上海市闵行区2020届高三英语二模试卷Word版含答案

2019学年度第二学期高三年级质量调研考试高三英语考生注意：考试时间120分钟，试卷满分 140分。本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分 ,试卷共12页。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上 ,做在试卷上一律不得分。答题前 ,务必在答题纸上填写学校、姓名和考生号。ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard..A.Acook. B.Adentist. C.Asurgeon. D.Atechnician..A.She’dliketohavethewindowsopen.B.Shelikestohavetheairconditioneron.C.Theairisheavilypolluted.D.Thewindowsarealwaysopen..A.Artattraction. B.Paintingskills.C.Furniturequality. D.Roomdecoration.4.A.Sheappreciatestheman ’seffort.C.Sheisannoyedwiththeman..A.Theycan’tfitintothemachine.C.Theyhaven’tbeendeliveredyet..A.Thelongwaitingtime.Thebrokendowncomputer.Themistakesinhertelephonebill.Thebadtelephoneservice.B.Shedoesenjoyspicyfood.D.Shedoesn’tlikethefoodthemanprepared.B.Theyweresenttothewrongstress.D.Theywerefoundtobeofthewrongtype.英语学习讲义英语学习讲义只要坚持梦想终会实现 只要坚持梦想终会实现 .A.Itsquality. B.Itsprice C.Itsmaterials D.Itsappearance..A.Walkinthecountryside.B.Dosomeexercise.C.Goshopping. D.Washsomedresses.9.A.Heisgoingtovisitaphotostudio. B.Hehasjusthadhispicturetaken.C.Heisonethewaytothetheatre. D.Hehasjustreturnedfromajobinterview..A.Hedoesn'twantJennytogetintotrouble.Hedoesn'tagreewiththewoman'sremark.HethinksJenny'sworkloadtooheavyatcollege.Hebelievesmostcollege studentsarerunningwild.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage..A.Attendexpertgrowers'lecture.B.Visitfruit-lovigfamilies.C.Plantfruittreesinanorchard（果园）. D.Tastemanykindsofapples..A.Itisanewvariety. B.Itisthebestvarietyforeatingquality.C.Itisrarelyseennow. D.Itneedsperfectsoiltogrow.A.Toshowhowtogrowapples. B.Tointroduceanapplefestival.C.Tohelppeopleselectapples. D.ToattractmorepeopletovisitBritainQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingnews..A.Lackofsleepcouldleadtoheathproblem.Lackofsleepaffectsadultsmorethanchildren.Sleepingproblemsareoneoftheleadingcausesofobesity.Theamountofsleeppeopleneedchangeswithage.15.A.Lesssleepisneededwhentheyenteradolescence.Ideally,theyneed8hoursofsleepanight.Theymayhavedifficultyinfallingasleepbefore11:00pm.

Theyalwayswakeupatmidnightduetobiologicalchanges.16ATheamountofsleepandacademicperformance.B.Acomparisonofdifferenttimetostartschool.C.Students'sleepingtimeandsocialbehaviors.D.Abeneficialchangeofschoolstartingtime.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17AExtremesports.B.Citylife.Theypreferdangertosafety.D.Theyareboredwiththetraditionalones.Theypreferdangertosafety.D.Theyareboredwiththetraditionalones.Positive. D.Neutral.B.Itisdangerousandneedsnoskills.Itonlystimulateindividualism.18.A.Theyliketostayisolated.C.Theywanttoknowtheirpotential..A.Objective. B.Negative..A.Itisinterestingandchallenging.C.Itenablespeopletofacefears.II.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.ABriefHistoryofChopsticks.Wdvediscussedthestoryofknifeandfork,butthere 'sanotf)eissslbyutensils(billionsofpeoplearoundtheworld —andithasatrulyancientpast.TheChinesehavebeenwieldingchopstickssinceatleast1200B.C.,andbyA.D.500chopsticks21(sweep)theAsiancontinentfromVietnamtoJapan.Fromtheirhumblebeginnings22cookingutensilstopaper-wrappedbamboosetsatthesushicounter,there'smoretochopsticksthanmeetstheeye.Chopsticks25(develop)about5000yearsagoinChina.The24(early)versionswereprobablytwigsusedtogetfoodfromcookingpots.Whenresourcesbecamescare,around400B.C.,craftychefsfiguredout25toconservefuelbychoppingfoodintosmallerpiecesthatrequiredlesscookingfuel,andbesides,itcouldbecookedmorequickly.Thisnewmethodofcookingmadeitunnecessarytohaveknivesatthedinnertable —apracticethat<matchedthenon-violentteachingsofConfucius（孔子），26expressedinoneofhisnumerousquotations:thehonorableanduprightmankeepswellawayfromboththeslaughterhouse（屠宰房）andthekitchen.Andheallowsnoknivesonhistable. "Asavegetarian,hbelievedthatknivessharppointsevoked（诱发）violence27（kill）thehappy,contentedmoodthatshouldreignduringmeals.Thanksinparttohisteachings,chopstickusequicklybecamewidespreadthroughoutAsia.Differentculturesadopteddifferentchopstickstyles.PerhapsinanodtoConfucius,Chinesechopsticksfeaturedabluntratherthanpointedend.InJapan,chopstickswere8incheslongformenand7incheslongforwomen.In1878theJapanesebecamethefirst28（create）thenow-ubiquitousdisposableset,typicallymadeofbambooorwood.Wealthydinerscouldeatwithivory,jade,coral,brassoragateversions,whilethemostprivilegedusedsilversets.Itwasbelievedthatthesilverwouldcorrodeandturnblack29itcameintocontactwithpoisonedfood.Throughouthistory,chopstickshaveenjoyedasymbioticrelationshipwithanotherstapleofAsiancuisine:rice.Atfirstglance,you'dthinkthatricewouldn'tmakethecut,butinAsiamostriceisoftheshort-ormedium-grainvariety.Thestarches（淀粉质食品）inthesericescreateacookedproductthatisgummyandclumpy,unlikethefluffyanddistinctgrainsofWesternlong-grainrice.30chopstickscometogethertoliftsteamingbundlesofstickyrice,it'samatchmadeinheaven.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.labelB.bearsC.burdenedD.illustratesE.implementsF.guaranteedG.presentedH.hitI.entryJ.nationalizedK.groundThe“PennyBlack”,thefirstpostagestampissuedinBritainand,moreimportantly,thefirstpostagestampissuedanywhere,31theimageofQueenVictoria,butthefirstBritishpostalservicedidn'toriginateinVictoriaEngland.In1860,WilliamDockwrastartedapublicservicethat32thequickdeliveryofaletteranywhereinLondon.Hissystemwasquickly33withDockwraincharge.Itwasfarfromaperfectsystem,34withseeminglyimproperchargesthatmadeitunreasonablyexpensivetosendaletter.Worsestill,recipientswereexpectedtopay.Asyoumightimagine,this35someproblems—eithepeopleweren'homeorflat—outrefusedtopay.Thesystemjustdidn 'twork,butitremainedinplaceforfartoolong.About50yearslater,todobetter,RollandHillarguedforputtinganendtothepostalchargesandreplacingthemwithasinglenationalrateofonepenny,whichwouldbepaidbythesender.WhenthepostofficeignoredHill'ideas,heself-publishedhisessayanditquicklygained36amongthepublic.HillwasthenorderedbyPostmasterGeneralLordLichfieldtodiscusspostalreformand,duringtheirsubsequentmeetings,thetwomenconceivedofagluy37thatcouldbeappliedtotheenvelopstoindicatepayment.Thoughithadgainedsupportwiththepublicwholongedforaaffordablywaytoconnectwithdistantfriendsandfamily,officialswerestillnotconvinced.Thankfully,Hillwasfarfromaloneinhispassionforreform.Heeventuallyearnedenoughsupportfromotherlike-mindedindividualstoconvinceParliamentto38hissystem.In1839,Hillheldacompetitiontodesignallthepostalfacility.Thewinningstamp39describingtheyoungqueen 'sprofilecamefromoneWilliamWyon,whobasedthedesignonamedalhecreatedtocelebratehisfirstvisittoLondon.The“PennyBlack"stamwentonsaleonMay1,1840.Itwasanimmediate40.Suddenly,thecountryseemedalotsmaller.Thepennyblack 'sdesignwassowellreceivedthatitremainedinuseforfortyyear.