初中定语从句专题讲解

初中定语从句专题解说.初中定语从句专题解说.11/11初中定语从句专题解说.定语从句专题解说一、基本见解:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来指引,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连结作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。指引定语从句的关系代词有:that,who,whom,whose,which,as关系副词有:when,where,why.二、关系词的用法:(一关系代词的用法:1.作主语用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/thatwehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/thatIboughtlastweek?注:在非正式文体中,用于指人的关系代词whowhom,that平时能够省略,但在正式文体中平时用whom,不可以省略;用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也平时省略,但在正式文体中一般不省略。3.作定语用whose,如:(aHeisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(bItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime注.:“whose名+词中心词”这一构造在定语从句中既能作主语(如上a句,又能作宾语(如上b句。whose的先行词常用来指人,但有时也能够用来指详细事物或抽象见解,这时能够与ofwhich构造交换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhichHe’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename4.作表语只用that,它既能够指人,也能够指物,但经常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(thatitusedtobe.(二关系副词的用法:1.when指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词平时有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:when经常能够省略,特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2.where指地址,在从句中作地址状语。它的先行词常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等。Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有时也能够省略。如:Thisistheplace(wherewemetyesterday.3.why指原由或原由,它的先行词只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why经常也能够省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.(三使用关系副词应注意以下几点:1.这三个关系副词在乎义上都相当于必定的介词+which构造:when=on(in,at,during+which;where=in(at,on+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhichhearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhichheworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhichwedidit.2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地址的place,house等时,必定要注意分析从句的构造,假如缺乏主语或宾语时,关系词应当用which或that,缺乏时间状语或地址状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.when和where既能够指引限制性定语从句,也能够指引非限制性定语从句。而why只好指引限制性定语从句。三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的状况,对先行词起限制作用,与先行词关系十分亲密,不可以用逗号分开,也不可以省略,不然全句意义就不圆满。如:Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(thatIcandoforyou?2.非限制性定语从句但是对先行词作增补说明,没有限制作用,它与先行词的关系比较废弛,因此不是重点性的,假如省略,原句的意义仍旧圆满。这类从句在朗诵时要有停留,在文字中平时用逗号与主句分开。如:ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric引.导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以够够用that和why。其他,非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用其实不广泛,在平时生活中,人们平时用并列句或简单句来表达。如:ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3.两种定语从句的内涵不同样,限制性定语从句拥有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句拥有独一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.只(有一个HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.不(止一个4.有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采纳which或as来指引。当整个主句(先行词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。eg:Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.Hehaslefthere,whichgreatlyupsetsme.注:(1as指引的从句能够放在主句以前,而which指引的从句只好放在主句今后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.(2从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西,因此常译成“就象那样”。(3假如定语从句的内容对主句的内容起悲观作用或当非限制定语从句为否认时,则常用which,而不用as,如:Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.5.在正式文体中,以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句平时以inwhich或that指引,如:Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文体中,人们平时省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhichhespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(thatyoulaughather.四.关系词的选择1.在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词作主语,只好用who指人,which指物;关系代词做宾语,常用whom(口语中有时用who指人,which指物,它们都不可以够用that取代。2.关系代词作介词宾语,无论是在限制性定语从句中,仍是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只好用whom指人,which指物;但假如介词后置,则不受这类限制,关系代词还能够够省去,特别是在口语中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(thatshewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/thathewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用which或that,二者常能够交换;但在以下状况中,只好用that,不用which:(1当先行词是all,alot,(alittle,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(2当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限制词所修饰时。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(3当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(4当先行词是形容词最高等或被形容词最高等所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高等同时修饰时,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.(5当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.(6当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如:TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.(7当主句是以which,who,what开头的特别疑问句时。如:Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoisthepersonthatismakingthislecture?4.用which而不用that的状况:①指引非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词+关系代词。e.g.Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry他.数学考试没有及格,这使他的父亲很生气。Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.这是父亲昨年居住过的房屋。5.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系词可用who(m或that,二者常可互换。但在以下状况中,用who(m,而不用that:(1当先行词是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。如:Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp注.:在非正式文体中能够说:You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.当(2先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时。如:Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.注:在固定构造的谚语或习语中,可用hethat。如:Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.(3当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如:Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?(4在分开式定语从句中,若先行词指人,为了明确修饰关系,应当用who(m。如:AnewmasterwillcametomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.(5两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词,第二个定语从句常用who(m来指引,如:SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,在以下状况中,一般用关系词that:(1当主句是以who或which开头的特别疑问句时。如:Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?(2当先行词被形容词最高等或序数词所修饰时。如:Heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.(3当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast等词所修饰时。如:Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.当先行词被thesame所修饰时,关系词既能够用as,也能够用that。在表示详细事物时,有时二者有必定的差别。一般说来,表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that。如:ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday这.就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday这.台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。在抽象见解上,同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区其他,因此两个词可换用:Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.这里要注意的是:(1使用as时,它指引的定语从句中的动词能够省略,但使用that时,定语从句中的动词不可以省略。如:Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2在“thesamethat构造”中,that但是用来增强语气,重申“同样”。that能够省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也能够省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday