跨文化交际实训全套课件

1、跨文化交际实训全套课件跨文化交际实训全套课件 Chapter 1 Culture, Communication & Intercultural CommunicationLearning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able todefine culture, communication and intercultural communicationdescribe the characteristics of culture, elements and types of Communicationunderstand the import

2、ance of intercultural communication and intercultural business communication Chapter 1 What are the major differences between Chinese and western culture?Use some examples to explain intercultural communication. Warm-upWhat are the major differencesI. Culture 文化 Definitions of Culture文化的定义according

3、to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. from anthropologic perspective, culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people.” culture is really difficult to define be

4、cause it is a large and inclusive concept. But the only requirement for being cultured is to be human. Culture is what distinguishes human beings from animals. I. Culture 文化 Definitions of CI. Culture 文化 Metaphors in Culture 文化中的隐喻The Culture Iceberg 文化冰山The Culture Onion 文化洋葱 I. Culture 文化 Metaphor

5、s in CulI. Culture 文化 Characteristics of Culture 文化的特点Culture is shared Culture is learned Culture is based on symbols Culture is dynamic I. Culture 文化 Characteristics Key TermsGuatemalan weaving 危地马拉的编织 危地马拉是古代玛雅文化中心之一。1523年沦为西班牙的殖民地，1821年摆脱殖民统治，宣布独立。1823年加入中美洲联邦，1839年成立共和国。危地马拉人主要从事农业，种植玉米、咖啡、香蕉、豆

6、类、辣椒、西红柿、棉花等。在太平洋沿岸的种植园里资本主义农业有了发展。棉纺、 丝纺、 编织、制陶、皮革等手工业较发达。农民的住房一般系用土坯或树枝搭盖的窝棚。食物以玉米面饼为主。白人和印欧混血种人穿欧式服装，印第安人穿传统服装。条纹花布长裙和带鲜艳刺绣的短上衣是印第安妇女的主要服装。印第安人的文化具有古代玛雅文化的一系列特征。Key TermsGuatemalan weaving 危地GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryUse examples to explain the metaphor “Culture Iceberg” and

7、 “Culture Onion”.2. It is said that grammatical mistakes can be accepted, but cultural mistakes will cause trouble. Can you use examples to explain why cultural mistakes could be troublesome? Comprehension QuestionsComprehension QuestionsII. Communication 交际 Definitions of Communication 交际的定义General

8、ly speaking, communication can be defined as a dynamic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages.II. Communication 交际 DefinitioII. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型 Verbal Communication 语言交流 II. Communication 交际 Types of II. Commun

9、ication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型 Non-Verbal Communication 非语言交流 II. Communication 交际 Types of II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型 Written Communication 书面交流II. Communication 交际 Types of II. Communication 交际 Types of Communication 交际的类型 Visual communication 视觉交流 II. Communication

10、 交际 Types of II. Communication 交际 Communication and Culture 交际与文化 cultures are created through communicationculture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture II. Communication 交际 CommunicaKey Ter

11、msSMS 短消息服务 Short Messaging Service短消息服务，这个术语最早出现在80年代初期，但一直到了90年代早期才开始进入商用市场，并且一直到99年，该业务才在世界各国迅速蔓延，并持续爆炸性的增长趋势，它可以通过手机等移动设备发送文本型消息。Key TermsSMS 短消息服务GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryComprehension Questions1.What is the major challenge facing effective communication in interpersonal encounter?2.Do y

12、ou think that understanding is a measure of communicative success? Comprehension Questions1.What III. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Definitions of Intercultural Communication跨文化交际的定义Edward T. Hall simply defines intercultural communication as communication between persons of different cultures.H

13、u Wenzhong, a well-known professor of intercultural communication in China, defines intercultural communication as communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式Intracu

14、ltural Communication 同文化交际III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式Interethnic Communication 跨种族交际III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Forms of Intercultural communication 跨文化交际的形式Interracial Com

15、munication 跨人种交际III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍Language 语言 * Slang * Dialects * AccentsIII. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍Modern Tec

16、hnology 现代技术 * E-mail * SMS Text Messaging * Video Conferencing / Teleconferencing III. Intercultural CommunicatiIII. Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际 Barriers to Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际的障碍Behavior and Mindset 行为和精神 * Anxiety * Discomfort * Fear of the Unknown * Prejudice and Stereotyping

17、 * Perceived Cultural Superiority or Ethnocentrism * Discrimination = Racial, Sexual, EducationalIII. Intercultural CommunicatiKey Termsthe wandering nomads 游牧民族 游牧是指终年随水草转移进行游动放牧的一种粗放的草原畜牧业经营方式。牧民长期无固定住所，过着逐水草而居的生活，生产设备相当简陋，经营非常粗放，基本处于靠天养草和靠天养畜的落后状态。游牧民族指的是以游牧为主要生活方式的民族。广义上的游牧民族指的是居无定所的流浪民族，包括草原民族和

18、海洋民族。Key Termsthe wandering nomads Key Termsreligious missionaries 传教士 传教士，亦叫作宣教師或宣教士，是坚定地信仰宗教，并且远行向不信仰宗教的人们传播宗教的修道者。虽然有些宗教，如日本神道教，很少到处传播自己的信仰，但大部分宗教使用传教士来扩散它的影响。虽然任何宗教都可能送出传教士，一般传教士这个词是指基督教的宣教師。实际上佛教是最早大规模传教的宗教，沿着丝绸之路送出它的信仰。Key Termsreligious missionarieGlossaryGlossaryComprehension Questions1. Wha

19、t is intercultural communication? 2. What are the forms of intercultural communication?Comprehension QuestionsIV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际The Research of intercultural Business Communication 对跨文化商务交际的研究most of the intercultural communication relevant to ernational/int

20、ercultural business literature does not focus on communication.another focal point of intercultural communication research is individualism vs. collectivism and the impact of the relationship on the functioning of society IV. Intercultural Business ComIV. Intercultural Business Communication 跨文化商务交际

21、The Importance of Learning Intercultural Business Communication 学习跨文化交际的重要性 Intercultural communication skills are essential for businesspersons in todays market the increase in globalization in the last few decadeseconomic globalization IV. Intercultural Business ComKey Termsindividualism 个人主义 中国幸福

22、学认为，人的本性是不满足，不满足就是指人们都希望我或者我们的事物更好。爱国主义其实就是人们不满足本性的一种表现形式，所以，个人主义就是每个人都希望我的事物更好的信仰或理念。 collectivism 集体主义 指一切言行以合乎无产阶级及其广大人民群众集体利益为根本出发点的思想。集体主义是共产主义道德的核心，是社会主义精神文明的重要标志。它同资产阶级个人主义是根本对立的，是共产主义道德区别于一切旧道德的本质特征。Key Termsindividualism 个人主义GlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsHow was the study of interc

23、ultural business communication？2.Why do we should learn intercultural business communication?Comprehension QuestionsCase AnalysisCase 1Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to exp

24、ress my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phils apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didnt let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disap

25、pointment and puzzlement. Questions for Discussion1. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone.Case AnalysisCase 1Phil is myCase AnalysisCase 2Mr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program Dialogue of how h

26、e once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. To his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could d

27、o that to him as he gave such great attention to his job. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. He then found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust. But Mr. W

28、ang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee.Case AnalysisCase 2Mr. Wang, Case AnalysisCase 2Questions for Discussion1. Why does the Canadian employee turn in his resignation?2. What

29、 kind of response will a Chinese employee have if a boss showed great concern for him or her? 3. What are the reasons of this communication barrier? Case AnalysisCase 2Questions Case AnalysisCase 3In exchange for some U.S.-controlled land in West Germany, the German government agreed to construct a

30、new facility at another military installation controlled by the U.S. Army. After the preliminary drawings were completed, a meeting was held with the German and American engineers and one translator repeated the question in English; the Americans question was then translated back into German.A Germa

31、n asked a question about the maximum distance allowed between two points that he had indicated in the drawing. The question was translated, and an American engineer quickly raised his hand with his index finger pointing upward and answered “one meter.” Case AnalysisCase 3In exchangCase AnalysisCase

32、3The translator, thinking no translation was necessary, remained silent. The German engineers wrote two meters in their notes; the American wrote one meter. (The Germans, when using fingers to show a number, begin counting with the thumb as number one; therefore, the index finger, being the second f

33、inger from the thumb, represents the number two.)(Source: Chery1 Hamilton, Communication for results: A Guide for Business and the Professions, 4thed, California, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993, p9 )Questions for Discussion1. Why did the translator think no translation was necessary when an Amer

34、ican engineer answered “one meter”?2. Does the index finger represent the same number in America and Germany?3. Can you use this example to explain that encoding and decoding is the area where miscommunication takes place?Case AnalysisCase 3The translPracticeTask 1Insert the phrase “intercultural /

35、cross-cultural communication” into a search engine on the internet and report to your group what you can find out about the studies of intercultural communication both at home and abroad.Task 2Clip a story from the local newspaper that is related to some aspect of intercultural communication such as

36、 problems encountered by persons of other cultures in the acculturation process or problems between subgroups; give a short report to the class.Task 3Write a oneproposal for improving relationships between U.S. students and students from other cultures in your school.PracticeTask 1PracticeTask 4In s

37、mall groups, play a word-association game. You instructor will compose a list of potentially culture-bound words such as motherland, freedom, etc, and then say the words one at a time. Write down the first thing that comes into your mind as you hear each word. Compare your reactions. Are there any m

38、ajor differences within the group? Discuss them. Then compare your answers with the entire class and discuss. Practice Chapter 2 Verbal Communication Learning ObjectivesIn this chapter, you should be able toUnderstand some commonly observed differences between English and Chinese verbal communicatio

39、n.Learn to make cross-cultural comparisons and analysis in the following aspects: Cultural differences on lexical semantics level Cultural differences on pragmatic levelLearn to carry out oral communication. Learn to carry out written communication. Chapter 2 How do people carry out their communicat

40、ion?What is verbal communication?What do plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum stand for in Chinese? Do they have the same meanings in English?How many terms do you know when you express thanks in Chinese?What topics do you think is appropriate when you first meet a foreigner from America?

41、Warm-upHow do people carry out their I. Verbal Communication 言语交际Language and culture 语言和文化I. Verbal Communication 言语交际LaI. Verbal Communication 言语交际High-context and Low-context language 高语境和低语境语言I. Verbal Communication 言语交际HiI. Verbal Communication 言语交际I. Verbal Communication 言语交际I. Verbal Communic

42、ation 言语交际The Relationship Between Language and Culture 语言与文化的关系 Language and culture are like a living organism. Language is flesh, while culture is blood. Without culture, language would be dead; without language, culture would have no shape. Language and culture are like an iceberg. The language

43、is the part above water while the greater part which is hidden beneath the surface is the invisible aspect of culture.I. Verbal Communication 言语交际ThI. Verbal Communication 言语交际Cultural difference on lexical semantics level 词汇语义学层面上的文化差异Cultural differences in denotative meaningCultural differences i

44、n connotative meanings I. Verbal Communication 言语交际CuI. Verbal Communication 言语交际Cultural difference on pragmatics level 语用学层面上的文化差异Addressing people Showing gratitude Being modest I. Verbal Communication 言语交际CuKey Termslexical meaning 词汇意义 词汇意义错综复杂，具体表现在其多样性、层次性和可变性。它不仅涉及到词自身的含义，还涉及到词与词之间的关系，也涉及到词与

45、外部世界的关系。词汇语用学研究者认为要以语境为基础动态地研究词语的语用意义。对词汇意义的解释、使用和理解不仅仅是一个语言问题，更是一个语用与认知的问题。Key Termslexical meaning 词汇意义Key TermsHigh-context culture 高语境文化 高语境文化是指，在传播过程中，绝大部分信息或者已经存在于传播双方的物质语境中，或者已经内化于个人内心，而极少存在于双方所运用的语言和信息之中，换言之，语言和信息是模糊而不充分；高语境文化强调含蓄,重视交流双方的互动。Key TermsHigh-context culture Key TermsLow-context

46、culture 低语境文化 “低语境文化”正好相反，即在传播过程中，沟通交流双方主要依赖他们所运用的语言，换言之，语言和信息是清晰而充分的。 举例而言，对于朝夕相处的家庭成员来说，长期共同生活使他们形成了许多默契，因此，他们在交流中，直接通过语言或动作来表达的成分较少，更多的内容，存在于由双方共同生活体验形成的心灵感应；而两个初次见面陌生人的交流，却要花费更多的口舌。denotation 字面意义connotation 隐含意义Key TermsLow-context culture 低GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryWhat are some of the h

47、elpful factors for developing the topic and what are some of the major obstacles? 2. What is the relationship between language and culture? Try to offer two or three examples in your discussion.3. Use one or two examples to clarify your understanding of cultural differences in denotative meaning. Co

48、mprehension QuestionsComprehension QuestionsComprehension Questions4. Use one or two examples to clarify your understanding of Cultural differences in connotative meanings.5. Chinese people like being modest. How do you explain this phenomenon? Comprehension Questions4. Use II. Oral Communication 口头

49、交际 General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another culture include ：Avoid discussing politics or religion unless the other person initiates the discussion. Avoid highly personal questions including “What do you do?”Conversation taboos 谈话禁忌II. Oral Communication 口头交际 II. Oral C

50、ommunication 口头交际Keep the conversation positive. Avoid asking questions that would imply criticisms; phrase questions so they can be answered in a positive manner.Avoid telling ethnic jokes because of the possibility of offending someone.II. Oral Communication 口头交际KeeII. Oral Communication 口头交际Count

51、ry Appropriate Topics Topics to avoid Country Appropriate Topics Topics to avoid II. Oral Communication 口头交际CouII. Oral Communication 口头交际Making Telephone Calls 打电话 Country ways of beginning the call llII. Oral Communication 口头交际MakKey TermsConversation taboos 谈话禁忌 谈话禁忌作为一定社会的文化现象,其背后所依托的是一个民族深厚的文化蕴

52、藏。文化的所指极其广泛,人类所创造的所有的物质文明和精神文明均属文化之列。人们在日常交际中并不是可以涉及任何话题,也不是可以随便地使用语言系统中的任何词汇。在一定的文化中,参与交际的人们都会不约而同地对某些话题和语言系统中某些词汇表现出“回避”行为。人们不愿、不能或不敢随便谈论那些话题或使用那些词汇。于是,语言中便出现了诸如此类的禁忌现象。 Key TermsConversation taboos Key Terms 英语中有些禁忌和汉语是一致的,但由于中西方的历史发展状况、社会制度和价值观念等方面的差异,也使语言禁忌的内容和形式在许多方面存有不同。了解并掌握一些谈话禁忌可以保证交际的顺利进行

53、。Key Terms 英语中有些禁忌和汉语是一致Key Terms personal questions 私人问题 西方人非常注重个人隐私权。在日常交谈中，大家一般不会涉及对方的“私人问题”。这些私人问题包括：年龄、婚姻状况、收入、工作、住所、经历、宗教信仰、选举等。同时，人们还特别注重个人的私人生活空间。别人房间里的壁橱、桌子、抽屉，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不应随便乱动、乱翻(如果需要借用别人物品，必须得到对方的许可)。假如别人在阅读或写作，也不能从背后去看对方阅读和写作的内容，即使对方只是在阅读报纸或杂志。Key Terms Key Terms 空间距离上也很在意。即使在公共场所

54、，大家都十分自觉地为对方留出一定私人空间。比如，排队的时候他们总是习惯和别人保持1米以上的距离。 我们的个人隐私观念比较淡薄。特别是在亲朋好友之间，大家喜欢不分你我，共同分享对方的私人生活。另外，长者往往可以随意问及晚辈的私人生活，以显示关心。 Key Terms 空间距离上也很在意。即使在公共GlossaryGlossaryGlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsGive examples of conversation taboos in your home or group of friends.2. Describe both your succe

55、ssful and unsuccessful experience in carrying out conversations or talks with foreigners. What are some of the helpful factors for developing the topic and what are some of the major obstacles?3. Why do we say being a good listener can facilitate communication?Comprehension QuestionsGive exIII. Writ

56、ten Communication 书面交际Business letters 商务信函 Elements in business lettersInstructions in writing business lettersTypes of business letters III. Written Communication 书面交III. Written Communication 书面交际Resume 简历 United States Great BritainCanadaAustraliaIII. Written Communication 书面交Key TermsBusiness l

57、etters 商务信函 书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函（Business Letter or Official Correspondence）和私人信件（Private Letter）两大类。需要注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：发信人地址及相关信息、写信日期、主题、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。Key TermsBusiness letters 商务信Key Termsdangling participles

58、 垂悬分词 一般的分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，如果没有，就称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。例如，在“Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton. ”句子中的“Sitting under an apple tree”就是垂悬分词。 Key Termsdangling participles Key Termsresume 简历，顾名思义，就是对个人学历、经历、特长、爱好及其它有关情况所作的简明扼要的书面介绍。简历是个人形象，包括资历与能力的书面

59、表述，对于求职者而言，是必不可少的一种应用文。Key TermsresumeKey Termsletter of application 求职信是商业信函，同向“客户”发出的其它信函一样，要求规范、专业，足以吸引招聘者的目光，说服他去看你的简历以获得更多信息。它不同于可以一稿多投的简历，求职信必须量身定做。要针对不同企业、不同职位，在内容和风格上稍做调整，有所侧重，让招聘者觉得求职者的工作经历和综合素质与应聘职位完全吻合或非常接近，并且期望从简历中得到更加肯定的答案以便安排面试。某种程度上来讲，求职信来源于简历，又高于简历，具有对简历内容进行综合介绍、补充说明和深入扩展的作用。Key Term

60、sletter of applicationGlossaryGlossaryComprehension QuestionsHow many parts does a business letter usually have? And what are they?2. What are the differences between a resume and a letter of application?3. Does an applicant need to enclose a copy of his or her photographs when he or she applies for