名词英汉对照

伞藻裂缘伞藻地中海伞藻腹节副染色体组氨酸乙酰转移酶聚集素近端着丝点染色体激活区域激活子积加作用加性效应加性与环境互作效应腺苷脱氨酶腺病毒腺苷酸环化酶不定胚拟斯卑尔脱山羊草方穗山羊草无融合结子无配子基因聚集体根瘤土壤杆菌根瘤土壤杆菌介导的植物转化等位基因等位基因频率等位基因寡聚核苷酸法洋葱异源多倍体异源联会世代交替氨基酰tRNA合成酶氨基喋呤无丝分裂双二倍体双倍体核型分析方差分析后期后期I后期II雄核发育非整倍体被子植物触角脚突变

AcetabulariaAcetabulariacrenulateAcetabulariamediterraneaabdominalsegmentsaccessorychromosomeacetyltransferaseenzyme(HAT)acrasinacrocentricchromosomeactivationdomainactivatoradditiveeffectadditive ×environmentinteractioneffectadenosinedeaminase(ADA)adenovirusadenylcyclaseadventitiousembryoAegilopsspeltoidesAegilopssquarrosaagamospermyagamous(AG)aggregateAgrobacteriumtumefaciensAgrobacteriumtumefaciensmediatedtransformationofplahtalleleallelefrequencyallele-specificoligonucleotide(ASO)AlliumcepaallopolyploidallosynapsisalternationofgenerationsaminoacyltRNAsynthetaseaminopterinamitosisamphidiploidamphiploidanalysisofkaryotypeanalysisofvarianceanaphaseanaphaseianaohaseiiandrogenesisaneuploidamgiospermantennapedia前端抗体反密码子抗原反足细胞抗阻遏物激活子金鱼草反义反义RNA无花瓣基因无融合生殖无辅基阻遏物拟南芥阿拉伯糖操纵元古细菌(染色体)臂囊孢子子囊无性生殖不联会返祖遗传附着蛋白弱化作用弱化子同源异源多倍体自体受精ARS自主复制序列同源多倍体自动调控常染色体同源联会辅助操纵子位点营养缺陷型回交回复突变细菌人工染色体噬菌体平衡致死基体碱基对碱性亮氨酸拉链双元载体结合生物信息学

anteriorantibodyanticodonantigenantipodalcellantirepressorAntirrhinummajusantisenseantisenseRNAApetala(AP)apomixesaporepressorArabidopsisthalianaarabinoseoperonarchaebacteria(chromosome)armascosporeascusasexualreproductionasynapsisatavismattachmentproteinattenuationattenuatorauto-allopolyploidautogamyautonomouslyreplicatingsequenceautopolyploidautoregulationautosomeautosynapsisauxiliaryoperatorregionauxotrophbackcrossbackmutationbacterialartificialchromosome(BAC)bacteriophagebalancedlethalbasebodybasepair(bp)basicleucinezipper(bZIP)binaryvectorbindingbioinformatics生物素腹胸节基因簇二价体平齐末端基因枪介导的植物转化中国油菜白芥菜欧洲油菜黑芥菜甘蓝荠莱花椰菜病毒 35S心皮代谢激活蛋白代谢抑制细胞细胞壁中心体中心法则中央成分中间基因簇中心粒着丝粒着丝点作图性状性状分离现象交叉嵌合体摇蚊衣藻小球藻叶绿体染色单体染色质染色质线染色粒染色线染色体融合染色体染色体步行纤毛顺式调控顺反测验顺反子

biotinbithoraxbivalentbluntendbombardmentmediatedtransformationofplantsBrassicacampestrisBrassicajunceaBrassicanapusBrassicanigraBrassicaoleraceaBursapursa-pastoriacaliflowermosaicvirus35s(CaMV35S)carpelcataboliteactivatingprotein(CAP)cataboliterepressioncellcellwallcentralbodycentraldogmacentralelementcentralgeneclustercentriolecentromerecentromeremappingcharactercharactersegregationchiasma(复chiasmata)chimaeraChironomusfentansChlamydomonasreinhardiChlorellaellipsoideachloroplastchromatidchromatinchromatinfiberchromomerechromonemachromosomalfusionchrolnosomechromosomewalkingciliacis-actingcis-transtestcistron克隆克隆连续序列法辅助激活子共显性密码子共祖系数并发系数菌落感受态互补DNA互补作用互补基因互补测验互补作用完全显性完全连锁组分复合区间作图分生孢子接合型接合接合管共有序列全保留复制常数恒定区组成型表达成型异染色质组成型突变相对性状协调结合核心酶相关系数柯斯质粒合转导，并发转导相引组协方差交叉遗传交换换值测定法异花授粉植物异花授粉西葫芦

