2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号50

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thegovernment’snewcyber-securityofficialsyesterdayaskedtelecommunicationscompaniesforhelpinbuildingagovernmentcomputernetworkthatwouldhavenoriskofoutsidepenetration—atasksomecomputersecurityconsultantssayisnearlyimpossible.Plansfortheprivatenetwork,calledGovnet,hingeonwhetherareliablenetworkinfrastructurecanbebuiltatanaffordableprice,officialssaid.Computersystemconsultantssaidtheycouldnotestimatehowmuchthenetworkwouldcostbecauseofthegovernment’senormoussizeandsecurityneeds.RichardClarke,whowasappointedspecialadvisertothepresidentforcyberspacesecuritythisweek,saidhebelievesamorereliablesystemcanbebuilt.Ninetypercentofavailablefiber-opticspaceisunusedandfairlyinexpensivetoobtain,hesaid.

GovnetispartofaplanClarkeannouncedearlierthisweektosecureourcyberspacefromarangeofpossiblethreats,fromhackerstocriminalstoterroristgroups,toforeignnations,whichmightusecyber-waragainstusinthefuture.GovnetwouldbecompletelyindependentfromtheInternettohelpkeepouthackersandviruses,accordingtothegovernment’splan.TherequestfromtheGeneralServicesAdministrationasksthattelecommunicationscompaniessubmitproposalsabouthowthenetworkcouldbebuilt,howmuchitwouldcost,andhowlongitwouldtaketoconstruct.

Thisyear,thecurrentnetworkhasbeenbreachedbyhackers,computerwormsandviruses.ThesystemwasalsoroughedupbytheCodeRedcomputerwormandanattackprogramcalled“ILoveYou'.Thevirusesaffectedthousandsofgovernmentcomputers.LastyearareportbytheGeneralAccountingOffice,aninternalgovernmentwatchdog,foundweaknessesinthecomputernetworkthatcouldallowterroristsorhackerstoseverelydamageordisruptnationaldefenseorvitalpublicoperationsorstealsensitivedata.Clarkesaidthegovernment’scurrentvirtualprivatenetworkisvulnerabletovirusesanddenial-of-serviceattacksthatwouldmakeitmoredifficulttoexecuteGovnet.

Aninternalnetwork,suchastheGovnetproposal,isworthinvestigatingbutwillprobablyfalltosophisticatedhackers,saidAmitYoran.chiefexecutiveofthesecurity-servicescompanyRiptechInc.andaformerinformation-securityprogramdirectorattheDefenseDepartment."Itisprobablymorefeasibletoimplementandstronglyenforceglobalsecurityposturesandpracticesratherthangooutandpurchasenewassets.”Yoransaid.“Oncesomeoneisabletogetin,theywillfindaweaklink.Whenyouhaveanetworkthesizeofthegovernment’stherewillbeweaklinks.Someonewillgetin.”

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisGovnet?

2.ItisimpliedthatsomecomputerconsultantsconsiderGovnettobealmostimpossiblebecause（）.

3.BywhatmeanswillGovnetrealizetheenhancementofthegovernment’scyber-security?

4.WhatAmitYoransaidamountstodenying（）.

5.Theinitiativeforconstructinganinternalnetworkstemsfrom（）.

问题1选项

A.Areliablenetworkinfrastructurethatcanbebuiltatanaffordableprice.

B.Agovernmentcomputernetworkthatmayproveimmunetopenetration.

C.Anationalsecuritysystemtobedevelopedbythegovernment.

D.Aprivatenationalsecuritysystemtobedevelopedagainstoutsideinvasion.

问题2选项

A.aconsiderablecostwillberequired

B.thereisn’tareliablenetworkinfrastructureyet

C.itistotallydifferentfromtheInternet

D.notelecommunicationscompanycanaffordit

问题3选项

A.Bysteppingupitsvirus-killingsoftware.

B.Byscanningforvirusesandattacksconstantly.

C.BysecludingitselffromtheInternet.

D.Byestablishinganinternalwatchdogcommittee.

问题4选项

A.thefeasibilityofbuildingasecurityprogram

B.theefficiencyofthepresentnetworkincounteringoutsideattacks

C.theconceivedsecurityofGovnet

D.thepossibilityofenhancingthesecurityofthegovernmentnetwork

问题5选项

A.thevulnerabilityofthepresentnetworktooutsideattacks

B.theimprovementinnetworksecuritytechnology

C.thedesiretobuildastrongernationaldefensesystem

D.theproposalssubmittedbytelecommunicationscompanies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。Govnet的意思可参考首句:Thegovernment’snewcyber-securityofficialsyesterdayaskedtelecommunicationscompaniesforhelpinbuildingagovernmentcomputernetworkthatwouldhavenoriskofoutsidepenetration(政府新的网络安全官员昨天要求电信公司帮助建立一个不会受到外来入侵威胁的政府计算机网络)。由此可知，B项“一个可能证明免于侵入的政府计算机网络”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第一段指出:Computersystemconsultantssaidtheycouldnotestimatehowmuchthenetworkwouldcostbecauseofthegovernment’senormoussizeandsecurityneeds(计算机系统顾问们称，由于政府的巨大规模和安全需要，所以他们无法估算该网络的花费)。由此可知A项“需要相当大的花费”正确。

第3题:细节事实题。第二段指出:GovnetwouldbecompletelyindependentfromtheInternettohelpkeepouthackersandviruses,accordingtothegovernment'splan(根据政府的计划，Govnet将完全独立于互联网，以帮助抵御黑客和病毒)。由此可知C项“通过让自身与互联网隔离开”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位至最后一段Yoran所说:Oncesomeoneisabletogetin,theywillfindaweaklink.Whenyouhaveanetworkthesizeofthegovernment’stherewillbeweaklinks(一旦有人能够进入，那么他们将会找到一个薄弱的连接。当你有一个政府网络大小的网络时，这里将会有薄弱的连接)。因此，选C项“(Yoran所说的等于否定了)设想的政府网络的安全性”。

第5题:细节事实题。题干意为:构建内部网络的倡议来自于…。倒数第二段指出:Thisyear,thecurrentnetworkhasbeenbreachedbyhackers,computerwormsandviruses(今年，现在的网络被黑客、计算机蠕虫和病毒攻破过)。因此，A项“现在的网络对外来攻击的脆弱性”正确。

2.单选题

Thevastmajorityofpeopleinanygivenculturewill（）totheestablishedstandardsofthatculture.

问题1选项

A.confine

B.conform

C.confront

D.confirm

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项confine“限制；禁闭”；B选项conform“符合；遵照；适应环境”；C选项confront“面对；遭遇；比较”；D选项confirm“确认；确定；证实”。句意：在任何特定文化中的绝大多数人都将遵守该文化既定的标准。空格处的动词既要符合句意，又要与to构成搭配。因此B项正确。Conformto表示“符合，遵照”。

3.单选题

（）theadvancesofthescience,thediscomfortsofoldagewillnodoubtalwaysbewithus.

问题1选项

A.Asfor

B.Despite

C.Except

D.Besides

【答案】B

【解析】句意:尽管科学在不断发展，老年时期的不安感仍然未被消除。

考查介词辨析。句子前半部分表示:科学在不断发展，后半部分表示:老年时期的不安感仍然未被消除。因此前后部分为让步关系，答案为B项。

4.单选题

Theflowersinthevase（）becausetheyhadnowater.

问题1选项

A.ripened

B.wrinkled

C.withered

D.prospered

【答案】C

【解析】句意:花瓶里的花因为没有水而枯萎了。

考查动词辨析。ripen(使)成熟；wrinkle起皱；皱起；wither枯萎;prosper繁荣，昌盛。根据原因状语“因为没有水”可知C项符合句意。

5.单选题

Youradvicewouldbe（）valuabletohim,whoisnowatalossastowhattodofirst.

问题1选项

A.exceedingly

B.excessively

C.extensively

D.exclusively

【答案】A

【解析】句意:你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。

考查副词辨析。exceedingly极其，非常，特别；excessively过分地，极度；extensively广―阔地，广大地：exclusively唯一地，独占地。后面从句说到:因为他现在不知道该先做什么，因此前面应该在说“你的建议对他非常有价值”。

6.单选题

Puttinginanewwindowwill（）cuttingawaypartoftheroof.

问题1选项

A.include

B.involve

C.contain

D.comprise

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项include“包含，包括，指包括属于整体的部分，可以是具体的或抽象的”；B选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于，指必然包括某种结果，所接的事物通常是抽象的”；C选项contain“包含；控制，指容器装有具体东西，含仍有剩余空间之意；也指包含具体之物或数据、信息等”；D选项comprise“包含；由…组成，既可指整体包含若干部分，也可指若干部分或成员构成整体”。句意：新开一扇窗户就得拆掉部分屋顶。doingAinvolves(doing)B表示“做A事包含做B这部分工作”，因此B正确。

7.单选题

Ourspeciesevolvedonthemove.Recentresearchontheeffectsofexerciseandtheconsequencesofsedentarylivinghasshownthatphysicalactivityiscrucialtotheproperprocessingoffoodsthatweeat.Infact,mostofthechronicandoftenlife-threateningailmentsthatbesiegeAmericansinepidemicproportionscouldbetemperedbyregularexercise.Amongthemareheartdisease,diabetes,highbloodpressure,arthritis,andosteoporosis.Butlet'sfaceit:mostpeoplearenotmotivatedtoexercisebywhatitmaydoforthem20yearsdownthepike.Whatgetspeoplelikemeoutmovingeverydayiswhatexercisedoesformerightnow,especiallyhowitallowsmetoenjoyeatingwithoutgaining.I,alongwithmillionsofAmericans,havediscoveredthatexerciseisthekeytopermanentandpainlessweightcontrol.

Afterhearingadescriptionofmyusualdailyexercisescheduleamorningrunorbikerideandaneveningswim,sometimeswithanhouroftennisinbetween—somepeopleremark,“Wouldn’titbealoteasiertoeatonelessbageladayandskipallthatexercise?”Myansweris,“Easier,yes,butnotnearlyaseffectivenorasmuchfun”.Here’swhyexercise,notdieting,isthebestroutetoaleaner,lighteryou.

Farbetterforyourhealthand,yourfuturetoloseprimarilyfatisinthefirstplace.Theonlywaytodothatisthroughexercise,whichusesbodyfatasitsmainsourceofenergy.Youmaynotseethatinitialrapid(butfalse)weightloss,butwhatyoulosewillbewhatyouwanttolose——fat,notmuscleorwater.Yourlosswillbeslowbutsteady,and,ifyoumakeexercisearegularpartofyourlife,chancesareyourlosswillbepermanent,too.Ifit’sanyconsolation,studieshaveshownthatinmostcases,thefasterpeopleloseweight,themorelikelytheyaretoregainit.Slowloss,then,isthesecrettolastingsuccess.

Ifyouwanttoloseweightfasterthanyoucanwithjustexercise,simplycombineexercisewithareduced-caloriediet.ResearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,showedthatexercisecancounterthemetabolism-loweringeffectofalow-caloriedietinmanypeople.Italsoseemstocurbtheadversecaloriceffectofagingonbodymetabolism.Whereasordinarilyyourmetabolismwouldslowdownasyougetolder(whichisonereasonpeoplegetfatterinmiddleageeventhoughtheydon’teatmore),ifyoucontinuetoexerciseregularly,youmaykeepyouryouthfulmetabolicratebymaintainingamusclebodyinsteadoflosingmuscleandputtingonpoundsoffat.

1.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutweightcontrolisNOTtrue?

3.Mostmiddle-agedpeoplegetfatter,mainlybecause（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeabesttitleforthepassage?

5.Thepassageismainlyabout（）.

问题1选项

A.Theslowerpeopleloseweight,thelesslikelytheyaretoachievetheirgoals

B.Peoplewhoareondietmerelylosemuscleandwater.

C.Regularexercisesmayreducethechanceofgettingcertainchronicdiseases.

D.Physicalactivityusemuscletissueasitsmainsourceofenergy

问题2选项

A.Theexerciseisthesecrettopermanentandsuccessfulweightcontrol

B.Combiningexerciseswithareduced-caloriedietmakeiteasiertoloseweight.

C.Healthyweightcontrolmeansloseprimaryfat,notmuscleorwater.

D.Toeatlessandskiptheexerciseisaneasyandeffectivewayoflosingweight.

问题3选项

A.thechemicalactivityintheirbodythatusesthefoodtoproduceenergyslowsdown

B.theymadedietarychangeswhentheygrowold

C.oftheirsedentaryliving

D.theydon’texerciseregularly

问题4选项

A.EatingWithoutGaining

B.Exercise:anEffectiveWeight-lossTool

C.MetabolicChangesinHumanBody

D.WaysofWeightControl

问题5选项

A.howtokeepfit

B.howtoloseweight

C.thebenefitsbroughtaboutbyregularexercises

D.exercisesanddiet

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第一段第三句指出:Infact,mostofthechronicandoftenlife-threateningailmentsthatbesiegeAmericansinepidemicproportionscouldbetemperedbyregularexercise(事实上，困扰美国人的大多数慢性疾病与危及生命的疾病是可以通过规律性锻炼来调节的)。因此，C项“规律性锻炼能够降低患慢性疾病的机率”正确。

第2题:细节事实题。第二段指出:Easier,yes,butnotnearlyaseffectivenorasmuchfun(的确是很容易减肥，但是远没有期望的那么有效果)。由此可知D项“少吃且少运动是最简单且有效的减肥方法”不符合原文所述。

第3题:细节事实题。第四段第四句指出了中年人发胖的原因:…yourmetabolismwouldslowdownasyougetolder（whichisonereasonpeoplegetfatterinmiddleageeventhoughtheydon’teatmore）(随着年龄增长，新陈代谢速度减慢（这也是为什么人到了中年时期尽管吃得不多也很容易发胖的原因）)。因此，A项“体内用以产生能量的化学分解活动速度减慢”正确。

第4题:主旨大意题。本文主要讲了规律性锻炼对于健康以及减肥的作用，并且比较了其相对于通过饮食控制来减肥的好处。因此B项“运动是有效的减肥方法”比较适合做文章标题。

第5题:主旨大意题。本文主要讲了规律性锻炼对于健康以及减肥的作用，并且比较了其相对于通过饮食控制来减肥的好处。故答案为C项“规律运动带来很多益处”。

8.单选题

ThekeywordsFranciswroteonthebackofanoldletter,“TheStarSpangledBanner''becamethenational（）oftheUnitedStates.

问题1选项

A.song

B.hymn

C.anthem

D.motto

【答案】A

【解析】句意:弗朗西斯在一封旧信的背面写下的关键词“星条旗之歌”后来成为了美国的国歌。

考查名词辨析。song歌曲;hymn赞美诗;anthem圣歌，颂歌；motto座右铭。四个选项中，A符合句意。

9.单选题

Thesecurityguard（）twomenwhowereyellinginthecourtroom.

问题1选项

A.dispelled

B.propelled

C.repelled

D.expelled

【答案】D

【解析】句意:保安将两名在法庭上大喊大叫的男子驱逐了出去。

考查动词辨析。dispel驱散，消除(尤指感觉或信仰);propel推进，驱使：repel击退，抵制：expel驱逐，开除。根据关键词“大喊大叫的男子”可知D项符合句意。

10.单选题

Ifthereistheneedtocompeteinacrowd,tobattle（）theedgethesureststrategyistodeveloptheunexpected.

问题1选项

A.on

B.for

C.against

D.with

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果需要在人群中竞争，那么为优势竞争最可靠的策略就是开发出意想不到的东西。on在…上；for为了:against反对；with和。此处句意表示“为优势竞争”，故选B。

11.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Whatremainspertinentisthereport'svisionoftheroleofgovernmentinresearch,includinghisassertionthatthefederalgovernmenthadboththeauthorityandtheobligationtosupportbasicresearch.

2.Thecriticismandbudgetcutsdirectedatuniversitieshavecreateduneaseandacorrespondingsearchforsolutions.

3.Wewouldn'thavenetworkscapableofhandlingmassiveamountsofdataifphysicistsandastronomershadn'tcontinuouslyforgedtoolstolookmoredeeplyintotheuniverse.

4.Ratherthanevaluatingprogramsintermsofhowhappytheymakepeople,howsatisfiedthosepeoplebecome,programsmustbeevaluatedintermsofthequalityofthediscontenttheyengender.

5.Whenamaniswrong,heiswrong,andthereisnoneedforonetobeimpressedandoverawedbyagreatnameorbythenumberofbooksthathehasreadandwehaven’t.

【答案】1.该报告对政府在研究中所扮演的角色的看法仍然中肯，他认为联邦政府有权利，也有义务支持基础研究。

2.针对大学的批评以及削减其财政预算，既造成了不安定因素，又激发了解决相应问题的探索精神。

3.如果物理学家和天文学家不曾连续发明工具，以便更深入地探讨宇宙的话，我们就不会有能够处理大量信息的网络系统。

4.对于各项计划的评估，不要看其令人们高兴的程度，让人们满意的程度，而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。

5.当一个人犯错误时，他就是错了，不必因震于他的大名，或震于他的高深学问，而对他有所畏惧。

12.单选题

Itwasfeltthathelackedthe（）topursueadifficulttasktotheveryend.

问题1选项

A.petition

B.engagement

C.commitment

D.qualification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。选项A：petition“请愿，祈求,[法]诉状”；选项B：engagement“婚约，约会,交战,诺言”；选项C：commitment“献身,承诺”;选项D:qualification“资格，条件,赋予资格”。由题意可知本题选项C更切合题意，正确。句意：有人认为，他缺乏将一项困难的任务坚持到底的奉献精神。

13.单选题

InScotland,asintherestoftheUnitedKingdom,（）schoolingbeginsatage5andendsatage16.

问题1选项

A.compelling

B.forced

C.obliged

D.compulsory

【答案】D

【解析】句意:在苏格兰，和英国其他地方一样，义务教育从5岁开始，到16岁结束。

考查形容词辨析。compelling引人注目的，强制的；forced被迫的;obliged必须的；compulsory义务的。这里想表达“义务教育”，故选D。

14.单选题

Wedoalotofcollectivethinking,probablymorethananyothersocialspecies,althoughitgoesoninsomethinglikesecrecy.Wedon’tacknowledgethegiftpublicly,andwearenotascelebratedastheinsects,butwedoit.Effortlesslywithoutgivingitamoment'sthought,wearecapableofchangingourlanguage,music,manners,morals,entertainment,eventhewaywedress,allaroundtheearthinayear'sturning.Weseemtodothisbygeneralagreement,withoutvotingorevenpolling.Wesimplythinkourwayalong,passinformationaround,exchangecodesdisguisedasart,changeourminds,andtransformourselves.

Computerscannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,anditisjustaswell.Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus.Itwouldmeanthatsomegrouporother,marvelouslyintelligentandsuperblyinformed,undoubtedlyguidedbyacomputer,wouldbegindecidingwhathumansocietyoughttobelike,say,overthenextfivehundredyearsorso,andtherestofuswouldbepersuaded,onewayoranother,togoalong.Theprocessofsocialevolutionwouldthengrindtoastandstill,andwe'dbestuckintoday'srutforamillennium.

Muchbetterweworkourwayoutofitonourownwithoutgovernance.Thefutureistoointerestinganddangeroustobeentrustedtoanypredictable,reliableagency.Weneedallthefallibilitywecanget.Mostofall,weneedtopreservetheabsoluteunpredictabilityandtotalimprobabilityofourconnectedminds.Thatwaywecankeepopenalltheoptions,aswehaveinthepast.

Itwouldbenicetohavebetterwaysofmonitoringwhatwe'reuptosothatwecouldrecognizechangewhileitisoccurring,insteadofwakingupaswedonowtotheastonishedrealizationthatthewholecenturyjustpastwasn'twhatwethoughtitwasatall.Maybecomputerscanbeusedtohelpinthis,althoughIratherdoubtit.Youcanmakesimulationmodelsofcities,butwhatyoulearnisthattheyseemtobebeyondthereachofintelligentanalysis;ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions;thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever.Thisisinteresting,sinceacityisthemostconcentratedaggregationofhumans,allexertingwhateverinfluencetheycanbringtobear.Thecityseemstohavealifeofitsown.Ifwecannotunderstandhowthisworks,wearenotlikelytogetveryfarwithhumansocietyatlarge.

Still,you’dthinktherewouldbesomewayin.Joinedtogether,thegreatmassofhumanmindsaroundtheearthseemstobehavelikeacoherent,livingsystem.Thetroubleisthattheflowofinformationismostlyone-way.Weareallobsessedbytheneedtofeedinformationin,asfastaswecan,butwelacksensingmechanismsforgettinganythingmuchback.IwillconfessthatIhavenomoresenseofwhatgoesoninthemindofmankindthan1haveofthemindofanant.Cometothinkofit,thismightbeagoodplacetostart.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“computercannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,anditisjustaswell’’(Paragraph2)?

3.Whichoneofthefollowingoptionswouldtheauthorchoose?

4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsimulatedmodelsofcities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

问题1选项

A.Weregardcollectivethinkingasecretthatshouldn'tbeexposedtothepublic.

B.Manistheonlyspeciesthatisendowedwiththegiftforcollectivethinking.

C.Collectivethinkingisdoneinhumansocietysometimesunconsciously.

D.Weneedtoreachgeneralagreementtoconductcollectivethinking.

问题2选项

A.Computerscan’tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobabilityaswellasthehumanmindscando.

B.Computerscan'tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,whichisbetterthantheycan.

C.Whethercomputerscanorcan'tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobabilitydoesn’tmeanmuch.

D.Computerscanjustaswelldealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability.

问题3选项

A.Thefuturebecomesmorepredictable.

B.Humanactivitiesandcollectivethinkingshouldbeundermorecontrol.

C.Commonsenseshouldbeappliedtomakepredictions.

D.Wepossesssomesensingmechanismsforinformationfeedback.

问题4选项

A.Simulatedmodelsofcitiescan’tbemade.

B.Arealcitywillexertgreaterininfluencethanasimulatedmodelofcity.

C.Simulatedmodelsofcitiesexertinfluenceontheirinhabitants.

D.Simulatedmodelsofcitiesaredifferentfromtherealonesinthatthelatterhavelifeoftheirown.

问题5选项

A.computerswouldonedaytakecontrolofthehumansociety

B.theworkingsoftheant’smindismorecomplicatedthattheworkingsofthehumanmind

C.socialevolutionwillcometoastopifcomputersareusedtosolveproblems

D.theauthorisn'tverypositiveastowhethercomputerscanmonitorwhatwe’reupto

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。A:我们认为集体思维是一不应该被公开的秘密。文章指出:我们不公开地承认这个天赋，因此A项不符合原文所述。B:人类是唯一具有集体性思考天赋的物种。文章表明:我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，因此B项不符合原文所述。C:集体性思考在人类社会中有时是无意识地进行的。第一段第一句指出:Wedoalotofcollectivethinking,probablymorethananyothersocialspecies,althoughitgoesoninsomethinglikesecrecy(我们人类相比任何其他社会物种可能进行更多的集体性思考，但该思考却是秘密地进行)。因此C项正确。D:我们需要达成一致意见才可进行集体思维。

第2题:语义题。对于该句句意的理解可参考第二段第二句:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(否则，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。由此推测B项“计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情比具有更好”正确。A:计算机不能像人类大脑那样处理这种不可能的程度，此项只是表达了题干中句子前半部分的意思，故排除。C:计算机能否处理此水平的不大可能的事情并不重要，这与第二段第二句表述不符，故排除。D:计算机也能处理好此水平的不大可能的事情，第二段第一句指出:computercannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability(计算机不具备处理如此水平的不大可能的事情)。因此D项不符合原文所述。本题选B。

第3题:判断推理题。A:未来会更能预测。B:人类的活动和集体性思考应该受到更多的控制。C:应用常识进行预测。D:我们有一些信息反馈的感知机制。第二段第二句指出:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(否则，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此B项错误。第四段指出:ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions:thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever(如果你试图用常识来预测:事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。由此可知C项不正确。最后一段指出:butwelacksensingmechanismsforgettinganythingmuchback(但是我们缺乏让任何信息回来的传感机制)。因此D项不正确。本题选A。

第4题:细节事实题。A:城市模拟模型无法制作。B:真实的城市相比模拟的城市模型将施加更多的影响力。C:城市的模拟模型会对其居民施加影响。D:城市模拟模型与真实城市的区别是后者有自己的生活。第四段指出:Youcanmakesimulationmodelsofcities,butwhatyoulearnisthattheyseemtobebeyondthereachofintelligentanalysis;ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions,thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever(你可以建立城市的模拟模型，但你会发现它们似乎超出了智能分析的范围；如果你试图用常识来做预测，事情就会变得比以往任何时候都糟糕)。第五段指出:Still,you’dthinktherewouldbesomewayin…(你仍然觉得有其他方式…)。由此可知A项正确。而其他三项并未被提及。故选A。

第5题:判断推理题。A:计算机终有一天会控制人类社会。B:蚂蚁的思维比人类的思维更复杂。C:如果用计算机来解决问题，社会进化将停止。D:作者对计算机是否能监视我们正在做的事情不是很肯定。第二段第二句指出:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(不然，我们人类可能为了制定长远的计划而被诱惑去控制自己，而那无疑意味着我们的结束)。因此A项不符合原文所述。B项并未被提及，故排除。文章只是说“控制人类自己的那些无意识思考”，并非C项所指的“问题”，故排除。第四段指出:Maybecomputerscanbeusedtohelpinthis,althoughIratherdoubtit(或许电脑能被用来帮助监控我们人类在做什么，但我却非常怀疑这点)，因此D项正确。本题选D。

15.单选题

Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentsandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirms,buthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.However,ifthisweretrue,thenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.

OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixties,capitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.Furthermore,bythelateseventies,theamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapan,ithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.

AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures.Forinstance,themass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensive,component-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachines,therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJapaneseautomobileworkers?

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?

4.Whatistheproblemthatisassociatedwiththeproductionofhugelotsofcarsiswhichofthefollowing?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationstatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.presentthemajorstepsofaprocess

B.clarifyanambiguity

C.chronicleadispute

D.correctmisconceptions

问题2选项

A.TheirproductivitylevelsdidnotequalthoseofUnitedStatesautomobileworkersuntilthelateseventies.

B.Theirhighefficiencylevelsareadirectresultofculturalinfluences.

C.Theyoperatecomponent-specificmachinery.

D.Theyaretrainedtodomorethanonejob.

问题3选项

A.Atopicalthemeispresentedfollowedbysupportingexamples.

B.Opposingviewsarepresented,classifiedandthenreconciled.

C.Afactisstated,andanexplanationisadvancedandthenrefuted.

D.Atheoryisproposed,consideredandthenamended.

问题4选项

A.Theneedtomanufactureflexiblemachineryandequipment

B.Theneedtostoreextracomponentsnotrequiredforimmediateuse

C.Theneedforexpensivetrainingprogramsforworkers,whichemphasizethedevelopmentoffacilityinseveralproductionjobs.

D.Theneedtoalterconventionalmass-productionprocesses

问题5选项

A.JapaneseandUnitedStatesautomakersdifferintheirapproachtoproductionprocesses.

B.Japaneseautomakershaveperfectedtheuseofsingle-functionequipment.

C.JapaneseautomakersinvestmorecapitalperemployeethandoUnitedStatesautomakers.

D.UnitedStates-ownedfactoriesabroadhavehigherproductionlevelsthandoJapaneseownedplantsintheUnitedStates.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章开头提出了话题:在世界汽车行业中日本公司的生产效率最高。第一段、第二段分别探讨了针对此话题的两种观点并一一驳斥。第三段再提出正确观点。因此，D项“更正错误的想法”比较能概括文章目的。

第2题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs(日本汽车制造商选择通过引入几项与美国不同的做法，使小批量生产成为可能，包括使用灵活的设备，这些设备可以很容易地改变，以完成几项不同的生产任务，并培训从事多种工作的工人)，因此，D项“他们（即日本汽车工人）被培训去做不止一项工作”正确。

第3题:判断推理题。第一段先陈述事实:日本企业在世界汽车企业生产效率中达到最高水平，随后针对这个事实进行解释，最后反驳:情况不是这样。因此，C项“陈述一个事实；接着进行解释，然后进行反驳”正确。

第4题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive(从而消除了去储存额外部件缓冲库存的需要，而该需求产生于特定的设备和工人被保持不断工作时)。因此，B项“需要储存不被立刻需要的额外部件”正确。

第5题:细节事实题。最后一段指出:AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalproces