英美概况(美国)8+9课件

ChapterEight&NineUSAduringthetwoWorldWarsWewillexplore:ThebeginningofWorldWarⅠ:generalintroductionUS’sentranceintoWorldWarⅠ:reasonsUSduringWorldWarⅠ:timesequence,historicaleventsUSafterWorldWarⅠ:EraofProsperity,thebeginningofGreatDepressionRoosevelt’sNewDealRoosevelt’sForeignPoliciesUSduringWorldWarⅡ:importantconferencesTheColdWarperiodCivilRightMovementWorldWarⅠ/WWⅠ(1914–1918)

theAlliesvstheCentralPowers

UnitedKingdomFranceRussianEmpireBelgium,Serbia,Italy,Japan,Greece,Romania,andPortugal.GermanEmpireAustro-HungarianEmpireOttomanEmpireKingdomofBulgaria.economicrivalries:tariffwarandstiffcompetitionbetweenBritain&Germanycolonialdisputes:Germany’sdemandforre-dividingtheworldaccordingtoeconomicstrengthpoliticalalliances:formingoftwoconflictingmilitarygroups/blocsCausesofWorldWarICustomswaralsoknownasatollwarortariffwaratypeofeconomicalconflictbetweentwoormorestatesInordertopressureoneofthestates,theotherraisestaxesortariffsforsomeoftheproductsofthatstate.Asareprisal,thelatterstatemayalsoincreasethetariffs.Toavoidcustomswarswhichareconsideredharmfultotheworld'seconomy,theWorldTradeOrganizationwascreated.TheimmediatetriggertheassassinationofArchdukeFrancisFerdinandon28June1914theheirtothethroneofAustria-HungaryWhileheandhiswiferodeinanopencarinSarajevo,Bosnia,theywereassassinatedbySerbiannationalistGavriloPrincip.resultedinHabsburgultimatumagainsttheKingdomofSerbia

WorldWarIUnitedKingdomFranceRussianEmpireBelgium,Serbia,Italy,Japan,Greece,Romania,andPortugal.GermanEmpireAustro-HungarianEmpireOttomanEmpireKingdomofBulgaria.Unterseeboot(underseaboat)InFebruary1915Germanybeganusingitssubmarines,orU-boats,tocarryoutunrestrictedsubmarinewarfareagainsttheAllies.Theysankshipswithoutwarningandwithoutconcernforthesafetyofthecreworpassengers.Germany’ssubmarinewarfarewasveryeffectiveandtookaheavytollonAlliedships.GermanU-BoatGeneralPershingcommandedtheAmericanExpeditionaryForce(AEF)duringWWI(1914–1918).AftertheUSdeclaredwaronGermanyonApril6,1917,itmobilizedtheAEFandarrivedinFranceinJune.NumberingnearlytwomillionsoldiersbyNov.1918,theAEFplayedanimportantroleintheoutcomeofthewar.GeneralJohnJosephPershingWorldWarIweaponryconsistedofvarioustypesofweapons.Militarytechnologyledtoimportantinnovationsinweaponry,grenades,poisongas,andartillery,alongwiththesubmarine,warplaneandthetank.In1915,agroupofFrenchchemistsintroducedphosgeneasanagent.Phosgenewasdifficulttodetect,makingitamoreeffectiveweapon.Itkilledabout85%ofthe100,000deathscausedbychemicalweaponsduringWorldWarI.WeaponryofWorldWarIOnenursewrote:"Iwishthosepeoplewhotalkaboutgoingonwiththiswarwhateveritcostscouldseethesoldierssufferingfrommustardgaspoisoning.Greatmustard-colouredblisters,blindeyes,allstickyandstucktogether,alwaysfightingforbreath,withvoicesamerewhisper,sayingthattheirthroatsareclosingandtheyknowtheywillchoke."OnNovember11,1918,representativesofFrance,Germany,andBritainmetinatraincaroutsideaFrenchtownandsignedthearmisticethatendedWorldWarI.Germany’sunconditionalsurrenderendedoneofthebloodiestwarsinhistory.KingGeorge

VdedicatedthedayasRemembranceDaySigningtheArmisticetosetthepeacetermforGermanyandotherdefeatednationsthe“BigFour”:Britain,Italy,France,USAWilsonFourteenPointsLeagueofNationsTreatyofVersaillesParisPeaceConference,1919imposedastrictreductionofGermany’sarmyandnavy,strippedherofallhercolonies,andforcedhertoadmitguiltforthewarandtopayforitscostToformtheLeagueofNationsTreatyofVersailles

“RoaringTwenties”,1919-1929Jazzmusicblossomed,JazzAge19thAmendmentin1920:womensuffrageTheLostGeneration:ErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,andGertrudeStein.ArtDeco:pureandgeometric,rectilinearlines

CinemaThecollapseofthestockmarketinNewYork,Oct.24,1929Bankingcrisis,1930FarmpricesandindustrialproductionfellInternationaltradebrokedownUnemploymentrose:attheworstpointinthedepression,morethan15millionAmericans—one-quarterofthenation’sworkforce—wereunemployed.TheGreatDepressionHerbertClarkHoover(1874–1964)31stPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1929–1933)promotedgovernmentinterventionunderthetitleof"economicmodernization”taxreductionforlow-incomeAmericans(notenacted)closedcertaintaxloopholesforthewealthydoubledthenumberofveterans'hospitalfacilitiesadvocatedprotectionofeverychildregardlessofraceorgenderproposedfederalloansforurbanslumclearances(notenacted)advocated$50-per-monthpensionsforAmericansover65(notenacted).雅然FranklinDelanoRoosevelt(1882–1945)32ndPresidentoftheUnitedStatesledtheUnitedStatesduringatimeofGreatDepressionandworldwarNewDeal:

relief:fortheunemployedandpoor

recoveryoftheeconomytonormallevels

reformofthefinancialsystemtopreventarepeatdepressionSocialSecurityActof1935

雅然Roosevelt’sForeignPoliciesNeutralityAct,1935-1937theriseofpowerofDictatorAdolfHitlerIn1935,ItalyinvadedEthiopia.bannedanyshipmentofarmsfromtheUStoanycombatantnationRooseveltopposedtheactpenalizedthevictimssuchasEthiopiarestrictedhisrightasPresidenttoassistfriendlycountriesQuarantineSpeech,October,1937

QuarantineSpeechcallingforaninternational"quarantineoftheaggressornations"asanalternativetothepoliticalclimateofAmericanneutralityandisolationismintensifiedAmerica'sisolationistmood,causedprotestbyisolationistsandfoestointerventionPublicresponsetothespeechwasmixed.Rooseveltsuggestedtheuseofeconomicpressure,aforcefulresponse,butlessdirectthanoutrightaggression.WhenWorldWarIIbrokeoutin1939,RooseveltrejectedtheWilsonianneutralitystanceandsoughtwaystoassistBritainandFrancemilitarily.HebeganaregularsecretcorrespondencewiththeFirstLordoftheAdmiraltyWinstonChurchillinSeptember1939discussingwaysofsupportingBritain.RooseveltforgedaclosepersonalrelationshipwithChurchill,whobecamePrimeMinisteroftheUKin1940.Roosevelt’sForeignPoliciesInMarch1941,CongresspassedtheLend-LeaseAct,allowingtheU.S.togiveBritain,ChinaandlatertheSovietUnionmilitarysupplies.

enableanycountrywhosedefensethePresidentconsideredvitaltothatoftheUStoreceivearmsandotherequipmentandsuppliesbysale,transfer,exchangeorleaseCongressvotedtocommittospend$50billiononmilitarysuppliesfrom1941–45.InsharpcontrasttotheloansofWorldWarI,therewouldbenorepaymentafterthewar.AtlanticCharter,Auguest1941RooseveltandChurchillheldaconferenceonwarshipsinasecureanchorageinShipHarbour,Newfoundland.

intendedastheblueprintfortheworldafterWorldWarIIturnedouttobethefoundationformanyoftheinternationaltreatiesandorganizationsthatcurrentlyshapetheworldAtlanticCharter,August1941NoterritorialgainsweretobesoughtbytheUnitedStatesortheUnitedKingdom.Territorialadjustmentsmustbeinaccordwiththewishesofthepeoplesconcerned.Allpeopleshadarighttoself-determination.Tradebarriersweretobelowered.Therewastobeglobaleconomiccooperationandadvancementofsocialwelfare.Freedomfromwantandfear.Freedomoftheseas.Disarmamentofaggressornations,postwarcommondisarmament.

AttackonPearlHaborYesterday,December7th,1941,adatewhichwillliveininfamy,theUnitedStatesofAmericawassuddenlyanddeliberatelyattackedbynavalandairforcesoftheEmpireofJapan.Itisobviousthattheplanningoftheattackbeganmanyweeksago.Duringtheinterveningtime,theJapanesegovernmenthasdeliberatelysoughttodeceivetheUnitedStatesbyfalsestatementsandexpressionsofhopeforcontinuedpeace.TheattackyesterdayontheHawaiianIslandshascausedseveredamagetoAmericanmilitaryforces.Iregrettedtotellyouthatover3-thousandAmericanliveshavebeenlost.Nomatterhowlongitmaytakeustoovercomethispremeditatedinvasion,theAmericanpeopleintheirrighteousmightwillwinthroughtoabsolutevictory.BecauseofthisunprovokedanddastardlyattackbyJapan,IasktheCongressdeclareastateofwar.TehranConference

discusstheirmilitarystrategyandpost-WorldWarIIpolicyforEuropeanddeclared:"WethePresidentoftheUnitedStates,thePrimeMinisterofGreatBritain,andthePremieroftheSovietUnion,havemetthesefourdayspast,inthis,theCapitalofourAlly,Iran,andhaveshapedandconfirmedourcommonpolicy."TehranConference

ItwouldbemostdesirableifTurkeyshouldcomeintowaronthesideoftheAlliesbeforetheendoftheyear,inwhichcircumstances,theSovietUnionwastosupportthem.OperationOverlordwouldbelaunchedduringMay1944,inconjunctionwithanoperationagainstsouthernFrance.ThemilitarystaffoftheThreePowersshouldfromthenonkeepinclosetouchwitheachother.AUnitedNationsOrganizationwastentativelyagreedto.TheSovietUnionagreedtowagewaragainstJapanonceGermanywasdefeated.

YaltaConference

intheLivadiaPalacenearYalta,theCrimeaTherewasanagreementthattheprioritywouldbetheunconditionalsurrenderofNaziGermany.Afterthewar,Germanywouldbesplitintofouroccupiedzones.StalinagreedtoenterthefightagainsttheEmpireofJapanwithin90daysafterthedefeatofGermany.Naziwarcriminalsweretobehunteddownandbroughttojustice.

EndoftheWWIIOnApril30,1945,Hitlercommittedsuicide,andaweeklaterGermanysurrendered.OnAugust6th,1945,AmericadevastatedHiroshimausingatomicbomb.Threedayslater,anotheratomicbombdestroyedNagasaki.OnAugust10th,1945,Japansurrendered.TheColdWarperiod(1945-1991)acontinuingstateofpoliticalconflict,militarytension,proxywarsandeconomiccompetitionprimarilybetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates

disagreedabouttheconfigurationofthepost-warworld,especiallyaboutthatoftheEuropeTheColdWarperiod(1945-1991)Thetwopartiesdidnotinvolveindirectfightingorwarsbecausebothofthempossessednuclearpower.Theyexpressedtheirconflictthrough