cloneclonecontigcoactivatorcodominancecodoncoefficientofeoancestrycoefficientofcoincidencecolonycompetencecomplementaryDNA(cDNA)complementaryeffectcomplementarygenecomplementarytestcomplementationcompletedominancecompletelinkagecomponentcompositeintervalmappingconidiumconjugantconjugationconjugationtubeconsensussequenceconservativereplicationconstantconstantregionconstitutiveexpressionconstitutiveheterochromatinconstitutivemutantscontrastingcharactercoorpemtivebindingcoreenzymecorrelationcoefficientcosmidcotransductioncouplingphasecovariancecriss-crossinheritancecrossingovercrossing-overvalueCrossoversuppress-lethal-bartechnique(CIB)cross-pollinatedplantcrosspollinationCucurbitamaxima南瓜cAmp受体蛋白细胞周期蛋白依赖于周期蛋白的激酶圆形基因细胞质细胞质遗传胞质不育型胞嘧啶细胞骨架野生胡萝卜暗修复直果曼陀罗去分化过程防卫相关基因缺失缺失杂合体缺失纯合体缺失基因简并延迟遗传缺失提早解离终变期双列杂交须苞石竹双着丝粒染色体盘基网柄菌双脱氧核糖核酸链终止法二聚体二倍体二倍配子体无融合生殖双线期定向鸟枪射击法卸甲不连续的双体散布式复制脱氧核糖核酸结合区域结合蛋白芯片连接酶微列阵

CucurbitapepocyclicAmpreceptorprotein(CRP)cyclicproteincyclic-dependentkinases(CDK)cycloideacytoplasmacytoplasmicinheritancecytoplasmicmalesterilitycytosinecytoskeletonDancuscarotadarkrepairDaturastramoniumdedifferentiationdefense-relatedgenedeficiencydeficiencyheterozygotedeficiencyhomozygotedeficiensdegeneracydelayedinheritancedeletiondesynapsisdiakinesisdiallelcrossDianthusbarbatusdicentricchromosomeDictyosteliumdiscoideumraperdideoxynucleotidechainterminationdimerdiploiddiploidgametophyteapomixisdiplonemadirectedshotgundisarmdiscontinuousdisomicdispersivereplicationDNADNA-bindingdomain(DNA)DNA-bindingprotein(DNA)DNAchip(DNA)DNAligase(DNA)DNAmicroarray(DNA)聚合酶DNApolymerase(DNA)拓扑异构酶DNAtopoisomerase(DNA)区域domain显性效应dominanceeffect显性与环境互作效应dominance×environmentinteractioneffect显性假说dominancehypothesis显性性状dominantcharacter显性纯合体dominanthomozygote显性致死dominantlethal显性致死基因dominantlethalalleles供体donor剂量效应dosageeffect双单体doubemonosomic双交换doublecrossingover双受精doublefeitilization双重感染doubleinfection双单体doublemonosomic双三体doubletrisomic加倍单倍体，双单倍体doubledhaploid(DH)双链DNA切开double-strandedcut下游downstream果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster重叠作用duplicateeffect重叠基因duplicategene重复duplication二分体dyad动力学杂交dynamicallele-specifichybridization(DASH)卵细胞egg诱导子elicitor胚胎血红蛋白embryohemoglobin胚囊embryosac核内有丝分裂endomitosis内质网endoplasmicreticulum增强子enhancer环境效应environmenteffect附加体episome上位性epistasis上位性效应epitasiseffect上位性与环境互作效应epitasisenvironment×interactioneffect显性上位作用epistaticdominance隐性上位作用epistaticrecessiveness机误方差errorvariance大肠杆菌Escherichiacoli溴化乙锭ethidiumbromide常染色质常染色质区眼虫藻真核生物真核细胞整倍体进化树进化速率切除修复接合后体供体外基因子外显子外显子-内含子交界序列核酸外切酶实验方差分量表达的序列标签显子染色体外遗传核外遗传性伞毛兼性异染色质反馈调控机制雌配子体孤雌生殖致育因子受精胎儿血红蛋白杂种后代过滤性因子第一次分裂分离亲表兄妹适合度鞭毛花序流动细胞分拣技术FISH荧光原位杂交技术正突变断片移码移码突变子实体全同胞互作遗传变异基因

euchromatineuchromatinregionEuglenagraciliseukaryoteeukaryoticcelleuploidevolutiontreeevolutionaryrateexcisionrepairexconjugantexogenoteexonexon-intronboundaryexonucleaseexperimentalvariancecomponentexpressedsequencetag(EST)exteinextra-chromosomalinheritanceextra-nuclearinheritanceFpillus(F)facultativeheterochromatinfeedbackregulationfemalegametophytefemaleparthenogenesisfertilityfactorfertilizationfetalhemoglobinfilialgenerationfilterableagent(FA)firstdivisionsegregationfirst-cousinfitnessflagellafloricaulaflowcytometryfluorescentinsituhybridizationforwardmutationfragmentframeshiftframeshiftmutationfruitingbodyfull-sibGenetype×Environmentinteractionvariation(GE)gene基因扩增基因剂量基因频率．基因突变基因库基因调控基因治疗普通遗传变异普通遗传率普通广义遗传率普通狭义遗传率普通杂种优势通用转录因子普遍性转导基因治疗遗传密码遗传漂变遗传图谱遗传方差分量遗传变异遗传学染色体组，全基因组染色体组型分析基因组计划基因库核基因库基因组学基因型基因型与环境互作效应基因型频率基因型值基因型方差地理隔离巨型染色体球形期糖基化草甘膦高尔基体生殖腺颗粒内质网无偿诱导物裸子植物雌核发育半同胞

geneamplificationgenedosagegenefrequencygenemutationgenepoolgeneregulationgenetherapygeneralgeneticvariationgeneralheritabilitygeneralheritabilityinthebroadsensegeneralheritabilityinthenarrowsensegeneralheterosisgeneraltranscriptionalfactorgeneralizedtransductiongenetherapygeneticcodegeneticdriftgeneticmapgeneticvariancecomponentgeneticvariationGeneticsgenomegenomeanalysisgenomeprojectgenomicbankgenomiclibrarygenomicsgenotypegenotype×environmentinteractioneffectgenotypefrequencygenotypicvaluegenotypicvariancegeographicisolationgiantchromosomeglobularstageglycosylationglyphosateGolgibodygonadgranularendoplasmicreticulumgratuitousinducergymnospermgynogenesishalf-sib单倍体单倍配子体无融合生殖头心形期重链解旋酶半合状态流感嗜血杆菌遗传因子遗传遗传率广义遗传率狭义遗传率异型核异染色质异染色质区异配子性别不均一核 RNA异固缩杂种优势超亲优势平均优势杂合体杂合基因型六倍体高频率重组高频转导组蛋白组氨酸脱乙酰酶内切核酸酶全酶同形异位框；同型异位盒同型异位区域同形异位现象同形异位基因部分同源组同配子性别血红蛋白同源染色体流感嗜血杆菌人类同宗配合纯合性纯合体

haploidhaploidgametophyteapomixisheadheartstageheavychainhelicasehemizygousconditionHemophilusinfiuenzaehereditarydeterminant或hereditaryfactorheredityheritabilityheritabilityinthebroadsenseheritabilityinthenarrowsenseheterocaryonheterochromatinheterochromatinregionheterogameticsexheterogeneousnuclearRNA(hnRNA)heteropycnosisheterosisheterosisoverbetterofparentsheterosisovermeanofparentsheterozygoteheterozygousgenotypehexaploidhighfrequencerecombination(Hfr)highfrequencytransduction(HFT)histonehistonedeacetylase(HD)HOendonuclease(HO)holoenzymehomeoboxhomeodomainhomeosishomeoficgenehomoeologousgrouphomogameticsexhemoglobinhomologouschromosomeHemophilusinfluenzaeHomosapienshomotballismhomozygosishomozygote纯合基因型宿主细胞宿主范围持家基因人类人工染色体人类基因组计划杂交杂种优势过敏性反应亚倍体下位性泛生假说次黄嘌呤次黄嘌呤转磷酸核糖基酶不完全直接重复近交系数近交近交系数近交衰退不完全显性不完全连锁参入诱导抗性诱导获得性状遗传抑制作用插入因子隔绝元件胰岛素共整合载体整合内含子互作遗传率互作广义遗传率互作狭义遗传率互作杂种优势基因互作干扰基因间互作基因间抑制中间期间期中断杂交试验间性