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Theterm“staycation"meansvacationsthatyoutakeathomeornearyourhomeratherthantravelingtoanotherplace.Itiscloselyconnectedwithlesspollution,savingmoneyandnotcontributingtotheoverwhelmingdisorderthattakesplaceinsomeoftheworld'smosttouristicareas.Theconceptofstaycationwasbornatthetimeofthe2008market41intheUnitedStates.Becauseofit,manyhouseholdswereforcedto42theirexpensesandconsequentlylimittheirvacationbudget.Theshortageofmoneytotravelabroadisattheoriginofwhymanypeoplestartedto(re)discovertheirmost43surroundingsAtthesametime,awarenessofthe44impactsoftourism,especiallyonwhatconcernstheimpactsoftransportation,startedtoincreasetoo.Andsodidtheperceptionthatsomeofthemaincities(abroad)areincreasinglyoverloadedwithpeople--withplacessuchasBarcelona,Venice,ortheSeychellesplanningon45atouristcap.Staycationappearslikeagreatsolutionforthe46abovementioned.Itisagreatwayofspendingjoyfulvacationswhilehelpingone's47andtheenvironment.48,stayingclosetohomeeliminatesthebudgetforaccommodationandtransport.Apartfromthefinancial49gainedbyleavingbehindexpensiveplaneticketsorbynotbookinghotelroomsthataren'tcheap,staycationalsohasthebenefitofkeepingharmful50intheground.Cars,boats,andplanesarenot(orareless)used;51,othermeansoftransportsuchaspublictransport,bicycles,electricscootersorjustwalkingarefavored.Thisallowspeople'scarbonfootprintsnotto52asmuchastheywouldiflongdistanceshadbeentraveled.Astaycationisaformofalternativetourismthatisfullyinlinewiththeslowtourismtrend.Slowtourisminvitesyoutoliveinthe53moment.Itencouragesyoutotakeyourtime,discovernearbylandscapes,reconnectandspendmoretimeoutdoorsinnaturewiththepeopleyouenjoy,Therearenofully-bookeddays,andthereisno54togofromoneactivitytoanotherjusttostaybusyallthetime.Giventhemultiple55oflocaltourism,younolongerhaveareasontobeembarrassedatthecoffeemachineatworkwhenyouareaskedwhereyouaregoingonvacationthisyear.41.A.valueB.sectorC.crisisD.shares42.A.restrictB.bearC.avoidD.meet43.A.cheerfulB.immediateC.pollutedD.attractive44.A.limitedB.financialC.culturalD.environmental45.A.introducingB.stoppingC.postponingD.raising46.A.challengesB.assessmentC.tasksD.applications47.A.voyageB.mindC.pocketD.hometown48.A.InadditionB.ForexampleC.InfactD.Onthecontrary49.A.servicesB.adviceC.resourcesD.savings50.A.emissionsB.exposureC.vehiclesD.strategies51.A.thereforeB.insteadC.howeverD.moreover52.A.lastB.fallC.increaseD.change53.A.historicB.presentC.criticalD.climatic54.A.goodB.harmC.blameD.rush55.A.advantagesB.challengesC.platformsD.themesSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)BrookeMartin'sgoldenretrieve用猎犬)Kaylahatedbeingleftaloneorseparated.Shewouldhowl,pace,andchewonthings.Brookelearnedthatotherpeoplehadthesameproblemwiththeirpets.Shewondered: "Whatifyoucouldtalktoyourdogifyouweregone? "Workingwithherfatherintheirgarage,the16-year-oldcameupwithseveralideas.Finally,sheinventedadevicethatallowedpetownerstovideochatwiththeirpets!ShecallsthedeviceiCPooch.“Thedogdoesn'thavetoanswerthecall, "explainsBrooke."Itcomesupimmediatelyonthes(ontheirend.It'satwo-wayaudioandvideo——youcanseeandheareachother. "Withaclicbuttonyoucanevensendthedogatreat!Herinventionhasearnedheraspotcompetingagainstnineotherfinalistsinayoungscientistcompetitionformiddle-schoolstudents.Thesefinalists,selectedbasedontheirshortvideopresentations,areworkingwithmentorsoverthesummerbeforeheadingtothefinalcompetitioninSt.Paul,Minn.AfterMartin'videoputheramongthe10finalistsintheDiscoveryEducation3MYoungScientistChallenge,shewaspairedwithDelonyLanger-Anderson,aproductdevelopmentscientistin3M'sconsumerhealthcaredivision.