2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号39

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Expertssaidtheamountofcompensationforsicksmokerswouldbereducedifcoolerjurorsprevailed.

问题1选项

A.resigned

B.compromised

C.persisted

D.dominated

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。prevail表示“盛行，流行，战胜”；A项resign“辞职，放弃”，B项compromise“妥协，和解”，C项persist“坚持”，D项dominate“占主导地位，支配，控制”。句意：专家表示，如果冷酷的陪审员获胜，对生病吸烟者的赔偿金额将会减少。根据句意可知，选择D项正确。

2.问答题

Indealingwithastudentwhoisactingaggressivelytowardhisclassmates,youwanttosendastrongmessagethataggressivebehaviorwillnotbetoleratedinyourclassroom.Inaddition,youwanttohelphimdevelopmoreappropriatewaysofsettlingdisputeswithhispeers.

Iftwoelementaryschoolstudentsareengagedinafight,useastrongloudvoicetostopit.Ifthatdoesn’twork,youmightsaysomethingodd(“Lookup!Theceilingisfalling!”)todiverttheirattention.Iftheystilldon’tstopandyoucan’tseparatethem,sendastudenttotheofficetogethelp.Ifacrowdofchildrenisgathering,insistthattheymoveawayorsitdown,perhapsclappingyourhandstogettheirattention:(1)Aftertheincidentisover,meetwiththecombatantstogethersotheycangiveyoutheirversionsofwhathappenedandyoucanhelpthemresolveanylingeringproblems.Alsonotifytheparents.

Speakinafirm,no-nonsensemannertostopastudent’saggressivebehavior:usephysicalrestraintasalastresort.Whenrespondingtothestudent,payattentiontoyourverbalaswellasnon-verballanguage.Evenifheisyellingatyou,staycalm.Allowhimtoexpresswhatheisupsetaboutwithoutinterruptinghimandthenacknowledgehisfeelings.Avoidcrossingyourarms,pointingafingerormakingthreats:(2)anyofthoseactionscouldintensifyhisangerandstiffenhisresistance.

Youmightconcludethatastudent’saggressivebehaviorwarrantsseparatinghimfromtherestoftheclass,eithertosendhimastrongmessagethatwhathedidmeritsaseriousconsequenceortoprotecttheotherstudents.Youcandothatbygivinghimatimeoutinclassorbysendinghimtotheoffice.

Althoughhemightexpectyoutoreact(3)punitively,surprisehimbyreactingsupportively.Expressyourconfidencethathecanresolveproblemswithoutbeinghurtfultohispeers.Tellhimthatyouthinkhemustbeupsetaboutsomethingtolosecontrolashedidandyouwanttounderstandwhatmightbebotheringhim.Ifhedoesopenuptoyou,listenattentivelywithoutinterrupting.(4)Speakinginacalmvoice,tellhimthatyouunderstandwhyhewasupset,butstressthathehastofindawaytoexpresshisangerwithwordsratherthanwithhishands.

Youdon’twanttoforceanaggressivestudenttosayheissorrybecausethatmightfuelhisanger,however,youdowanttostronglyencouragehimtomakeamendswiththestudenthehit.(5)Ifheiswillingtodothat,itwillhelpsoothehurtfeelingsandavoidfutureconflicts.

【答案】答：

1.Youneedtochatwithcombatantsengagedinthefightsoonafterwards,toknowthedetaileddescriptionofincidentsandhelptoreconcilethebothside,andinformtheirparents.

2.Anycriticalspeechandactivitywillintensifyaggressivestudent’sangerandstiffenhisresistance.

3.involvingpunishment

4.Speakingtohimcalmlytotellyourunderstandingabouthisupset,youstressthatheshouldlearntoexpressintenseemotionwithwordsratherthanwithfightingways.

5.Onceanaggressivestudentiswillingtosaysorrywithoutinstruction,itwillhelpsoothothers’hurtfeelingandavoidfutureconflicts.

【解析】1.原文句意是：事件结束后，与打架的双方学生见面，让他们告诉你发生了什么，帮助他们化解相互之间的矛盾，同时还要通知家长。通过分析原文句子，该句的意思是两层：一是在打架后和学生谈话并了解情况，二是通知家长。故该句子可以改写为Youneedtochatwithcombatantsengagedinthefightsoonafterwards,toknowthedetaileddescriptionofincidentsandhelptoreconcilethebothside,andinformtheirparents（你需要和打架同学交谈，了解事件的详情，帮助调解双方，并告知他们的父母）。

2.原文句意是：任何这些行为都可能加剧他的愤怒和加强他的抵抗。根据原文可知原句中的thoseactions指的是上文所提到的行为，上文提到Evenifheisyellingatyou,staycalm.（即使他对你大喊大叫，你也要保持冷静）和Avoidcrossingyourarms,pointingafingerormakingthreats（避免交叉双臂，用手指或威胁），由此可知，thoseactions指的是言语和动作上的行为，所以该句可以扩充改写为Anycriticalspeechandactivitywillintensifyaggressivestudent’sangerandstiffenhisresistance（任何批评性的言论和活动都会加剧好斗学生的愤怒，加强他们的反抗）。

3.原文中这个词语的意思是“惩罚地”；整个句子的意思是：虽然他可能期望你的反应是惩罚性的，但让他惊讶的是你的反应是支持的。这里可以把punitively副词形式改写为非谓语动词形式involvingpunishment（设计惩罚）。

4.原文句意是：用平静的声音告诉他，你理解他为什么难过，但强调他必须用语言来表达愤怒，而不是用手。原文的clam（冷静的）可以改为副词，即calmly（冷静地）；anger（愤怒）可以换一种说法，即intenseemotion（强烈的感情）；那么整个句子就是Speakingtohimcalmlytotellyourunderstandingabouthisupset,youstressthatheshouldlearntoexpressintenseemotionwithwordsratherthanwithfightingways（平静地和他说话，告诉他你理解他的难过，强调他应该学会用语言而不是用争斗的方式表达强烈的情感）。

5.原文句意是：如果他愿意这样做，这将有助于安抚受伤的感情，避免未来的冲突。这个句子我们要理解原句中that所指代的内容；原文最后一段第一句提到youdowanttostronglyencouragehimtomakeamendswiththestudenthehit.（你确实想要强烈鼓励他向他打过的学生赔罪），由此可知，that所指代的内容就是鼓励学生道歉；那么这个句子可以解释为Onceanaggressivestudentiswillingtosaysorrywithoutinstruction,itwillhelpsoothothers’hurtfeelingandavoidfutureconflicts（一旦一个好斗的学生愿意在没有得到指导的情况下说对不起，这将有助于缓解他人受到的伤害，避免未来的冲突）。

3.单选题

Thisoldmanhadtroubleexpressingtheattachmenthefeltwhenarrivingathisnativetown.

问题1选项

A.hospitality

B.affection

C.appeal

D.frustration

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。attachment表示“附件，依恋”；A项hospitality“好客，殷勤”，B项affection“喜爱，感情”，C项appeal“呼吁，恳求”，D项frustration“挫折”。句意：这位老人难以表达他到达家乡时的依恋之情。根据句意可知B项正确。

4.单选题

ScientistshaveachievedfindingssubstantialenoughtoremoveourfearofGMfoods.

问题1选项

A.abundant

B.controversial

C.conducive

D.convincing

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。substantial表示“大量的，实质的”；A项abundant“丰富的，充裕的”，B项controversial“有争议的，有争论的”，C项conducive“有益的，有助于……的”，D项convincing“令人信服的”。句意：科学家们已经取得了足以消除我们对转基因食品恐惧的重大发现。根据前面的findings（发现）可知只有D项的意思与划线部分的意思相近，所以D项正确。

5.单选题

Thebeliefthatit’shealthytoletoffsteamnolonger（）forweareworkingunderheavypressure.

问题1选项

A.holds

B.carries

C.takes

D.stands

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项hold“拥有，持有”，B项carry“拿，携带”，C项take“行得通，花费”，D项stand“站立，位于”。根据句子可知，空格部分是和名词belief（信念）构成主谓，把四个选项分别代入，只有take符合。句意：因为我们在巨大的压力下工作，所以不再相信释放压力是有益健康的。因此，该题选择C项正确。

6.问答题

Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seedandfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.

In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.

PresidentHoover’ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandproviding,flood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation’ssoilwasthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.

1.WhatimpactdidthedecliningdemandforAmericanfarmproductshaveonAmericanfarmproducts?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatworsenedAmericanfarmers’financialsituationin1930s?

3.WhywastheFederalFarmBoardestablishedin1929?

4.WhatwasplannedintheAgriculturalAdjustmentActtoraisefarmprices?

5.WhywastheAgriculturalAdjustmentActdeclaredunconstitutional?

【答案】答：

1.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.

2.GreatDepression.

3.Toprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.

4.Encouragedfarmersreducethescaleoftheproduction.

5.Thelawbenefitedfarmersattheexpenseofothers.

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“对美国农产品需求的下降对美国农产品产生了什么影响？”。文章第一段提到Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.（随着欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复过来，并开始实施紧缩计划以减少进口，20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降了；结果是农产品价格急剧下降），因此答案为Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices（结果是农产品价格急剧下降）。

2.细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，是什么恶化了20世纪30年代美国农民的财政状况？”。第一段最后一句提到ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.（从1929年开始并延续到1939年的大萧条使这些发展更加恶化），由此可知答案为GreatDepression（经济大萧条）。

3.细节事实题。题干意思是“为什么联邦农业委员会成立于1929年？”。第二段最后一句提到itrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.（代表了为农民提供更大经济稳定性的第一个国家性的承诺），由此可知答案为Toprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers（为农民提供更大的经济稳定性）。

4.推理判断题。题干意思是“农业调整法案中有什么提高农产品价格的计划？”。第三段第三句和第四句提到ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.（这项法律赋予农业部长权力，通过与农民签订自愿协议减少产量，这些农民得到报酬，不再使用他们的土地；故意的农产品短缺是为了提高价格而计划的），由此可知，通过与农民签订自愿协议，给予农民补贴减少土地使用权，降低农产品产量可以提高农产品价格；即缩小生产规模。因此答案为Encouragedfarmersreducethescaleoftheproduction（鼓励农民缩小生产规模）。

5.细节推理题。题干意思是“为什么《农业调整法案》被宣布为违宪？”。第三段第五句提到ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.（最高法院宣布这项法律是违反宪法的，因为全民的税收都被用来为一个特殊群体服务），由此可知，《农业调整法案》被宣布为违宪是因为它以损害别人的利益来使农民受益；故答案为Thelawbenefitedfarmersattheexpenseofothers（这项法律以损害他人利益为代价使农民受益）。

7.单选题

Thewagesofmanuallaborersstaypainfullylow,meaningdigitalizationcoulddriveanevendeeper（）betweentherichandpoor.

问题1选项

A.boundary

B.difference

C.wedge

D.variation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项boundary“边界，范围”，B项difference“差异，不同”，C项wedge“楔子，不和”，D项variation“变化，变异，变种”。句意：体力劳动者的工资维持在令人痛苦的低水平，这意味着数字化可能会加深富人和穷人之间的隔阂。四个选项中，只有wedge的意思与句意相近；因此，该题C项正确。

8.单选题

Povertyandinadequatehealthcaretaketheirtollonthequalityofacommunity’shealth.

问题1选项

A.destruction

B.contribution

C.charge

D.origin

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。toll表示“代价”；A项destruction“损害，破坏”，B项contribution“贡献”，C项charge“费用”，D项origin“起源，出身”。句意：贫穷和卫生保健不足损害了社区的健康质量。根据句意可知A项正确。

9.单选题

MykidstellmethatIam“so20thcentury”,whichtroublesme.Apersonlikestofeelthatheis“withit”,asweusedtosayinthe20thcentury.

SoIhavebeenthinkinghowImightchangemyselfintoatrue21st-centuryman.Clearly,inmyadvancedstateofageIwouldbefoolishtoattemptsomewildleapintothecontemporaryfashion.Andanyway,mydistinctivetasteattractsmuchfavorablecomment.