homozygousgenotypehostcellhostrangehousekeepinggenehumanartificialchromosome(HAC)humangenomeproject(HGP)hybridizationhybridvigorhypersensitiveresponsehypoploidhypostasishypothesisofpangenesishypoxanthinehypoxanthinephosphoribosyltransferase(HPRT)imperfectdirectrepeatinbredcoefficientinbreedinginbreedingcoefficientinbreedingdepressionincompletedominanceincompletelinkageincorporateinducedresistanceinductioninheritanceofacquiredcharactersinhibitingeffectinsertionsequenceinsulatorelementinsulinintegratedvectorintegrationinteininteractionheritabilityinteractionheritabilityinthebroadsenseinteractionheritabilityinthenarrowsenseinteractionheterosisinteractionofgenesinterferenceintergenicinteractionintergenicsuppressioninterkinesisinterphaseinterruptedmatingexperimentintersex中间缺失区间作图基因内互作基因内抑制内含子倒位体外包装电离铁反应元件异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖连接区跳跃基因卡巴粒放毒型毒素蛋白质打结基因 1乳糖操纵元后随链晚期基因香豌豆遗传变异的同型系学说前导链左界细线期致死基因致死突变亮氨酸亮氨酸拉链区基因库生活周期轻链光修复竹叶百合欧洲百合椎实螺连锁连锁群连锁遗传图连接丝位点长末端序列环出溶菌液裂解溶原性

interstitialdeficiencyintervalmappingintragenicinteractionintragenicsuppressionintroninversioninvitropackingionizationironresponseelement(IRE)isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside(IPTG)joiningjumpinggeneKappaparticlekillertoxinproteinknotted1lactoseoperonlaggingstrandlategeneLathyrusodoratuslawofhomologousseriesleadingstrandleftborderleptonemalethalallelelethalmutationleucineleucinezipperlibrarylifecyclelightchainlightrepairLiliumhansoniiLiliummartagonLimanaperegralinkagelinkagegrouplinkagemaplinkerlocuslongterminaterepeatloopingoutlysatelysislysogeny溶酶性溶菌性宏观环境大孢子主染色体主基因雄配子体孤雄生殖雄性不育性图位克隆法标记标记辅助选择母板母性影响母体遗传交配型转换成熟分裂均值减数分裂蜂毒素孟德尔群体部分合子，局部二倍体质膜体信使RNA中间着丝点染色体中期中期I中期II果实直感甲基化微环境小随体小孢子微随体微效基因紫茉莉误义突变线粒体有丝分裂混合线性模型分析方法基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图修饰基因分子进化钟

lysosomelysozymemacroenvironmentmacrosporemainchromosomemajorgenemalegametophytemaleparthenogenesismalesterilitymap-basedcloningmarkermarker-assistedselection(MAS)masterplatemateRNAleffectmateRNAlinheritancemating-typeconversionmaturationdivisionmeanmeiosismelittinMendelianpopulationmerozygotemesosomemessengerRNA(mRNA)metacentricchromosomememphasememphaseImemphaseIImetaxeniamethylationmicroenvironmentmicrosatellitemicrosporeminisatelliteminorgeneMirabilisjalapamissensemutationmitochondriamitosismixedlinearmodelapproachmixed-model-basedcompositeintervalmappingmodifyinggenemolecularevolutionaryclock莫洛尼氏鼠白血病病毒单顺反子一倍体单体镶嵌显性多因一效复等位基因多克隆位点多基因假说多价体小鼠突变体突变突变压基因突变率多克隆位点突变子互斥事件菌丝体负调控红色面包霉中性突变切口粘毛烟草烟草美花烟草普通烟草拟茸毛烟草N-连糖基化非等位基因非染色体遗传非同源染色体非孟德尔遗传非轮回亲本无义突变非模板链Northern杂交细胞核遗传核膜核孔核液核酸拟核核仁组织中心

moloneymurineleukemiavirus(moloneyMLV)monocistronmonoploidmonosomicmosaicdominancemuhigeniceffectmultipleallelemultiplecloningsite(MCS)multiple-factorhypothesismulfivalemMusmusculusmutantmutationmutationpressuremutationratemultiplecloningsitemutonmutuallyexclusiveeventsmyceliumnegativeregulationNeurosoporacrassaneutralmutationnickNicotianagluinosaNicotianaspp．NicotianasylvestrisNicotianatabaccumNicotianatomentosiformisN-linkedglycosylationnon-allelenon-chromosomalinheritancenon-homologouschromosomenon-mendelianinheritancenon-recurrentparentnonsensemutationnontemplatestrandNorthernblottingnuclearinheritancenuclearmembranenuclearporenuclearsapnucleicacidnucleoidnucleolarorganizer核仁核小体核苷酸缺体巨型月见草普通月见草常异花授粉植物冈崎片段O-连糖基化卵原细胞阅读框架操纵子冠瘿碱代谢有序性细胞器复制原点水稻异交超显性假说重叠基因粗线期配对吸水纸臂内倒位草履虫参数亲本单性结实单性生殖部分二倍体巡回酶穿入五倍体蛋白聚糖转肽酶臂间倒位DNA合成期 S子囊果花瓣小菌落噬菌体显现表现型表现型值表现型方方差

nucleolusnucleosomenucleotidenullisomicOenotheragigasOenotheralamarckianaoftencross-pollinatedplantOkazakifragmentO-linkedglycosylationoogoniaopenreadingframe(ORF)operatoropinecatabolismorderedorganelleoriOryzasativaoutbreedingoverdominancehypothesisoverlappinggenepachynemapairingpapertowelsparacentricinversionParameciumaureliaparameterparentparthenocaryparthenogenesispartialdiploidpatrollingenzymepenetrationpentaploidpeptidoglycanpeptidyltransferasepericentricinversionperiodofDNAsynthesisperitheciumpetalpetitephagedisplayphenotypephenotypicvaluephenotypicvariance表现型变异光激活酶种系发生树物理图谱雌蕊基因豌豆车前噬菌斑菌斑杂交法细胞膜质膜质粒质粒转移胞间连丝细胞质基因组平板培养一因多效点突变极体极核授粉聚腺苷酸化多顺反子多基因PCR聚合酶链式反应异位同效基因多倍体多聚核糖体多聚核糖体多线染色体带多线染色体群体遗传学半支莲位置效应正调控DNA合成后期 G2后端后基因组学后复制修复前定作用DNA合成前期前体mRNA主缢痕初级卵母细胞

phenotypicvariationphotoreactingenzymephylogenictreephysicalmappistillataPisumsativumPlantagoasiaticaplaqueplaquehybridizationplasmamembraneplasmamembrane或plasmalemmaplasmidplasmidtransferplasmodesmaplasmonplatingpleiotropismpointmutationpolarbodypolarnucleuspollinationpolyadenylationpolycistronplygenespolymerasechainreactionpolymericgenepolyploidpolyribosomepolysomepolytenepolytenechromosomepopulationgeneticsPortulacagrandiflorapositioneffectpositiveregulationpostDNAsynthesisposteriorpost-genomicspost-replicationrepairpredeterminationpre-DNAsynthesis(G1)pre-mRNAprimaryconstrictionprimaryoocyte初级精母细胞引物概率探针原核生物原核细胞启动子原噬菌体前期前期I前期II蛋白酶蛋白质组蛋白质组学原生质原养型假基因脉冲电泳棋盘方格嘌呤嘧啶QTL定位质量性状数量性状QTL数量性状基因位点依赖于ρ的终止不依赖于ρ的终止辐射杂交系库随机误差随机遗传漂变速溶性活性氧中间体受体隐性性状隐性纯合体隐性致死隐性致死基因相互易位识别序列重组体RE重组强化子重组热点RIL 重组近交系重组质粒

primaryspermatocyteprimerprobabilityprobeprokaryoteprokaryoticcellpromoterprophageprophaseprophaseiprophaseIIproteaseproteomeproteomicsprotoplasmprototrophpseudogenepulsedfieldgelelectrophoresispunnettsquarepurinepyrimidineQTLmappingqualitativecharacterquantitativecharacterquantitativetraitlociΡ-dependentterminatorΡ-independentterminatorradiationhybridpanelrandomerrorrandomgeneticdriftRapidlysisreactiveoxygenintermediatereceptorrecessivecharacterrecessivehomozygoterecessivelethalrecessivelethalallelereciprocaltranslocationrecognitionsequencerecombinantrecombinantenhancerrecombinanthotspotrecombinantinbredlinerecombinantplasmid重组率重组作图法重组修复重组近交系重组子轮回亲本调控基因调控蛋白质阻遏蛋白超量突变型染色质重建修复复制泡复制起始点复制子可阻遏操纵元阻遏物环状结构阻遏蛋白生殖隔离相斥组局限性转导限制限制性内切核酸酶限制性内切核酸酶RFLP限制性片段长度多型性减毒的病毒 DNA反接重复反突变反转录酶核糖体RNA核糖体核酶RGP水稻基因组计划右界核糖核酸RNA聚合酶RNA复制酶粗糙内质网酿酒酵母唾腺染色体鼠伤寒沙门氏菌随体第二次分裂分离第二遗传密码次缢痕

recombinationfrequencyrecombinationmappingrecombinationrepairrecombinedinbredlinereconrecurrentparentregulatorgeneregulatorproteinregulatorquantityremodelingchromatinrepairreplicationbubblereplicationoriginrepliconrepressibleoperonrepressionlooprepressorproteinreproductiveisolationrepulsionphaserestrictedtransductionrestrictionrestrictionendonucleaserestrictionenzymerestrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphismretrovirusDNAreverseduplicationreversemutationreversetranscriptaseribosomalRNA(rRNA)ribosomeribozymricegenomeprojectrightborderRNARNApolymeraseRNAreplieaseroughendoplasmicreticulumSaccharomycescerevisiaesalivarychromosomeSalmonellatyphimuriumsatelliteseconddivisionsegregationsecondgeneticcodesecondaryconstriction次级卵母细胞次级精母细胞沉降系数自交不亲和性自交白花授粉植物白花授粉半保留复制半不育萼片已知序列为标签的位点血清反应因子倍半二倍体严重综合免疫缺陷性染色体从性遗传性导性因子性纤毛性影响遗传限性遗传性连锁伴性遗传伴性致死有性生殖转移鸟枪射击法穿梭载体镰刀形细胞贫血沉默子简单序列长度多型性简单重复序列简单易位，114单交换单核苷酸多型性座位变形体小核RNA平滑内质网体细胞联会SOS修复Southern杂交分析特殊性转导物种

secondaryoocytesecondaryspermatocytesedimentationcoefficientself-incompatibilityselfingself-pollinatedplantselfpollinationsemiconservativereplicationsemi-sterilitysepalsequencetaggedsite(STS)serumresponsefactor(SRF)sesquidiploidseverecombinedimmunodeficiency(SCID)sexchromosomesex-controlledinheritancesexducfionsexfactorsexfimbriaesex-influencedinheritancesex-limitedinheritancesexlinkagesex-linkedinheritancesexlinkedlethalsexualreproductionshiftshotgunshuttlevectorsickle-cellanemiasilencersimplesequencelengthpolymorphism(SSLP)simpletandemrepeat(STR)simpletraslocationsinglecrossingoversinglenucleotidepolymorphism(SNP)siteslugsmallnuclearRNA(snRNA)smoothedoplasmicrefieulumsomaticsynapsisSOSrepairSouthernblottingspecializedtransductionspecies比活性精子精细胞精细胞精原细胞菠菜纺锤体纺锤丝着丝点剪接体剪接内切核酸酶剪接连接酶隔裂基因孢子体产孢过程雄蕊标准差淀粉分支酶统计量统计分析类固醇黏性末端肺炎双球菌结构基因亚克隆填充序列近中着丝点染色体替换超显性假说超数感染超数染色体共生体联会联会复合体助细胞进化综合理论系统抗性顺接重复TATA盒结合蛋白TBP相关蛋白端着丝点染色体端体酶RNA端体末期

specificactivityspermspermcellspennatidspermatogoniaSpinaciaoleraceaspindlespindlefiberspindlefiberattachmentspliceosomesplicingendonucleasesplicingligasesplitgenesporophytesporulationstamenstandarddeviationstarch-branchingenzyme(SBE)statisticstatisticalanalysissteroidstickyendStreptococcuspneumoniaestructuralgenesubcloningstuffersub-metacentricchromosomesubstitutionsuperdominancehypothesissuperinfectionsupemumerarychromosomesymbiontsynapsissynaptonemalcomplexsynergidsynthetictheoryofevolutionsystemicresistancetandemduplicationTATA-bindingprotein(TBP)TBP-associatedfactors