—Ijustleadherdowntheproductdevelopmentpath,Langer-AndersontoldLiveScience.Thispathincludesguidanceonhowtotestthepotentialproduct,whichcombinesavideochatdevicethatanswersimmediatelyonthedog 'sendwithadogtreatdevicetheownercanremotelyactivate.'OnethingIhavethoughtaboutalotis,whathappensifwhilethedeviceisonthefloor,whatifyourdogknocksitover,orscratchesthescreen?'Martinsaid.SheandLanger-Andersondiscussedthis,andMartinisnowtestingmaterialsatalocaldogshelterbytapingthemtothedoghousefloorstoseehowwelltheywithstandsharpteethandclaws.Thefinalistscreatemodelstheycantest,withtheguidancefromamentor.Theirprojectsincludeafuelcellthattransformscutgrassintoelectricityandanappthatrewardsdriversfornottextingorcalling.Langer-Andersontriestohelpthestudentsworkthroughthescientificmethod,testingtheirhypothesis,inadeterminedway, —sothekidsdon'tgetburiedindata.shesaid.56.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.”iCPooch"winsinayoungscientistcompetition.B.A16-year-oldgirlinventsadevicefordoghunger.C.Aman-madedeviceletspeoplechatwiththeirpets.D.Akid-inventeddevicecalmdogs 'separationanxiety..“iCPooch"calmspetdogsby.A.allowingvideochatB.makingdogssleepC.answeringthecallD.givingthemfood.Whatistheprobablemeaningoftheunderlinedword “mentor"?A.competitorsB.assistantsC.instructorsD.companions.Whatdotheinventionsofthefinalistshaveincommon?Theyareallnewinventionsdealingwithpets.Theyarepossiblesolutionstoeverydayproblems.Theycopewiththeproblemsrelatedtocomputers.Theyareallaccomplishedthroughindividualwork.(B)ThisIsWhataRealSilverDollarLooksLikeIfyoutrustintheye,theeuro,andthedollar...stopreading.

BecausethisisastoryaboutthesilvercoinEVERYBODYwants.Youreadtheheadlines.Youknowthattroubledeconomictimeshaveputglobalcurrencyonarollercoaster（ride.Butmillionshavefoundasmarterwaytobuildlong-termvaluewithhigh-gradecollectablesilver.Andrightnow,thosepeoplearelininguptosecuresomeofthelast2012U.S.MintSilverEagles,America'sNewestSilverEagleDollars.Today,youcangraduatetothefrontofthatline.BuynowandyoucanownthesebrilliantuncirculatedSilverDollarsforonly$38.95!YouCan'tAffordtoLoseWhyarewereleasing（发行）thissilverdollarforsucharemarkableprice?Becausewewanttointroduceyoutowhathundredsofthousandsofsmartcollectorsandsatisfiedcustomershaveknownsince1984NewYorkMintistheplacetofindtheworld'sfinesthigh-gradecoins.That'swhywe'reofferingyouthisBrilliantUncirculated2012U.S.SilverEagleforaslittleas$37.45（pluss/h）.TimingisEverythingOuradvice?Keepthistoyourself.Becausethemorepeoplewhoknowaboutthisoffer,theworseitisforyou.DemandforSilverEaglesin2011brokerecords.Expertspredictthat2012SilverEaglesmaybreakthemalloveragain.Duetorapidchangesinthepriceofsilver,pricesmaybehigherorlowerandaresubjectto（受...影响）changewithoutnotice.Suppliesarelimited.CallimmediatelytoaddtheseSilverEaglestoyourholdingsbeforeit'stoolate.Yourcost1-4Coins5-9CoinsYourcost1-4Coins5-9Coins10-19Coins20-40Coins$38.95each+s/h$38.45each+s/h$37.95each+s/h$37.45each+s/hNote:$10s/h（shippingandhandling）foreachpurchaseForfastestservice,calltoll-free24hoursaday1-888-201-7143OfferCode（代码）ASE177-04Pleasementionthiscodewhenyoucall.NewYorkMint14101SouthcrossDriveW.,Dept.ASE177-04Burnsville,Minnesota55337www.NewYorkMint.Com60.TopromotetheSliverEaglescoin,whatisstressedinthead?Thecoinisofhighqualityandworthcollecting.Thecoincanbecirculatedasacurrency.Limitedsuppliesguaranteeastablepriceofthecoin.Demandforthecoinisboundtobreakrecords.Ifyoubuysix2012U.S.MintSilverEaglesbypost,youshouldpayatleast.A.230.7 B.233.7 C.240.7 