolive,work,andplay;morestablepropertyvalues;lesstrafficcongestionandlessdriving;healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress;closeproximitytomainstreetretailandservices;closeproximitytobiketrail,parks,andnature;pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown,resultinginmeaningfulrelationshipswithmorepeople,andfriendliertown;morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem;greatsavingstoresidentsandschoolboardsinreducedbusingcostsfromchildrenbeingabletowalkorbicycletoneighborhoodschools;morediversityandsmaller,uniqueshopsandserviceswithlocalownerswhoareinvolvedincommunity;bigsavingsbydrivingless,andowninglesscars;lessugly,congestedsprawltodealwithdaily;bettersenseofplaceandcommunityidentitywithmoreuniquearchitecture;moreopenspacetoenjoythatwillremainopenspace;moreefficientuseoftaxmoneywithlessspentonutilitiesandroadsusedforthesprawl.

BenefitstoBusinesses

(3)Increasedsalesduetomorefoottrafficandpeoplespendinglessoncarsandgas;moreprofitsduetospendinglessonadvertisingandlargesigns;betterlifestylebylivingnearworkunitssavesthestressfulandcostlycommute;economiesofscaleinmarketingduetocloseproximityandcooperationwithotherlocalbusinessincubation;lowerrentsduetosmallerspacesandsmallerparkinglots;healthierlifestyleduetomorewalkingandbeingnearhealthierrestaurants;morecommunityinvolvementfrombeingpartofcommunityandknowingresidents.

(4)BenefitstoDevelopers.Moreincomepotentialfromhigherdensitymixed-useprojectsduetomoreleasablesquarefootage,moresalespersquarefoot,andhigherpropertyvaluesandsellingprices;fasterapprovalsincommunitiesthathaveadoptedsmartgrowthprinciplesresultingincost/timesayings:costsavingsinparkingfacilitiesinmixed-usepropertiesduetosharingofspacesthroughoutthedayandnight,resultinginlessduplicationinprovidingparking;lessneedforparkingfacilitiesduetomixofresidencesandcommercialuseswithinwalkingdistanceofeachother;lessimpactonroads/traffic,whichcanresultinlowerimpactfees;lowercostofutilitiesduetocompactnatureofnewurbanistdesign;fasterselloutduetogreateracceptancebyconsumersfromawiderproductrangeresultinginwidermarketshare.

BenefitstoMunicipalities

(5)Stable,appreciatingtaxbase;lessspentpercapitaoninfrastructureandutilitiesthantypicalsuburbandevelopmentduetocompacthigh-densitynatureofprojects;increasedtaxbaseduetomorebuildingspackedintoatighterarea;lesstrafficcongestionduetowalkabilityofdesign;lesscrimeandlessmoneyspentonpoliceduetothepresenceofmorepeopledayandnight;betteroverallcommunityimageandsenseofplace;lessincentivetosprawlwhenurbancoreareaisdesirable;easytoinstalltransitwhereit’snot,andimproveitwhereitis;greatercivicinvolvementofpopulationleadingtobettergovernance.

(6)Themosteffectivewaytoimplementnewurbanismittoplanforit,andwriteitintozoninganddevelopmentcodes.Thisdirectsallfuturedevelopmentintothisform.

(7)Increasingly,regionalplanningtechniquesarebeingusedtocontrolandshapegrowthintocompact,high-density,mixed-useneighborhoods,villages,towns,andcities.Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD).Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.

(8)Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.Italsopreventscongestionproblemsandtheenvironmentaldegradationnormallyassociatedwithgrowth.

(9)Therearesomeobstaclesinimplementationofnewurbanism.Themostimportantobstacletoovercomeistherestrictiveandincorrectzoningcodescurrentlyinforceinmostmunicipalities.Currentcodesdonotallownewurbanismtobebuilt,butdoallowsprawl.

(10)AnequallyimportantobstacleisthecontinuousroadbuildingandexpansiontakingplaceineverycommunityacrossAmerica.Thisencouragesmoredrivingandmoresprawlwhichhasadominoeffectonincreasingtrafficcongestionacrosstheregion.Haltingroadprojectsandbuildingnewtrainsystemcanhelpreversethisproblematictrend.

1.Apedestrianstreetisastreet（）.

2.Accordingtothepassagenewurbanismemphasizes（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingcanBESTsummarizethebenefitsofnewurbanismtoresidents?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

5.Topreservetheenvironment,newurbanismlaysstresson（）.

问题1选项

A.suitableforbicycling

B.suitableforwalking

C.designedforpedals

D.designedforscooters

问题2选项

A.theexpansionofurbanareas

B.theartisticdecorationofnewly-builtbuildings

C.theimprovementofthebuiltenvironment

D.theenvironmentalpreservation

问题3选项

A.Compactnessincivicstructure,conveniencesandeconomiesinlife.

B.Betterrelationshipswithmorepeopleandafriendliertown.

C.Easyshoppingandmoreservicesthatreducebusingcosts.

D.Walkability,healthierlifestyleandmorefreedom.

问题4选项

A.Newurbanismlikestodesignmoreroadsinordertofacilitatethetraffic.

B.Newurbanismfavorsthetransportationwithnewrailwaysystems.

C.Newurbanistplannersopposetopedestrianfriendlydesign.

D.Newurbanistplannersdonotsupporttheinfilldevelopment.

问题5选项

A.thereductionoffactories

B.thesprawlofthecity

C.thelesseningoftrafficjams

D.thecompactgrowthoftheurbanarea

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明pedestrianstreet是对行人友好的社区。因此B选项“适合行走”正确。A选项“适合骑自行车”，C选项“为脚踏车设计”和D选项“为小型摩托车设计”都不是指步行，所以A，C，D错误。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.（它是一场改革建筑环境设计的国际运动，是通过创造更好的居住场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。），说明新城市主义强调对居住环境的改善。因此C选项“改善建筑环境”正确。A选项“城市地区的扩张”，B选项“新建筑的艺术装饰”和D选项“环境保护”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。

3.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“residents”可以定位到文章第二段，healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress（更健康的生活方式，更多的步行和更少的压力）说明新城市主义对居民健康生活方式的好处；pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人）说明了新城市主义注重人的步行友好性；morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem（让孩子、老人和穷人有更多的自由和独立，他们有能力去工作、娱乐和服务，而不需要搭乘汽车或别人给他们开车）说明了新城市主义为居民带来了更多的自由。因此D选项“适合步行，更健康的生活方式和更多的自由。”最能概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处。A选项“城市结构的紧凑，生活的便利和经济”中城市结构的紧凑是对城市的好处，所以A错误。B选项“更好的人际关系和更友好的城市”，C选项“方便的购物和更多的服务，减少巴士费用”都只是对居民带来好处的一部分，不能完整概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处，所以B，C错误。

4.客观细节题。由B选项关键词“railwaysystems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment.（规划新的铁路系统——而不是更多的道路——如果设计与区域土地规划相协调，就会产生最好的效果。），说明新城市主义注重于新的铁路系统规划。因此B选项“新城市主义用新的铁路系统促进交通。”正确。由A选项关键词“moreroads”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresults（规划新的铁路系统——而不是修建更多的公路能带来最好的结果），说明新城市主义不主张修建更多的公路。因此A选项“新城市主义喜欢设计更多的道路，以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C选项关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown（行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人），说明新城市主义者注重行人友好性。因此C选项“新城市主义规划师反对行人友好的设计。”不符合原文。由D选项关键词“infilldevelopment”可以定位到第七段最后一句Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.（与此同时，城市地区的振兴引导和鼓励对城市中心的填充式开发。），说明新城市主义者是支持“infilldevelopment”的。因此D选项“新城市主义规划师不支持填充开发。”不符合原文。

5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“environment”可以定位到第八段第一句Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.（紧凑发展的规划，而不是让它向外扩张，有可能极大地提高环境质量。），说明为了保护环境，新城市主义强调的是紧凑发展的规划。因此D选项“城市区域的紧凑发展”正确。A选项“工厂的减少”，B选项“城市的扩张”和C选项“交通堵塞的减轻”都和保护环境无关，所以A，B，C错误。

19.单选题

Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot（）theirprospectofpromotion.

问题1选项

A.spur

B.further

C.induce

D.reinforce

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项spur“鞭策，刺激”；B选项further“促进，助长”；C选项induce“诱导”；D选项reinforce“加强，巩固”。根据句意：追求享乐对于雇员而言肯定不能促进他们晋升。选项B更符合语境。

20.单选题

Thesegoodsare（）forexport,thoughafewofthemmaybesoldonthehomemarket.

问题1选项

A.essentially

B.completely

C.necessarily

D.remarkably

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项essentially“基本地”；B选项completely“完全地”；C选项necessarily“必要地”；D选项remarkably“显著地”。句意：这些货物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在国内市场销售。本句表示货物基本上用于出口，部分在国内销售。因此A选项正确。

21.单选题

Iwaiteduntilhehad（）beforeItoldhimIwasleavingandheadedforthefrontdoor.

问题1选项

A.handeddown

B.calmeddown

C.turneddown

D.trackeddown

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项handeddown“把...传给，流传下来”，B选项calmeddown“冷静，平静”，C选项turneddown“拒绝，调低”，D选项trackeddown“追捕，查出”，句意：我一直等到他平静下来，才告诉他我要离开并朝前门走去。因此，B选项符合句意。

22.单选题

BecausepartsofthecontinentofSouthAfricaarestillcoveredwiththickforests,（）tosomepartsofitisstilldifficult.

问题1选项

A.orientation

B.voyage

C.procession

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项orientation“方向，定向”；B选项voyage“航行”；C选项procession“队伍，行列”；D选项access“通道，入口”。根据句意：由于南非大陆的一些地区仍然覆盖着茂密的森林，进入其中一些地区仍然很困难。表示通往某地的入口用access，所以选项D正确。

23.单选题

Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit（）,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.

问题1选项

A.athand

B.inturn

C.inconclusion

D.atlength

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项athand“在手边，即将到来”；B选项inturn“轮流，依次”；C选项inconclusion“总之，最后”；D选项atlength“详细地”。句意：导师目前没有时间进行详细说明，但他就自己的计划给了我们一个大概的看法。根据后半部分的“gaveusanidea”可知，选项D符合语境。

24.单选题

Culturalrulesdetermineeveryaspectoffoodconsumption.Whoeatstogetherdefinessocialunits.Forexample,insomesocieties,thenuclearfamilyistheunitthatregularlyeatstogether.TheanthropologistMaryDouglashaspointedoutthat,fortheEnglish,thekindofmealandthekindoffoodthatisservedrelatetothekindsofsociallinksbetweenpeoplewhoareeatingtogether.Shedistinguishesbetweenregularmeals,Sundaymealswhenrelativesmaycome,andcocktailpartiesforacquaintances.Thefoodservedsymbolizestheoccasionandreflectswhoispresent.Forexample,onlysnacksareservedatacocktailparty.Itwouldbeinappropriatetoserveasteakorhamburgers.Thedistinctionsamongcocktails,regularmeals,andspecialdinnersmarkthesocialboundariesbetweenthoseguestswhoareinvitedfordrinks,thosewhoareinvitedtodinner,andthosewhocometoafamilymeal.Inthisexample,thetypeoffoodsymbolizesthecategoryofguestandwithwhomitiseaten.

InsomeNewGuineasocieties,thenuclearfamilyisnottheunitthateatstogether.Thementaketheirmealsinamen’shouse,separatelyfromtheirwivesandchildren.Womenprepareandeattheirfoodintheirownhousesandtakethehusband’sportiontothemen’shouse.Thewomeneatwiththeirchildrenintheirownhouses.ThispatternisalsowidespreadamongNearEasternsocieties.

Eatingisametaphorthat