2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号56

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-合肥工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct the meaning of the word has never been clear. (1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or class

2、ify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularl

3、y for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed toit was not designed for such purposes. (2) To criticize it for such failure is roughly, comparable to criticizing a

4、thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is/that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. (3) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing

5、 our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do, and the intellectual ability to do

6、 it (4) The first two must be equal for all who being compared) if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Is value lies of course,

7、 in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than children of this age at tasks which we thi

8、nk require “general intelligence”. (5)On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude/towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared; and only if he was not punished by lack, of relevant

9、information which they possessed.【答案】1.人们对与智能有关的各种行为，比对这些行为如何进行解释和分类，看法更不一致。2.批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。3.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。4.如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。5.总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被扣

10、分。2.单选题Mountain climbing, like other sports, requires skill, stamina, teamwork, and the knowledge and experience to handle specialized equipment.问题1选项A.intelligenceB.guidanceC.enduranceD.caution【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。stamina表示“耐力，持久力，毅力”；A项intelligence“智力，情报工作，情报机关”，B项guidance“指导，引导，领导”，C项endurance“忍耐力，耐久性

11、”，D项caution“小心，谨慎，警告”。句意：爬山和其他运动一样，需要技巧、耐力、团队合作以及处理专门设备的知识和经验。因此，根据句意可知C选项正确。3.单选题Their secrets returned to _ them 12 years later when the bodies were discovered buried in the grounds.问题1选项A.highlightB.forgoC.fosterD.haunt【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项highlight“突出，强调，使显著”，B项forgo“放弃，停止，对断念”，C项foster“促进，抚育（他人子女一

12、段时间）”，D项haunt“常出没于，萦绕于，经常去”。该句的主语是their secrets“他们的秘密”，结合returned to“回来”可知，用haunt表示“萦绕于”符合语境。句意：12年后，当尸体被发现埋在地下时，他们的秘密再次困扰着他们。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.单选题Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relat

13、ion between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has ga

14、ined many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properlypresented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids k

15、now theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity.” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark, “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A te

16、acher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.In ear

17、lier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes to

18、ward _.2. Which of the following can best raise students creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?3. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _.4. The phrase “token economies” (Para. 5) probably refers to _.问题1选项

19、A.the effects of external rewards on students performanceB.the amount of monetary rewards for students creativityC.the study of relationship between actions and their consequencesD.the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards问题2选项A.Giving them rewards they anticipate.B.Giving them

20、 rewards they really deserve.C.Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.D.Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.问题3选项A.punishment is more effective than rewardingB.rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsC.failing uninspired students helps improve their o

21、verall academic standardsD.discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency24. The phrase “token economies” (Para. 5) probably refers to _.问题4选项A.ways to develop economyB.approaches to solving problemsC.systems of rewarding studentsD.methods of improving performance【答案】

22、第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“心理学家对的态度有分歧”。第一段第一句提到Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity.（心理学家对于从热烈的表扬到冷冰冰的现金的外部奖励如何影响动机和创造力持相反的观点），接着后面就阐述了Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions a

23、nd their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. “If kids know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.（研究行为和结果之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励能提高工作

24、和学习表现。研究精神生活各个方面的认知研究者认为，奖励鼓励了人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而常常会破坏创造力。）可知，心理学家对于外部奖励对他人的动机、创造力和表现方面的影响上有分歧，A项“外部奖励对学生表现的影响”正确；B项“对学生创造力的金钱奖励的数量”和D项“精神鼓励和金钱奖励之间的选择”并没有提到；C项“行为与结果之间的关系的研究”太广泛，并不够具体。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据罗伯特艾森伯格的观点，下列哪项能最好地提高学生的创造力？”。根据第三段罗伯特艾森伯格说的两句话If kids know theyre working for

25、a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity.（如果孩子们知道他们是为了奖励而学习，并且能够专注于相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力）和But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.（但是如果对表现不佳的孩子也给予奖励，或者让孩子对奖励有太多的预期，是很容易扼杀创造力的

26、）可推断，给与孩子对奖励太多的预期容易扼杀创造力，而给与他们应得的奖励会鼓励他们表现出他们最大的创造力，那么B项“给他们应得的奖励”正确，A项“给予他们预期的奖励”错误；C项“分配给他们需要创造性的任务”和D项“分配给他们以前没有处理过的任务”并不是提高创造力的方法。因此，该题选择B项正确。3.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，因为他们相信”。根据题干定位到第四段A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grade

27、s for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.（艾森伯格认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对普通的成绩给予高分，那么他最终得到的是毫无灵感的学生。作为后一种观点的一个例子，他指出，主要的大学越来越

28、努力地使评分标准严格，并且恢复不及格分数。），由此可推知，主要的大学正在努力提高他们的评分标准，是因为给表现不好的学生奖励将使他变得没有创造力，故B项“奖励表现不佳的学生可能会扼杀学生的创造力”符合题意；A项“惩罚比奖励更有效”和C项“不受启发的学生有助于提高他们的整体学术水平”没有提到，也不能从文中推断出来；D项“打击学生对轻易获得奖励的期望是当务之急”中的discouraging（使人沮丧、打击）用词不当，根据文章可知主要的大学提高评分标准是鼓励学生表现出他们的创造力来处理具有挑战性的问题，并不是打击他们对奖励的预期，而是让他们通过自己的努力来获得应得的奖励。因此，该题选择B项正确。4.【

29、试题答案】C【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第五段中的token economies最有可能指”。根据题干定位到文章第五段In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist

30、claims.（这位特拉华州的心理学家声称，在较早的年级，使用所谓的“token economies”，即让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，并根据成绩获得有价值的奖励，有望提高学生的努力和创造力。）可知，token economies的含义是让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，根据他们的成绩获得相应奖励，目的是为了提高学生的创造力，所以该段中的“token economies”指的就是一种奖励学生的制度或者方法，C项“奖励学生的制度”符合题意；A项“发展经济的途径”、B项“解决问题的方法”和D项“提高业绩的方法”都不符合文意。因此，该题选择C项正确。5.单选题The presidents critics s

31、ay he has been too _ in responding to changing international developments.问题1选项A.lusciousB.forlornC.timidD.eloquent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项luscious“甘美的，满足感官的”，B项forlorn“被遗弃的，绝望的，孤独的”，C项timid“胆小的，羞怯的”，D项eloquent“意味深长的，雄辩的，有口才的”。由The presidents critics“总统的批评者”可知，后面是负面的评价，排除A项和D项，根据responding to changing in

32、ternational developments“应对国际形势的变化”可知，C项符合语境。句意：总统的批评者说，他在应对不断变化的国际发展方面过于胆怯。因此，该题选择C项正确。6.单选题The result means that the _ world champion has extended his lead in this seasons championship.问题1选项A.trampingB.loiteringC.reigningD.strolling【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。A项tramping为动词tramp的现在分词，表示“踩，步行”，B项loitering为动词loi

33、ter的现在分词，表示“闲荡，虚度，盘旋”，C项reigning为形容词，表示“统治的，在位的，本届的”，D项strolling为形容词，表示“巡回演出的，消闲散步的”。空格处缺少一个定语修饰world champion“世界冠军”，由此可知，四个选项中只有C项符合语境。句意：这一结果意味着这位卫冕世界冠军在本赛季的锦标赛中扩大了领先优势。因此，该题选择C项正确。7.单选题Although many （modifications）have been made in it, the game known in the United States as football can be traced

34、 directly to the English game of rugby.问题1选项A.rulesB.changesC.demandsD.leagues【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。modification表示“修改，修正”；A项rule“规则，建议，统治”，B项change“变化，改变，替代物”，C项demand“（坚决的或困难的）要求，（顾客的）需求”，D项league“联盟，社团，范畴”。句意：尽管对其进行了许多修改，但在美国被称为足球的比赛可以直接追溯到英国的橄榄球比赛。根据句意可知，B项符合语境。因此，该题选择B项正确。8.单选题The old house at the end

35、 of the street has recently been _.问题1选项A.pulledB.demolishedC.erasedD.leveled【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pull“拉，拔，拖”，B项demolish“拆除，破坏，毁坏”，C项erase“抹去，擦除”，D项level“瞄准，拉平，变得平坦”。由old house“旧房子”可知，“拆除”符合语境。句意：这条街尽头的那幢旧房子最近已被拆除了。因此，该题选择B项正确。9.单选题An elderly man has _ doctors at the local hospital by living after he w

36、as officially declared dead.问题1选项A.confoundedB.concurredC.conflatedD.connived【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项confound“使混淆，使困惑惊讶”，B项concur“同意，一致，互助”，C项conflate“合并，异文合并”，D项connive“共谋，纵容，默许”。由living after he was officially declared dead“在他被正式宣布死亡后还活着”可知，“使惊讶”符合语境。句意：一位老人在被正式宣布死亡后还活着，这让当地医院的医生们感到困惑。因此，该题选择A项正确。10.单选题

37、He left the house _ unaware that he was still wearing his pajamas.问题1选项A.assiduouslyB.blithelyC.perfunctorilyD.domestically【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A项assiduously“刻苦地，勤勉地”，B项blithely“快活地，无忧无虑地”，C项perfunctorily“敷衍地，潦草地，表面地”，D项domestically“国内地，家庭式地，适合国内地”。由句子意思“他离开了家_没有意识到他还穿着睡衣”可知，空格处应该填入副词修饰unaware，四个选项中只有C项符

38、合语境。句意：他若无其事地离开了家，没有意识到他还穿着睡衣。因此，该题选择C项正确。11.单选题So wide is its sweep that 345 million people use English as their first language and an additional 400 million as their second.问题1选项A.rangeB.powerC.vigorD.expansion【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项range“范围；幅度；山脉”；B选项power“力量；电力”；C选项vigor“活力；精力”；D选项expansion“膨胀”。句意：英

39、语的是如此之广，以至于3.45亿人将英语作为第一语言，另外还有4亿人将英语作为第二语言。由关键信息so wide“如此广泛”以及345 million people use English as their first language“3.45亿人将英语当成第一语言使用”，可知本句是在讲英语的普及范围广。因此A选项符合题意。12.单选题Since the 1970s, the safety of athletic equipment has been monitored by the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic

40、 Equipment.问题1选项A.regulatedB.advocatedC.recalledD.supervised【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。monitor表示“监控”；A项regulate“调节，规定，控制”，B项advocate“提倡，拥护，为辩护”，C项recall“召回，回想起，记起”，D项supervise“监督，管理，指导”。句意：自20世纪70年代以来，运动器材的安全一直受到国家运动器材标准运行委员会的监控。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。13.单选题The majority of the time you will feel no pain. However, afte

41、r each session you could possibly feel emotional, a mild headache, or fatigue.问题1选项A.depressionB.exhaustionC.faintnessD.anger【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项depression“沮丧；不景气；忧愁”；B选项exhaustion“枯竭；耗尽；疲惫”；C选项faintness“模糊；微弱；衰弱”；D选项anger“愤怒；怒气”。句意：大多数时候你不会感到疼痛。然而，在每个疗程之后，你可能会感到情绪波动，轻微的头痛或。exhaustion和faintness都会有疲惫的

42、意思，exhaustion指一般的疲惫状态。faintness是指虚弱和疲倦并可能变得无意识的状态，情况较为严重。而根据关键信息a mild headache“轻微的头痛”连接词可知后面的单词也应该与表示身体状态的单词有关。因此B选项符合题意。14.单选题Humans are forever forgetting that they cant control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that “scientists are on the verge of being able to

43、predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes”. The people of quake ruined Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.None of the methods raised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warning signal that precedes all quakes, let al

44、one any sign that would till whether the coming quake is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be trigged by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the

45、earth, so scientists cant study them directly.If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are filled with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults (断层). It is impossible to place monitoring instr

46、uments on all of them. And these inconspicuous sites can be just as deadly as their better-known cousins like the San Andreas Fault (圣安得列斯断层). Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withs

47、tand tremors. While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 year, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake resistant” structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged.In

48、 the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse. But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed to sway with the earth rather than crumple. They may have swayed, but the quake als

49、o unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the fault lines. Researchers ran computer simulations to see how quake-resistant buildings would

50、fare in a moderate size tremor, taking into account that much of a quakes energy travels in a large “pulse” of focused shaking. The results: both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.More research will help experts design stronger structures a

51、nd possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quakeproofed.1. Which of the following statements is true about Kobe?2. The authors focus in Para. 3 is on _.3. It

52、s impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because _.4. It is implied in the passage that _.5. The best title for this passage could be _.问题1选项A.Last weeks quake occurred on small faults.B.People there believe in scientists ability to predict earthquakes.C.Buildings there swayed with the quake rat

53、her than crumpled.D.It can be expected that every fault can be monitored as a result of more research.问题2选项A.the need for more researchB.the impossibility to predict earthquakesC.the designing of stronger structures and the finding of quake precursorsD.the impossibility of building completely quake-

54、proofed structures3. Its impossible to avoid damages in earthquakes because _.问题3选项A.scientists cant study quakes that occur deep in the earth directlyB.its hard to build perfect “quake- resistant” structuresC.instruments cannot be placed on all of the minor faultsD.all of the above4. It is implied

55、in the passage that _.问题4选项A.well-erected structures do not collapseB.steel-frame building survive any earthquakeC.buildings in Northridge will probably collapse in a stronger earthquakeD.seismic engineering has improved enough for structures to resist quakes5. The best title for this passage could

56、be _.问题5选项A.Nature Is beyond Human ControlB.Earthquakes: Can We Bring Them under Control?C.New Methods and Stronger Structures to Predict and Withhold QuakesD.Cant We Predict Earthquakes?【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“关于神户，下面哪个陈述是正确的？”。第一段最后一句提到The people of quake ruined

57、 Kobe(神户) learned last week how wrong that assertion was.（上周遭受地震灾害的神户人了解到这个宣称错的多么离谱）可知，神户上周发生了地震；结合文章第三段最后一句Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.（神户地震和1994年的北岭地震都发生在小断层上）可知，A项“上周的地震发生在小断层上”正确；B项“那里的人们相信科学家预测地震的能力”与原文相反；根据倒数第三段最后两句They may have swayed, but the quake a

58、lso unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.（它们可能会摇晃，但地震也意外地削弱了它们钢骨架的关节。如果摇晃的时间更长或更强烈，建筑物可能会倒塌。）可知，C项“地震导致建筑物摇晃，而不是倒塌”错误；由文章最后一句话But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once agai

59、n that every fault cannot be monitored（但可以肯定的是，下一次地震将再次证明，不可能每一个断层都被监测到）可知，D项“可以预测到的是由于更多的研究，每一个断层都可以监测到”表述错误。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“第三段中作者的重点是”。根据第三段第一句If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes.（即使发现了地震前兆，也不可能在所有危

60、险的地震之前警告人类）和第三句It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them.（不可能把监测仪器都放在小断层上面）可以推知，想要预测地震是不可能的，因此B项“预测地震的不可能性”正确；A项“需要更多的研究”、C项“更强结构的设计和地震前兆的发现”和D项“建造完全抗震的结构的不可能性”在该段都没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“在地震中避免损害是不可能的，因为”。由文章第二段最后一句Quakes start deep in the earth, so scienti