研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译

1、Lesson1II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences. 1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, _ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The _ view in Britain and other Western

2、 countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most _ of governments./ rewardrewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4

3、. The foreman read the _ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) _ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to _ economic sanctions if

4、 the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new _ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedalfederal, confederate)8. These questions _ a challenge to established attitude of superio

5、rity toward the outside world.A. evolveB. Constitute形成C. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative _ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no ge

6、nuinely _ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point upby and

7、largetake indescentfor good or illleave asidecrystal cleardie outendangerlay. at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that t

8、he unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someones arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely

9、 to endanger the victims life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent. 5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that the facts are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as

10、they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our

11、industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9.

12、It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefu

13、lly and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards.

14、Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was

15、 that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general operational words, mainly verbs

16、and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 basic verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. Numerous words which have the same or similar

17、meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10ascend. (Semantic / grammatical criterion) 1. A. createdB. publicizedC.

18、 inventedD. operated2. A. provedB. providedC. projectedD. promoted3. A. advantagesB. objectionsC. obstaclesD. facileties4.A. howeverB. whateverC. whereverD. whenever5. A. comprised ofB. made ofC. composed ofD. constituted of6. A. personalitiesB. propertiesC. preferencesD. perceptions/ perceive)7.A.

19、commonB. ordinaryC. averageD. nonprofessional8. A. in allB. at timesC. for goodD. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencingB. exchangingC. excludingD. extending10. A. in spite of=despiteB. in favor ofC. instead ofD. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese. 1. For English is a ki

20、ller. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to t

21、he three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. that their long-term future must be considered. very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。英语对现存的凯尔特语爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。2. He also as

22、sociated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly white English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least toleratedand certain

23、ly have not opposedthe hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3. By and large, we now view them

24、as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没

25、有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 4. Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂

26、且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势，例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 5. English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语

27、言，在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the worlds lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处,同时尽能避免招来灾难。 VOCABULARY ITEMS1.sizable: adj. fairly large相当大的2. virtua

28、lly: adv. almost but not quite; nearly几乎，差不多; virture3. constitute: v. to amount to; equal形成，等同于4. aggrandis(z)ment: n. increase in power or importance 扩张，增加, expansion5. predominantly: adv. mostly or mainly卓越地，支配地，主要地president, dominate(v)6. default: n. failure to do sth.疏忽, default value.7. hegemo

29、nic: adj. of the predominant influence of one nation over others 霸权的8. benign: adj. tending to exert a beneficial influence; favorable有利的9. dispassionately: adv. calmly; reasonably平心静气地，不带偏见地10. verdict: n. decision or opinion given after testing or examining判断，裁决, verify 11. straightforward: adj. p

30、lain; clear明确的，清清楚楚的, 12. aboriginal: adj. of races of people belonging to a region from the earliest times土著的, a man of humble origin13. adversely: adv. unfavorably不利地14. indigenous: adj. native; originating in an area本土的，土生土长15. endanger: v. to cause to be in a dangerous situation危害 endangered: ad

31、j. in danger of being damaged or destroyed濒于灭绝的16. apparatus: n. structure or method of operation组织，机构17. descent: n. hereditary derivation血统，遗传, ascenddescend (v)18. apartheid: adj. racial separateness种族隔离19. regime: n. system of government or rule政权20. vernacular: adj. native; commonly spoken by t

32、he members of a country or region本国语的，方言的21. invoke: v. to make a particular idea, image, or feeling appear in peoples minds引起, 造成; 22. point up to: emphasize强调, stress; point out23. take in: to include包括24. for good or (for) ill: whether the effect of a situation is good or harmful无论好坏25. by and la

33、rge: on the whole, generally总的来说，大体上; (be) at large.26. die out: to become extinct死光，绝种27. lay(put) sth at the door of.: to blame (sb. or sth.) for sth 归咎于28. leave aside: put aside, to make no discussion of a subject不谈论，把话题搁置一边, put away29. crystal clear: absolutely clear非常清楚的，显而易见的, obvious, appar

34、entLesson 2II. VocabularyChoose the best word from the four choices given to complete each of the following sentences. 1. It was a(n) _ task, Sybille recalled, because it was really the first big party Laura had given in her life.A. ridiculousB. rigorousC. accountableD. Mammoth巨大的2. About one-third

35、of the adult homeless are _ mentally ill, and about half are alcoholic or abuse drugs.A. chronicallyB. sparselyC. adequatelyD. individually3. We spent a wonderful day at her home, and all the guests were well _.A. implementedB. acknowledged C. contendedD. accommodated4. Compared to voter participati

36、on rates of citizens in other democracies, participation in American elections is low; slightly more than 50 percent of those _ participate in national presidential elections.A. feasible/ practicableB. availableC. eligibleD. accessible5. I can only reduce the painful uncertainty and _ of those first

37、 few days by learning relevant information quickly.A. swampB. bewilderment C. chronicleD. publicity6. The _ in the 1960s and early 1970s were marked by protest and violence on college campuses over United States involvement in the war in VietnamA. exodusB. optionC. Turmoil骚动 暴乱D. squeeze7. Non-nucle

38、ar Weapons Agreements signed in 1972 restricted or eliminated the production and use of biological and chemical weapons. It also _ destruction of existing stocks of weapons by the year 2005.A. mandated/ orderedB. advocatedC. seizedD. banned8. Nor am I suggesting that black children are somehow lingu

39、istically_,or unable to separate standard English.A. deficientB. demandingC. laggedD. accelerated9. When twelve women who_ to be virgins were found, only two would swear an oath to that effect, but the executors decided to take the womens word for it.A. deemedB. tutoredC. professedD. donated10. Pess

40、imism has prevailed for some time, and now the economic optimism is back on the road.A. chartB. coreC. statuteD. Bandwagon流行B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Useeach word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.let alonewind updraw lots

41、vowweighin a rowbail outhop onloftybrief1. Only I dont know how I should set about finding a home, let alone one that she would be happy in.2. The players alternate between the white and black pieces anddraw lots to determine who plays white in todays first game.3. Three negative reportsin a row wou

42、ld be a strong indication that the disease had been arrested.4. But it was now three oclock in the morning and the debate was quickly wound up with the money being voted for the site and foundations.5. It argues that even though the Italian authorities may no longer bail out(舀出, 跳伞) any old bank tha

43、t gets into trouble, the likelihood of government support for big banks has not changed enough to affect its ratings.6. A very lazy way to spend a day in the sun, is to buy a day ticket and hop on and off the boats and in and out of the many cafes and restaurants dotted around the lake.7. They wont

44、quit. They vow to fight the system in court, if necessary.8. You have to be careful andweigh the advantages of their appearance against the disadvantages of their potential to distract from the message.9. But while their leaders considered these lofty goals, the partys bureaucrats had more immediate

45、 problems on their handsthe prospect of unemployment.10. Im well briefed on the subject, this isnt my own knowledge.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the for

46、m if necessary. in response tolive withreassuremattergiven (if consideration is given to sth.)predictorrankby contrast/ compare withall but (except)generation When our daughter went to public school, she came home talking about the subjects she was taught at school and we learned to 1 live with her

47、courses. But then, one evening when she was in eighth grade, I saw her using a calculator to compute ten percent of 470. I asked her, Are the other kids this(so) dumb(dull)? My straight-A child 2 reassure me: Oh, they are much dumber.That night I began researching math education and the educational

48、reform. 3 Given what I learned, it didnt surprise me that the United States 4 ranked only 28th among 41 nations surveyed in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. With new and untested theory of the educational reform, todays U. S. math educators have all but 5 eliminated numbers. Th

49、ey are creating a 6 generation of mathematical fools.The problem is the textbooks. I thought my daughters math book was her social-science text. It has color photos, essays on African tribes and questions such as What role should zoos play in todays society? By contrast 7 the Japanese, who ranked th

50、ird in the international survey, have texts all about math.My daughters textbook and others like it were created 8 in response to standards developed by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. The idea behind the standards is that a conceptual understanding of math, not problems and practic

51、e, is what matters9. These standards fail to recognize that the memorization of basic math facts is an important skill and 10 predictor of future success.IV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. Early 2002, President Bush signed the mammoth No Child Left Behind Act, vowing to free chil

52、dren trapped in schools that will not change and will not teach. Now, students in 8, 652 chronically Low-performing schools announced by the U. S. Department of Education July 1, 2002 must weigh whether to jump ship in the next few dayswhile school districts scramble to accommodate thousands of stud

53、ents eligible to seize that option.2002年初布什总统签署了一项不让一个孩子落后的重大法案，誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来。2002年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8,652所学校被列为“长期教学质量低下”的学校，现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否要转学,同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。 2. But the immediate impact for many principals, teachers, and students struggling in the ed

54、ucational trenches is bewildermentand turmoil. The law, they contend, sets lofty standards without telling school districts how to reach them.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。 3. We need to be accountable to our public, but we need to look at all the

55、measurements.“我们要对公众负责，但是我们也需要看看该法案提出的方法是否切实可行。” 4. Schools are deemed deficient if they fail to show adequate yearly improvement on state proficiency tests for two years in a row. But theres no federal master list of poor performers that parents can consult. Instead, the government requires states

56、to identify individual laggards and break out scores by race and income. Few have stampeded to publish user-friendly rosters, something the new law also mandates.一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州

57、要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。 5. Implementation is going to be messy, acknowledges Under Secretary of Education Eugene Hickok, the former Pennsylvania school chief, adding that states shouldnt profess surprise. Education Secretary Rod Paige has briefed superintendents and spoken nationwide ab

58、out the reforms. And even if theres not a whole lot of room for a whole lot of choice yet in cities like New York or Chicago, says Hickok, the laws the law.教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长Rod Paige已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说,即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但

59、“法律就是法律”。 6. Its easy to bail out and hop on someone elses bandwagon, says Wooten. But we have the potential to be great, just like everyone else in this nation. Why dont we create our own bandwagon?Wooten说：“人很容易放弃自我,而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？” Lesson 3II. VocabularyRead the foll

60、owing sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. Traditionally it is a peaceful event, without confrontation between police and what they describe as the hippy convoy.A. connectionB. exchangeC. fightD. interaction2. Tom Landry i