D.243.7.Theadstronglyencouragespeopletopurchasethesilvercoinsby.A.shoppingonline B.makingaphonecallC.liningupinfrontofthestores D.writingtothecompany(C)Thedreamoftheflyingcarcouldcomedowntoearthsoonasseveralstart-upslikeChineseEHANGandUberaredevelopingso-called “passengerjdrones(—self-flyingdronesbigenoughtoferryindividualcommutersaroundtown —whichcouldshrink^Dmmuie(i)timesfromhourstominutes.Atfirstglance,human-carryingdronessoundnomorerealisticthanflyingcars.Untilrecentlyinventorshadneverbeenabletomarryautomobilesandaircraftinapracticalway.Yetafewcompanieshavekeptatit:Woburn,forexample,hassince2006beendevelopingTransition,a“roadableaircraft"thatresemblesasmallairplanethatcanfolditswingsanddriveonroads.Apersonalflyingcarineverygaragehasprovedtobeatoughsell,however,asthereareserioussafetyconcernsaboutaskingtheaveragecommutertotrainforapilot ' slicenseandtaketotheskies.Passengerdrones,bycontrast,wouldoperateautonomouslyandleavethe“roadablepartbehindinfavoroflargerversionsofaircraftthatalreadyexist.Passengerdronedesignsfavor“distributedelectricpropulsion（推进）,"meaninginsteadofonelargerotorpoweredbyalargeenginetheyhavemultiplepropellerseachpoweredbyitsown,smallermotor.Thissacrificesliftingpowerandflightperformanceinexchangeformechanicalsimplicityandlighterweight —facthatcouldmakethemcheapertooperate.Quieterelectricpowerwouldmakethenoisetolerabletocityresidents,althoughitremainstobeseenhowmuchweightsuchavehiclecouldlift,andforhowlong.Withanyofthesevehicles,safetyisthebiggestconcernandextendstoboththeaircraftandtheautomatedsystemsflyingthem.Advancedartificialintelligenceisneededtoflylargenumbersofautonomousaircraftwithoutcrashingthemintooneanotheror,say,thelocalnewschanneltraffichelicopter.CarryingpeoplefrompointsAtoBseemssimpleenough,buteventhebestAIstruggleswithsurprises:What,forexample,wouldadronedoifalandingareasuddenlybecameunavailable?asksSanjivSingh,aCarnegieMellonUniversityroboticsresearcher.Insteadofleapingtofullyautomatedpassengerdrones,hesuggestsfirsttestingthenecessaryAIinunmannedcargos物）runs,andadoptinga“mixedmode“approachinearlypassengerserviceswherepilotsareassistedbyAIco-pilots.Technicalchallengesaside,start-upspromotingthetechnologywillhavetofindawaytoconvincethepublictogivetheirdronesawhirl,somethingthatrequiresamuchbiggerleapoffaiththangettingintothebackseatofaself-drivingcar.Passengerdronemakersare “obviousltheincubation（孵化）stagesoftechnologydevelopmentandimprovingthebasics,saysMikeHirschberg,executivedirectoroftheAmericanHelicopterSocietyInternational. "But20ofromnowlifemaybealittlelikeTheJetsonswhereyoutakeadvantageofthethirddimensionandhavemuchmoremobility,especiallyinurbanclosequarterswheregroundtransportationisgridlocked."Thepassengerdroneprogressmayfollowaslopingtakeoffratherthanverticalleap.CarnegieMellon'sSinghseesalongroadaheadfilledwithlotsoftesting,analysis,regulationandeffortstowinthepublic'strustbeforethetechnologybecomesaviabletransportationoption. "Tldangerofsomeonemovingtoofastandthenhavingaproblemthatsetstheindustrybackforsometime,“hesays..Personalflyingcarshavefailedtogainpopularityamonghouseholdsmainlybecausepeopledonthavethecouragetotakethecarstotheair.peopleareunwillingtotrainforapilot 'slicense.peopleworrythattheymaynotbequalifiedtoflythecarssafely.itispracticallyimpossibletocombinecarsandaircrafttogether..WhichofthefollowingisNOTanadvantageofpassengerdrones?A.Itcanliftmoreweight.B.Itislighterinweight.C.Itmakeslessnoise.D.Itissimplerinmechanicaldesign..WhatisHirschberg'sattitudetowardspassengerdrones?A.disapprovingB.neutralC.skepticalD.cautiouslyoptimistic.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.artificialintelligencecaneasilytackletheproblemsoccurringinairtraffic.humanpilotsinautonomousaircraftwillendangerthesafetyofpassengers.thepassengerdroneindustrywillmakemajorbreakthroughsinthenearfuture.thepublic'sdistrustmayhinderthedevelopmentofpassengerdrones.SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Watchingaboxingmatchgivesthemanoutletforthisaggression.Iampersonallynotatallinfavorofaggressivesportslikeboxing.Inmypersonalopinion,boxingcanbesothrillingthatmanypeopledarenottohaveatry.Professionalboxersaremuchmoreatriskthantheiramateurcounterparts.Furthermore,studieshaveshownthatthereareoftenlong-termeffectsofboxingItislikelytothreatenpersonalsafetyofpeople.Boxingisapopularsportthatmanypeopleseemtobefascinatedby.Newspaper,magazinesandsportsprogrammesonTVfrequentlycoverboxingmatches.Professionalboxersearnalotofmoney,andsuccessfulboxersaretreatedasbigheroes.Itseemstomethatpeople,especiallymen,finditappealingbecauseitisanaggressivesport.Whentheywatchaboxingmatch,theycanidentifywiththewinningboxer,andthisgivesthemthefeelingofbeingawinnerthemselves.Itisafactthatmanypeoplehavefeelingofaggressionfromtimetotime,buttheycannotshowtheiraggressionintheireverydaylives.67However,thereisanegativesidetoboxing.68Althoughboxerswearglovesduringthefights,andamateurboxersevenhavetowearhelmets,therehavefrequentlybeenaccidentinbothprofessionalandamateurboxing,sometimeswithdramaticconsequences.Boxershavesufferedfromheadinjuries,andoccasionally,fightershaveevenbeenkilledasaresultofbeingknockedoutinthering.69Sometimesevenifaboxerhasneverbeenknockedout,hemighthavesufferedseverebraindamagewithoutknowingit.70IthinkitwouldbebetteriflesstimewasgiventoaggressivesportsonTV,andwewelcomedmoremenandwomenfromnon-aggressivesportsasourheroesandheroinesinoursociety.Ibelievethattheworldisaggressiveenoughalready!Ofcourse,peoplelikecompetitivesports,andsodoI,butIthinkthathittingotherpeopleinanaggressivewayisnotsomethingthatshouldberegardedasasport.IV.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Studentswhohaveusedelectroniccigarettesbythetimetheystartninthgradearemorelikelythanotherstostartsmokingtraditionalcigarettesandothertobaccoproductswithinthenextyear,accordingtoanewstudyfundedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth.Electroniccigarettes,orecigarettes,delivernicotinetothelungsbyheatingaliquidsolutionthatcontainsnicotineandotherchemicalstoproduceaspraythattheusertakesin.AspartofasurveyofsubstanceuseandmentalhealthamonghighschoolstudentsinLosAngeles,thestudycomparedthestartoftobaccouseamong222studentswhohadusede-cigarettes,butnotanyothertobaccoproducts,and2,308whohadneitherusede-cigarettesoranyothertobaccoproductswheninitiallysurveyedatthestartofninthgrade.The2,530studentswhoinitiallyreportedneverusingtobaccounderwentfollow-upassessmentsaftersixand12months.Studentswereaskedaboutlifetimeandpastsix-monthuseofe-cigarettesoranyotherformsoftobaccoproducts.Duringthefirstsixmonthsafterbeingsurveyed,30.7percentofthosewhohadusedecigarettesstartedusingtobaccoproducts,suchascigarettes,andcigars,comparedtoonly8.1percentofthosewhohadneverusede-cigarettes.Overthefollowingsixmonthsleadingintothestartof10thgrade,25.2percentofe-cigaretteusershadusedtobaccoproducts,comparedtojust9.3percentofnonusers.“Whileteentobaccousehasfalleninrecentyears,thisstudyconfirmstha