Butifmyclothingistoocharacteristictochange,perhapsIshoulddosomethingaboutmylifestyle.SolastweekItookmyselftotheNECfortheSmartHomeShowwhichis“theexhibitiondedicatedtoallthelatesttrendsinsmarthometechnology”.Itwasashock.HowcouldIhavelivedforhalfacenturywithoutafingerprint-operatedfrontdoor?(“Neverlockyourselfoutofyourhomeagain!”)Orvacuumcleanersthatsuckduststraightintoadustbin,viaasystemofpipesinyourhousewalls?(Allyouhavetodoisrebuildyourentirehome.)Orautomaticgardensprinklerswhicharesosmartthattheyturnthemselvesoffwhenitstartstorain?Ofcourse,youcouldjustlookoutofthewindow,observethatit’srainingandturnthemoffyourself,butthatwouldbeso20thcentury.

Besides,thosewerejustthesimplerthings.Forthetruesmarthomeowner,aplasma(等离子)TVfireplaceisamust.Atfirstglanceit’sjustanelectricfirewithamantelpiece,butpressyourremoteandagiantTVscreenrisesfromthemantelpiece.“Thieveswon’tevenknowit’sthere,”aspokesmanclaimed.Justaswell.At65,280,itwouldbeapitytohaveitbroken.Buttherealrevolutionhashappenedinthebathroom.Neveragainneedyoufeelcutofffromworldeventsasyougoaboutyourwashing.ForgetthemirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens.They’reoldhat.Thebuzzinbathroomsnowisallaboutheatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.

Enough!Iwasconvinced:Iwantasmarthome.There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.Hmm.Iwon’tbeenteringthe21stcenturyjustyet,then.

1.Tobe“21stcentury”,theauthordecidedto（）.

2.Theauthor’scommentonthevacuumcleanerimpliesthat（）.

3.Whatisthemostrevolutionarysmarthometechnologyaccordingtotheauthor?

4.TheSmartHomeShow（）.

5.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbuyingthesmarthomeproducts?

问题1选项

A.movetoanewhouse

B.changethewayhelived

C.improvehisdressingstyle

D.talkinthemosttrendyfashion

问题2选项

A.hebelievedthatitwasuseless

B.hewantedtopurchaseonehimself

C.hehatedtocauseinconvenience

D.hethoughtthatitwasnotworththeeffort

问题3选项

A.TheplasmaTVfireplace.

B.Theautomaticgardensprinkler.

C.MirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens.

D.Heatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.

问题4选项

A.seemedtoogoodtobetrue

B.wasatrueeye-openerfortheauthor

C.leftanegativeimpressionontheauthor

D.appealedlesstothemiddle-andold-aged

问题5选项

A.Hewasinterested,butfoundthemtooexpensive.

B.Hewasfascinated,anddeterminedtobuythem.

C.Hewasn’tattracted,andwouldn’tbuythem.

D.Hewasn’tsure,sohewouldratherwaitandsee.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。题干意思是“要变得‘21世纪’，作者决定……”。文章第三段第一句提到Butifmyclothingistoocharacteristictochange,perhapsIshoulddosomethingaboutmylifestyle.（但如果我的服装太有特色而无法改变，也许我应该改变一下我的生活方式），由此可知B项“改变生活方式”符合题意。A项“搬进一个新房子”，文章最后一段提到There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.（只有一个问题：一套普通住宅的成本大概在1.8万至2.5万英镑之间），由此可知作者搬进一个新房子的可能性不是很大；C项“改善着装风格”，文章作者提到服装太有特色而无法改变，所以C项错误；D项“以最时髦的方式交谈”文章没有提及。故该题选B正确。

第2题:细节推断题。题干意思是“作者对真空吸尘器的评论暗示着……”。根据题干定位到第三段第五句Orvacuumcleanersthatsuckduststraightintoadustbin,viaasystemofpipesinyourhousewalls?(Allyouhavetodoisrebuildyourentirehome.)（真空吸尘器是通过墙壁上的管道系统将灰尘直接吸进垃圾箱吗？你所要做的就是重建你的整个家），由此可知，要安装这个吸尘器还要把房子重新建造一遍，作者认为这个耗时又耗力，所以D项“觉得不值得这么做”符合题意。A项“相信真空吸尘器没有用处”，文章作者没有说这个吸尘器没有用处；B项“想要自己买一个”，内容与原文相反；C项“讨厌制造麻烦”为干扰项，根据原文中的内容，作者不是觉得吸尘器麻烦，而是觉得为了一个吸尘器来重建房子不值得。故该题选D正确。

第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为最具革命性的智能家居技术是什么？”。第四段最后两句提到Buttherealrevolutionhashappenedinthebathroom.Neveragainneedyoufeelcutofffromworldeventsasyougoaboutyourwashing.ForgetthemirrorsthatturnintoTVscreens…Thebuzzinbathroomsnowisallaboutheatedtowel-racksthatturnintoTVs.（但真正的革命发生在浴室；当你洗衣服的时候，你再也不需要感觉与世界事件隔绝了；忘掉那些变成电视屏幕的镜子吧；现在浴室里的话题都是加热毛巾架变成电视），由此可知D项“可以变成电视的加热毛巾架”正确；C项“可以变成电视屏幕的镜子”错误；A项“等离子电视壁炉”，根据At65,280,itwouldbeapitytohaveitbroken.（65,280英镑，如果它坏了就太可惜了）可知，作者觉得等离子电视壁炉太贵，A项不选；B项“花园自动洒水器”，第三段最后一句提到Ofcourse,youcouldjustlookoutofthewindow,observethatit’srainingandturnthemoffyourself,butthatwouldbeso20thcentury.（当然，你可以看着窗外，看到正在下雨，然后自己把洒水器关掉，但那是20世纪的事了），由此可知，B项也不正确。故该题选D正确。

第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“智能家居展……”。第三段第二句提到SolastweekItookmyselftotheNECfortheSmartHomeShowwhichis“theexhibitiondedicatedtoallthelatesttrendsinsmarthometechnology”.Itwasashock.（所以上周我带自己去NEC参加智能家居展，这是一个“致力于智能家居技术最新趋势的展览”，太令人震惊了），接着第四段和第五段都是智能家居展览中的一些智能家居的应用，根据作者对例子的表述和作者的语气可知B项“让作者大开眼界”符合题意。A项“看起来太好以至于不真实”，作者只是提到了很贵，所以A项错误；C项“给作者留下了负面的印象”和D项“对中老年人吸引力较小”内容与原文相反。故该题选B正确。

第5题:观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对购买智能家居产品有什么看法？”。根据文章最后一段Enough!Iwasconvinced:Iwantasmarthome.There’sonlyoneproblem:Thecostyouarelookingat£18.000to£25,000foranaveragehome.（够了！我被说服了：我想要一个智能家居；但只有一个问题：一套普通住宅的成本大概在1.8万至2.5万英镑之间）可知，作者对智能家居很感兴趣，但是价格太昂贵了，所以A项“他很感兴趣，但觉得太贵了”正确。B项“他被迷住了，决定买下它们”和C项“他没有兴趣，也不会买”内容与原文不符；D项“他不能肯定，所以他宁愿等着瞧”，文章中作者没有提到要等着瞧，D项错误。故该题选A正确。

10.单选题

Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents’wishes.

问题1选项

A.enhanced

B.revised

C.alternated

D.modified

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。alterto表示“更改，改变”；A项enhance“增强”，B项revise“修正，校订”，C项alternate“交替的，轮流的”，D项modify“修改，修饰”。句意：人们担心婴儿的基因会被改变以满足父母的愿望。根据句意可知，选择D项正确。

11.单选题

RichardSatava,programmanagerforadvancedmedicaltechnologies,hasbeenadrivingforceinbringingvirtualrealitytomedicine,wherecomputerscreatea“virtual”orsimulatedenvironmentforsurgeonsandothermedicalpractitioners.

“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.

ThecomputerswouldtransmitimagesofthesoldierstosurgeonsbackintheU.S.Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmets(头盔)thatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.

AlthoughSatava’svisionmaybeyearsawayfromstandardoperatingprocedure,scientistsareprogressingtowardvirtualrealitysurgery.EngineersataninternationalorganizationinCaliforniaaredevelopingatele-operatingdevice.Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.Thecomputerprovidesfeedbacktothesurgeononforce,textures,andsound.

Thesetechnologicalwondersmaynotyetbepartofthecommunityhospitalsettingbutincreasinglysomeofthemachineryisfindingitswayintocivilianmedicine.AtWayneStateUniversityMedicalSchool,surgeonLuciaZamoranotakesimagesofthebrainfromcomputerizedscansandusesacomputerprogramtoproducea3-Dimage.Shecanthenmaneuverthe3-Dimageonthecomputerscreentomaptheshortest,leastinvasivesurgicalpathtothetumor.Zamoranoisalsousingtechnologythatattachesaprobetosurgicalinstrumentssothatshecantracktheirpositions.Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.

Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan.

Satavasays,“Weareinthemidstofafundamentalchangeinthefieldofmedicine.”

1.AccordingtoRichardSatava,theapplicationofvirtualrealitytomedicine（）.

2.Howisvirtualrealitysurgeryperformed?

3.RichardSatavahasvisionsof（）.

4.Duringvirtualrealityoperations,thesurgeoncanhaveabetterviewofthecutsinthebodybecause（）.

5.Virtualrealityoperationsareanimprovementonconventionalsurgeryinthatthey____.

问题1选项

A.willenablesurgeonstobephysicallypresentoneverybattlefieldt

B.canraisethespiritsofsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

C.willgreatlyimprovemedicalconditionsonthebattlefieldt

D.canshortenthetimeforoperationsonsoldierswoundedonthebattlefieldt

问题2选项

A.Itisperformedbyacomputer-designedhighprecisiondevice.t

B.Surgeonswearvirtualrealityhelmetstoreceivefeedbackprovidedbyacomputer.t

C.Surgeonsmoveroboticinstrumentsbymeansofacomputerlinedtothem.t

D.A3-Dimagerecordsthemovementsofthesurgeonsduringtheoperation.t

问题3选项

A.usingaremote-controltechniquetotreatwoundedsoldiersfightingoverseast

B.woundedsoldiersbeingsavedbydoctorswearingvirtualrealityhelmetsonthebattlefieldt

C.woundedsoldiersbeingoperatedonbyspeciallytrainedsurgeonst

D.settingupmobilesurgicalunitsoverseast

问题4选项

A.heislookingatthecutsonacomputerscreent

B.thecutscanbeexaminedfromdifferentanglest

C.thecutshavebeenhighlymagnifiedt

D.heiswearing3-Dglassest

问题5选项

A.causelesspaintothewoundedt

B.allowthepatienttorecovermorequicklyt

C.willmakehumansurgeons’worklesstedioust

D.aredonebyrobotsurgeonswithgreaterprecision

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节推理题。题干意思是“根据萨塔瓦，虚拟现实在医学上的应用……”。第二段提到“Withvirtualrealitywewillbeabletoputasurgeonineverytrench,”saidSatava.Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（萨塔瓦说：“有了虚拟现实技术，我们将能够在每条战壕里都安置一名外科医生。”他设想有一天，在海外战斗中受伤的士兵可以被安置在配备电脑的移动手术室），由此可以推理，虚拟现实在医学上的应用可以改善战场上的医疗条件，故C项“将大大改善战场上的医疗条件”正确。A项“将使外科医生能够亲临每一个战场”，表述与原文不符；B项“可以鼓舞在战场上受伤的士兵的精神”和D项“可以缩短在战场上受伤的士兵的行动时间”文章没有提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“如何进行虚拟现实手术？”。根据文章第四段第三句Assurgeonswatchathree-dimensionalimageofthesurgery,theymoveinstrumentsthatareconnectedtoacomputer,whichpassestheirmovementstoroboticinstrumentsthatperformthesurgery.（当外科医生观察手术的三维图像时，他们移动与计算机相连的仪器，计算机将他们的动作传递给实施手术的机器人仪器）可知，C项“外科医生通过排列在机器上的计算机移动机器器械”正确。A项“它是由计算机设计的高精度设备执行的”没有提到；B项“外科医生戴着虚拟现实头盔接受电脑提供的反馈”，第三段提到Thesurgeonswouldlookatthesoldierthroughvirtualrealityhelmetsthatcontainasmallscreendisplayingtheimageofthewound.（外科医生将通过虚拟现实头盔观察士兵，头盔上有一个显示伤口图像的小屏幕），可知医生是通过头盔亲自观察士兵的伤情，而不是通过接收机器人的反馈；D项“一幅3d图像记录了外科医生在手术过程中的动作”，第五段最后一句提到Whilecuttingawayatumordeepinthebrain,shewatchesthemovementofhersurgicaltoolsinacomputergraphicsimageofthepatient’sbraintakenbeforesurgery.（在切除大脑深处的肿瘤时，她在术前拍摄的病人大脑计算机图形图像中观察手术工具的动作）可知，3d图像是医生用来观察手术工具的动作，而不是记录外科医生的动作，D项表述不正确。因此，该题选择C项正确。

第3题:细节推理题。题干意思是“萨塔瓦幻想……”。根据文章第二段第二句Heenvisagedatimewhensoldierswhoarewoundedfightingoverseasareputinmobilesurgicalunitsequippedwithcomputers.（他设想有一天，在海外战斗中受伤的士兵可以被安置在配备电脑的移动手术室）可推理，理查德•萨塔瓦设想受伤的战士可以在移动的手术室通过远程控制电脑实现被远程救治，故A项“用遥控技术治疗海外作战的受伤士兵”符合题意。B项“伤兵在战场上被医生戴着虚拟现实头盔拯救”，表述不准确，头盔是医生用来观察伤情而非实行救治的；C项“受过专门训练的外科医生对受伤士兵进行手术”，第三段最后一句提到Thedoctorswouldguideroboticinstrumentsinthebattlefieldmobilesurgicalunitthatoperateonthesoldier.（医生们将指导战场上的移动手术室内的机器人设备为士兵进行手术），可知是通过机器人为士兵进行手术，C项错误；D项“在海外设立流动手术室”是以偏概全。因此，该题选择A项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。题干意思是“在虚拟现实手术中，外科医生可以更好地看到身体的切口，因为……”。倒数第二段第一句提到Duringtheseprocedures-operationsthataredonethroughsmallcutsinthebodyinwhichaminiaturecameraandsurgicaltoolsaremaneuvered-surgeonsarewearing3-Dglassesforabetterview.（在这些手术过程中，通过身体的小切口进行的手术中，操作微型相机和手术工具的外科医生戴着3D眼镜，以便更好地观察），由此可知外科医生可以更好地看到身体的切口是因为3d眼镜提供的更好的视野，故D项“他戴着3d眼镜”正确。A项“他正在看电脑屏幕上的切口”，表述不够准确；B项“切口可以从不同的角度检查”和C项“切口被高度放大”文中未提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

第5题:细节事实题。题干意思是“虚拟现实手术是传统手术的改进，因为它们……”。根据文章倒数第二段最后一句Andtheyarecommandingrobotsurgeonstocutawaytissuemoreaccuratelythanhumansurgeonscan（他们还命令机器人外科医生比人类外科医生更精确地切除组织）可知，机器人外科医生比人类外科医生更能精确的实行组织切除，这是虚拟现实手术是传统手术的改进的原因；故D项“由机器人外科医生更精确地完成”正确。A项“对受伤的人造成较少的痛苦”、B项“让病人恢复得更快”和C项“将使人类外科医生的工作不那么乏味”文中均未提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。

12.单选题

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,ofeventheearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomeinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ofourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitandit’srecord-keeping,istrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.

Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.

1.Theword“paradox”(Para.1)means（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”andthesocialsciencesas“soft”because（）.

3.Theauthorbelievesthatourknowledgeofsocialsystemsismoresecurethanthatofphysicalsystemsbecause（）.

4.Thechancesofthephysicalsciencesbeingsubjecttogreatchangesarethebiggestbecause（）.

5.Weknowlessabouttheastronomicaluniversethanwedoaboutanysocialsystembecause（）.

问题1选项

A.implicationt

B.contradictiont

C.interpretationt

D.confusiont

问题2选项

A.areverseorderingwillhelppromotethedevelopmentofthephysicalsciencest

B.ourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorereliablethanth