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GrammarTheAttributiveClause

●Therestrictive&non-restrictiveattributiveclauses

●Theattributiveclause&theappositiveclause

●Theattributiveclause&theemphasisstructure第1页1.Heisafamousscientist.2.who’sthatgirlinred?3.I’vereadallthebooksthatyoulentme.4.Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.Payspecialattentiontotheunderlinedparts.Isthereanythingincommonbetweenthem?第2页Theattributiveclause(theadjectiveclause)

therestrictiveattributiveclausethenon-restrictiveattributiveclause

noun/pronoun+theattributiveclausetheantecedent(person/thing)

therelativepronouns/adverbs+clause第3页TheuseoftherelativepronounsForm1:therelativepronounsreferringtofunctionintheclausewhowhomthatwhichwhoseperson(s)

subject/objectperson(s)objectperson(s)/thing(s)subject/objectthing(s)subject/objectperson(s)/thing(s)(ofwhom/which)attributive第4页Theuseoftherelativeadverbstherelativeadverbsreferringtofunctionintheclausewhen(=at/in/onwhich)

where(=in/atwhich)why(=forwhich)

timeadverbialoftimeplaceadverbialofplacereasonadverbialofreason第5页Practice:completethesentenceswithsuitablerelatives.1.Iknowthereason__＿_hecamelate.2.Doyouknowthewoman,_____sonwenttocollegelastyear?3.Thehouse_____colorisredisjohn’s.4.Thisisthebestfilm___＿_I’veeverseen.5.That’sthetown_＿___heworkedin1987.6.Ihave2brothers,_＿___arebothsoldiers.7.Nextweek,___＿__you’llspendinyourhometown,iscoming.8.I’vetried2pairsofshoes,neitherof__＿_fitsmewell.whywhosewhosethatwherewhowhichwhich第6页Notice:Paymoreattentiontotheagreementbetweentheverbandtheantecedentinpersonandnumberintheattributiveclause,andthencompletethesentences:Those

who____togotothecinemamustbeattheschoolgateby3:30p.m.(want)2.Hewho___________thegreatwallisnotatrueman.(notreach)3.Sheistheonlyone

ofthegirlswho____beentoBeijing.(have)4.Heisoneoftheboyswho____seenthefilm.(have)wantdoesn’treachhashave第7页

Whenarelativepronounisusedasasubjectintheclause,theverbmustagreewiththeantecedentinpersonandnumber.(2)Whentheantecedentisthestructure“oneof+n.(pl.)”,theverbintheclausemustbeplural,agreeswiththepluralform.However,ifthereis“the”or“theonlyvery”before“one”,theverbintheclausemustbesingular,agreeswiththeword“one”.Conclusion1:第8页Practice:Completethefollowingsentenceswithsuitablerelatives:Thetime___________IwenttoTokyoisin1982.2.I’llneverforgetthetime_____＿____Ispentatcollege.3.Theshop_____＿____Iboughtthebookinisbig.4.Theshop________＿＿___Iboughtthebookisbig.Conclusion2:whentheantecedentisanounfortimeorplace“when”or“where”isnotalwaysusedtointroducetheclause.Itdependsonthefunctionoftherelativewordintheclause.when/thatwhich/thatwhich/thatwhere/inwhich第9页TheDifferenceBetween“that”and“which”.Completethefollowingsentenceswith

“that”or“which”.Thisisthe2ndarticle____IhavewritteninEnglish.2.Itisthebestfilm_____hehaseverseen.3.Thisistheverybook_____Iwanttoread.4.All____theytoldmesurprisedme.5.Theytalkedabouttheteachersandschools_____theyhadvisited.thatthatthatthatthat第10页6.Whoisthecomrade______wasthere?7.Thereisabedintheroom_____isstillvacant.8.Ourvillageisnolongertheplace_______itusedtobe.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof_______hadn’tbeencleanedatleastayear.10.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.11.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,through_______hecouldseewhatwasgoingoninsidethehouse.thatthatthatwhichwhichwhich第11页Conclusion3:

Whentheantecedentreferstothing(s),“that”isoftenusedinthefollowingcases:(1)Afterordinalnumberandsuperlatives(2)Afterthefollowingwords:all,only,little,few,much,very,none,last,just,any(thing),every(thing),some(thing),no(thing).(3)Aftertwoormoreantecedents,referringtobothperson(s)andthing(s).(4)Afterinterrogativepronouns“which”or“who”.第12页(5)Whentherelativepronounisusedasapredictiveintheclause.(6)Whenthemainclausebeginswith“therebe”.Inthefollowingcases,“which”isalwaysused.

①Afterprepositions

②tointroduceanon-restrictiveattributiveclause.

③Thewholemainsentenceisthe“antecedent”oftherelativeclause,andthereisalwaysacomma.第13页Tellmethereason____youwerelateforclass.2.Whoisthegirl_____isspeakingthere?3.ThisisMr.Smith,_____hassomethinginterestingtotellyou.4.Thecomputer________CPUdoesn’tworkhastoberepaired.whythatwhowhoseFillintheblankswithsuitablerelativestocompletethefollowingsentences.第14页5.Thiskindofcomputer,_____iswell-known,isoutofdate.6.Thisisjusttheplace___I’vebeenlongingtovisitforyears.7.Hismotherisanengineer,____makeshimveryproud.8.Theoldmanhas4sons,threeof____aredoctors.whichthatwhichwhom第15页1.Theearthisround,_________isknowntoall.2.____isknowntoall,theearthisroundas含有“正如”之意，搭配动词普通是固定，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpectedwhichAs第16页一、从词类上区分同位语从句前面名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等表示抽象意义名词。而定语从句先行词能够是名词、代词、主句一部分或整个主句。如：Wearelookingintothequestionwhetherheisworthtrusting.我们正在调查是他是否值得信赖问题（同位语从句）Wordcamethathehadgoneabroad.听说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）TheDifferenceBetweentheAttributiveClauseandtheAppositiveClause

第17页Thedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheroom.你找那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句，名词thedoctor作先行词）Ourteamhaswonthegame,whichmakesusveryhappy.(定语从句，which代表前面提到整个句子)Hismotherdidallshecouldtohelphimwithhisstudy.

他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。

（定语从句，代词all作先行词）第18页二、从性质上区分定语从句是从句对其先行词修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句范围；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词深入说明和解释，属于名词性从句范围。如：Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthegameistrue.我们队赢了那场比赛消息是真。（同位语从句，补充说明news内容。）Thenews(that)hetoldmeyesterdayistrue.昨天他告诉我那个消息是真。(定语从句，that从句作定语修饰news)第19页ImadeapromisethatifanyonesetmefreeIwouldmakehimveryrich.我许诺假如谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise)Themothermadeapromisethatpleasedallherchildren.妈妈做出了一个令她孩子们高兴许诺。（定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise。）第20页三、从引导词及其在句子中成份上区分有些引导词如how,whether,what能够引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。如：Thatquestionwhetherweneedithasnotbeenconsidered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句）Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句）引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中普通作主语或宾语（指物时还能够用which代替），而且作宾语时经常省略。That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，而且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。第21页Theorderthatwe(should)sendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.我们应派几个人去帮助别几个小组命令昨天已收到了。（同位语从句，是对order详细解释，that虽不作成份，但不能省略）Theorder(that)wereceivedyesterdaywasthatwe(should)sendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.我们昨天收到命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别几个小组。（定语从句，是名词order修饰语，that在从句中作received宾语，能够省略）第22页从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出能够填入空白处最正确选项。Alongwiththeletterwashispromise____hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.

A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether2.Luckily,we’dbroughtaroadmapwithout___wewouldhavelostourway.

A.itB.thatC.thisD.which3.Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars___roadconditionsneed.

A.that;tobeimprovedB.which;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improvingBDA第23页5.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as6.Thefactcameup___specificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.whose7.Adecisionwasmade____thosewhowantedtogetajobinthefactorywouldnotbeallowedtostay.

A.whatB.whenC.whichD.thatBCD第24页8.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.thatB.whatC.whichD.whether9.Thereason____heislateis____therewasabreakdownontherailway.A.why;whyB.why;thatC.because;thatD.that;becauseDB第25页强调句型句式结构为：“Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who从句”。在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律用that，而不用when,why或how；在强调主语和宾语时，假如主语和宾语指代人，则可用who和whom来代替that,不过从句中人称和数要与被强调主语和宾语保持一致。这些都轻易与定语从句混同。TheDifferenceBetweentheAttributiveClauseandtheEmphasisStructure第26页定语从句和强调句型判断方法：若将句中“Itis/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成份，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不完整，则说明原句为定语从句。1.Itwasnotuntil1920____regularradiobroadcastsbeganA.whileB.whichC.thatD.since2.____washi