何家弘法律英语课件第二课

1、Lesson TwoLegal Profession法律职业1法律英语Iftherewere no badpeople, there would be no goodlawyers.Charles Dickens, Britishnovelist倘若世上上没有坏坏人，也也就不会会有好的的律师。英国小说说家狄狄更斯C2法律英语语Background律师法官检查官法学教师师法律职业变换频繁繁HarlanFiskeStone3法律英语语4法律英语语Part 1TheBarBar法庭庭中将公公众与法法官、律律师及其其他诉讼讼参与人人分隔开开的隔板。后来用于于通指法法律职业业或律师师职业。美国律师协会5

2、法律英语语6法律英语语律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorneyat-lawCounselerCounselerat-law英国Barrister诉讼律师师大律师，出庭律律师Solicitor非诉律师师诉状律师师，事务务律师7法律英语语Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilythe concernofthe states,eachofwhichhasits ownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职职业的管管制主要要是州政政府的事事。各州州都有自自己的允许律师师执业的条件。8法律英语语Most

3、requirethreeyearsofcollegeanda lawdegree.Each state administers itsownwritten examinationtoapplicants foritsbar.三年大学学法律律学位书书面考考试9法律英语语Almostall states,however,makeuseoftheMultistate BarExam, aday-longmulti-choicetest, to which thestatesaddsa day-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsown law.各州律师师联考州州综合合

4、问答题题10法律英语语TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isa six-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts, torts,constitutionallaw, criminal law,evidence, andreal property.11法律英语语A substantial fraction of allapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpass on alaterattempt.通过第一一

5、次考试试的人很很多，但但通过第第二次考考试的人人很少。12法律英语语Inall, overfortythousandpersonssucceed inpassing these examinationstothebar in their respectivestates.每年各州州有4万万多人通通过律师师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbefore or after admission.在进入律律师行业业之前或或之后不不需要有有学徒经经历。13法律英语语Therulesfor admissiontopracticebeforethe federalcour

6、tsvary withthe courts,在联邦法院院执业的要求各各州不同同。butgenerally those entitled topracticebeforethe highestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbefore thefederal courtsuponcompliance withminorformalities.在州最高法法院执业的人人办理了了一些无关紧要要的手续续后可以在在联邦法院院执业。14法律英语语A lawyers practice is usuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor, although ala

7、wyer maytraveltorepresentclients, oneisonly permittedtopracticeina state where onehasbeenadmitted.律师通常常在一个个地区执执业可以代表表当事人人到其他他州办理理事务只能在获获准开业业的州从从业15法律英语语Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管管辖区保保留当地律师师的身份份是一种惯例。有些州曾曾把“本州居民民”规定为申申请律师师资格的的前提条条件。但但联邦最最高法院院在1985年年裁定这这种规定定为非

8、法法。此外外，在美美国担任任律师的的人并不必须须是美国国公民。16法律英语语Onewho moves to anotherstatecan usuallybeadmittedwithout examinationifonehas practicedina state where onehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfive years.如果一个个人已经执业业5年以以上，那么当当他移居居到另外外一个州州的时候候，通常常不用再参参加该州州的律师师资格考考试就可以获准执业业。17法律英语语A lawyermaynot onlypracticelaw, butispe

9、rmittedtoengageinany activitythat is opentoothercitizens.从事律师师业务参加任何何其他公公民可以以参加的的活动18法律英语语Itisnotuncommonfor practicinglawyer to serve onboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness, andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在公司的的董事会会任职从事商业业活动积极参与与公共事事务19法律英语语A lawyerremainsa memberofthebare

10、ven after becoming ajudge, anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivate business concern, or alawteacher,anymay returntoprivate practice fromtheseotheractivities.律师在成成为法官、受雇于政政府或私营企业业或者成为为法律教师师以后，还还保留着律律师的身身份。他们可可以放弃弃其他活活动，回回来再做做律师。20法律英语语Arelatively small numberoflawyersgive uppracticeforresponsibleexecut

11、ive positionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量量的律师为为了从事事工商业业活动而而放弃律师业务务。21法律英语语Themobilityaswell as thesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareer ofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarious times,a successfulNewYorklawyer, aprofessorand deanoftheColumbiaSchool of Law,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnited

12、 States,andChiefJusticeoftheUnited States.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官22法律英语语Harlan Fiske Stone1872- 1946Distinguished juristHarlanFiskeStonewas bornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield, NewHampshire.著名法理理学家23法律英语语Aftergraduating fromAmherstCollege in 1894, he continuedontoColumbiaUniversity fromwhichhereceivedhislawd

13、egreein1898.Thenextyear he wasadmittedtotheNew Yorkbar.加入纽约约律师协协会24法律英语语In1910 Stone becamethedean of theColumbiaLawSchool. In 1924hewas appointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚亚大学法法学院院院长司法部长长（总检检察长）25法律英语语In1925 he wasnominatedtotheSupreme Court. While on theCourt,Stonewas astrong suppo

14、rterofPresidentRooseveltsNewDeallegislation.Roosevelt appointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonedied in 1946atthe ageof73.最高法院院法官罗斯福新新政最高法院院首席大大法官26法律英语语Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有有律师职职业的划划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师师、大律师师、诉讼讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师师、小律师师、非诉诉律师27法律英语语thereisnobranchof

15、professionthat hasa specialorexclusive right toappearincourt, noristherea branchthat specializes in thepreparationoflegalinstruments.美国：出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书attorney28法律英语语TheAmericanlawyersdomain includesadvocacy, counseling,anddrafting. Furthermore,withinthe spherebroadly definedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedoma

16、in is exclusiveandisnot opentoothers.代理诉讼讼，出庭庭辩护；咨询服务务；起草文书书；律师实务务29法律英语语Inthefieldofadvocacy, therulesarefairly clear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut, withthe exceptionofa fewinferiorcourts,only alawyer mayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护护：当事人本本人代理律师师30法律英语语Thelinesofdemarcationare

17、lessclearinthe areas ofcounseling anddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetween thepracticeoflawand thatofaccountinginthefieldoffederal incometaxation.咨询服务务与起草草法律文文件之间间的划分分不明确确。就联邦所所得税，律师执执业与会会计执业业划分不不清。31法律英语语However,thestrict approachofmost American courtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYorks highe

18、stcourtthat alawyer admitted to practice in aforeigncountry butnotinNew Yorkisprohibited fromgiving legal advicetoclients in NewYork,even thoughtheadvice is limitedtothe lawofforeign countrywherethe lawyerisadmitted.纽约最高高法院规定，在在外国而而不是在在纽约取取得执业业资格的的律师，不得给纽纽约的当当事人提提供法律律咨询，即使咨咨询在该该律师允允许执业业的国家家是被允允许的，美国

19、大大多数法法院都采采取了这一严格格的措施施。32法律英语语A foreignlawyer maybeadmittedtothebarofoneofstates andmay, evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyerasa consultantonforeignlaw.外国律师师可以被被一个州州的律师师协会接纳为会会员，甚至在在没有被被接纳的的情况下下，作为外国国法律顾顾问向美国律律师咨询询。33法律英语语Part 2Lawyers in privatepractice独立开业业的律师师Amongthesefifteen lawyersin

20、practice, nine, aclearmajority, aresinglepractitioners.在独立开开业的律律师中，大多数数（9/15）是单独开业业者。34法律英语语Theremaining sixpracticeinlawfirms, which aregenerallyorganized aspartnerships.剩下的6个人组组成律师师事务所所，一般般采用合伙制。Four or fiveofthesesix arepartnersandthe othersareassociates,a termappliedtosalariedlawyers employed by

21、 afirmoranother lawyer.6个人中中有4、5个是是合伙人人；其他1、2个是是合作者者，他们们受雇于于律师事事务所或或其他律律师，领领取工资资。35法律英语语This trend towardgrouppracticeisrelatively recentorigin.合伙开业业36法律英语语Throughout mostofnineteenthcentury,lawpracticewasgeneral ratherthan specialized, itschiefingredient wasadvocacyratherthancounseling anddrafting,

22、andthe prototypeoftheAmericanlawyer wasthesinglepractitioner.律师业务务是一般般化的，而不是是专业化化的主要业务务是出庭庭辩护，而不是是提供咨咨询和起起草文书书美国律师师的原型型是单独独开业者者。37法律英语语Markedspecializationbeganinthelaterpartofthat centuryinthe large citiesnear thefinancialcenters.theworkofthelawyer accommodateditselftothe needs of clientsforexpertc

23、ounselinganddraftingtoprevent as wellastosettle disputes.19世纪纪后期，在金融融中心附附近的大大城市，出现了了显著的的律师专业业化。律师师为客户户提供专业咨询询和起草草文书，以防止止和解决决争议。38法律英语语Thebest lawyerswere attractedtothis work最好的律律师被吸引来来做这些些事。leadership of thebargravitatedtopersonswhorarelyifeverappearedincourtsandwho weresought after asadvisors,plan

24、ners, andnegotiators.律师界的的领导人人物多为为那些极少出庭庭即使使确曾出出庭的话话的的人，和和那些作作为顾问、计计划者和和谈判者者而深受欢欢迎的人人。39法律英语语Todaythelawyer regardsitassoundpracticetobecontinuouslyfamiliarwith clients business problemsandtoparticipateatallstepsinshapingoftheirpolicies.目前律师师们都认认为一直直了解客户户的商务务问题，并参与商业业决策形形成的每每一个步步骤是理想的活活动。40法律英语语Part

25、 3House Counsel受雇于某某公司而而非独立立开业的的律师Outofeverytwenty lawyers, twoareemployedbyprivate businessconcerns,suchasindustrial corporations,insurancecompanies, andbanks,usually ashouseorcorporatecounselintheconcerns legal department.20个律律师中有有2个受受雇于私人企业业，如工业业公司、金融公公司、银银行。专职法律律顾问，公司法法律顾问问41法律英语语thegrowth of co

26、rporationsthecomplexityofbusinessthemultitude of problemposedbygovernmentregulationfirms to have in their employ persons with legal training非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件42法律英语语Thegeneral counsel(总法律顾顾问)Anofficer of thecompanyServeonimportantpolicy makingcommitteesServeontheboardofdirectors.公司管理理人员重重要决决策委员员会董董事会43法

27、律英语语Housecounselremainmembersofthebar保留律师师协会会会员身份份entitledtoappearincourt有资格出出庭进行行诉讼44法律英语语HousecounselHowever,itisthehousecounsels skillasadvisorratherthanasanadvocatethat is avalued asset.专职律师师的专长长是法律顾问问而不是辩护律师师，这是个个珍贵的的财富。45法律英语语Constantly in touch withthe employersproblem,housecounselisideally s

28、ituated to practicepreventive lawandmay alsobecalled upontoadvise thecompany on itsbroader obligationtothepublic andthenation.专职律师师一直接接触雇主主的问题题，他们们理当致致力于预防性的的法律，并应该该建议公公司为公公共事务务和国家家承担更多的义义务。46法律英语语Part 4LawyersinGovernmentTwoout of twentylawyers arenowemployees of thefederal,city,county, andmunicipa

29、lgovernments,exclusiveofjudiciary.20个律律师中有有2个受雇于联联邦、都都市、县县和地方方政府，这中间间还不包括法法官。47法律英语语Many of those entering publicservice arerecentlaw graduates许多加入入公共服服务的是是刚毕业的的法学大大学生。whofindgovernmentsalariessufficientlyattractiveatthis stage of their careers政府薪水有足够的的吸引力力seek thetrainingthat suchservicemayofferasa

30、prelude to privatepractice.锻炼自己己，作为为私人开业业的前奏奏48法律英语语Limitation on topsalariesdiscourage somefromcontinuing withthe government.最高薪水水的限制制使一些人人不再为为政府工工作。49法律英语语Themajorityserves by appointment inlegaldepartmentsofa varietyoffederal andstateagenciesandlocalentities.大多数的的政府律律师在联邦、州州政府和地方机构构的法律部门门任职。50法律英

31、语语TheUnited StatesDepartment of Justicealoneemploys morethantwothousand, andtheLaw Departmentofthe CityofNew Yorkmore thanfourhundred.美国司法法部2000多人纽约司法法局400多多人51法律英语语Othersare engagedaspublicprosecutors.Federal prosecutors,theUnited Statesattorneysandtheirassistants, areappointedbythePresidentandare

32、subordinate to theAttorneyGeneraloftheUnited States.其他政府府律师是是检查官。联邦检查查官、美美国政府府律师和助理检查查官由总统任命，受受命于美美国总检察长长（司法法部长）。52法律英语语AttorneyGeneral总检察长长，司法部长长JohnAshcroft约翰阿阿什克里里夫特53法律英语语TheAttorneyGeneral,ashead oftheDepartment of Justiceandchieflaw enforcement officerofthe FederalGovernment,representstheUnite

33、d Statesinlegalmatters generallyandgivesadviceand opinions to thePresidentandtotheheadsofthe executivedepartmentsoftheGovernmentwhen so requested.The Attorney Generalappearsinpersontorepresentthe Governmentbeforethe U.S.SupremeCourtincasesofexceptionalgravity or importance.54法律英语语Statesprosecutors,sometimesknownasdistrictattorneys, arecommonlyelected by eachcounty andarenot under thecontrol of thestateattorneygeneral.州检查官，又叫地区检查查官