militarycoalitionsstrategicconventionalforcedeployments

proxywarsespionagepropagandanucleararmsraceeconomicandtechnologicalcompetitions,suchastheSpaceRaceTheColdWarperiod(1945-1991)TheUSSRcreatedtheEasternBlocwiththeeasternEuropeancountriesitoccupied,annexingsomeasSovietSocialistRepublicsandmaintainingothersassatellitestates,someofwhichwerelaterconsolidatedastheWarsawPact(1955–1991).TheUSandsomewesternEuropeancountriesestablishedcontainmentofcommunismasadefensivepolicy,establishingalliancessuchasNATOtothatend.ProxywarawarthatopposingpowersusethirdpartiesassubstitutesforfightingeachotherdirectlyProxywarswerecommonintheColdWar,becausethetwonuclear-armedsuperpowers(theSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates)didnotwishtofighteachotherdirectly.ProxywarThefirstproxywarintheColdWarwastheGreekCivilWar.TheWestern-alliedGreekgovernmentwasnearlyoverthrownbyCommunistrebelswithlimiteddirectaidfromSovietally.TheGreekCommunistsmanagedtoseizemostofGreece,butastronggovernmentcounterattackforcedthemback.TheWesternAllieseventuallywon.ProxywarIntheKoreanWar(1950–1953),theSovietUnionandthePeople'sRepublicofChinaaidedtheCommunistsinNorthKoreaagainsttheUS-ledUnitedNationsforces.IntheVietnamWartheSovietUnionsuppliedNorthVietnamandtheVietMinhwithtraining,logisticsandmaterialbutunliketheUnitedStatesArmedForcestheyfoughtthewarthroughtheirproxiesanddidnotentertheconflictdirectly.ProxywarTheconflictbetweenIsraelandtheArabcountrieshasbeendescribedasaproxywar,withIsraelactingasaproxyfortheUSandtheUSSR'sproxybeingEgyptandlaterSyria.ThistheaterwasthesiteofthegreatestColdWarsetbacktoAmericawhenAmericanalliesSaudiArabiaandIran(undertheshah)driftedfromtheAmericansphereofinfluence,leadingtothe1973oilcrisisaswellastheeventualIranianRevolutionin1979.SpaceRaceaheatedcompetitionbetweentheUSAandtheUSSRintheexplorationofouterspace.Itinvolvedpioneeringeffortstolaunchartificialsatellites,sendmanintospace,andlandhimontheMoon.ItbeganwiththeSovietlaunchofSputnik1on4October1957,andendedinaperiodofdetentewiththeco-operativeApollo-SoyuzTestProjectflightinJuly1975.Itprovidedthesidebenefitsofcivilianandmilitaryapplicationsofthedevelopedspacetechnology.EndoftheColdWarInthe1980s,theUnitedStatesincreaseddiplomatic,military,andeconomicpressuresagainsttheUSSR,whichhadalreadysufferedsevereeconomicstagnation.Thereafter,SovietPresidentMikhailGorbachevintroducedtheliberalizingreformsof“reconstructionand"openness“.TheColdWarendedaftertheSovietUnioncollapsedin1991,leavingtheUnitedStatesasthedominantmilitarypower,andRussiapossessingmostoftheSovietUnion'snucleararsenal.RonaldReagan:StarWarsProgram/SDI,1983GeorgeHerbertWalkerBush:OperationDesertStorm,1990GeorgeWalkerBush:BushannouncedaglobalWaronTerrorism,orderedaninvasionofAfghanistanin2001andaninvasionofIraqin2003

Post-WarAmericawhere

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young

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everyonewhere

have

all

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young

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gone,

long

time

passing?gone

to

their

husbands

everyone!where

have

all

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husbands

gone,

long

time

passing?gone

to

soldiers,

everyone!

where

have

all

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soldiers

gone,

long

time

passing?gone

to

graveyards,

everyone!where

have

all

the

graveyards

gone,

long

time

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gone

to

flowers,

everyone!Oh

when

will

they

ever

learn?CivilRightsMovement

(1955–1968

)BackgroundRosaParksandtheMontgomeryBusBoycott,1955–1956MartinLutherKing,Jr.BackgroundRacialsegregation:Bylaw,publicfacilitiesandgovernmentservicessuchaseducationweredividedintoseparate"white"and"colored"domains.Characteristically,thoseforcoloredwereunder-fundedandofinferiorquality.Disfranchisement:Blackvoterswereforcedoffthevotingrolls.ThenumberofAfricanAmer