英语论文分析学习-第2节-literature-review课件

1、introduction1. Establish the topic2. Literature review3.Investigation needs (Gap)4. Purpose of the research 5.Value of the research (optional)6.Outline of the research (optional)introduction1. Establish the tLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsChronological orderMethodologica

2、l orderThematic orderHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionDefinition&functionStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to

3、 cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionDefinitionPurposeFunctionPositionLengthnameStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbDefinition:What is a literature review a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. di

4、ssertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory(来源）Provide a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. （作法）Purpose: offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.（目的）Definition:What is a literaturPurpose: Why do yo

5、u need to review the literature for your thesis ?Literature reviewTo justify your choice of research question To establish the importance of the topicTo provide background information needed to understand the studyTo show you are familiar with significant , up-to-date research relevant to the topicT

6、o establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing knowledge in your fieldPurpose: Why do you need to rFunction: of a review of the literature Literature review functions toPlace each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under reviewDe

7、scribe the relationship of each work to the others under considerationIdentify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous researchPoint the way forward for further researchPlace ones original work in the context of existing literatureFunction: of a review of the lPosition: Where

8、to find literature review?Practice: Study the samples -Within the Introduction section, part of a introduction (our focus).-separate section, following the Introduction.-separate section, end of the paper. -literature review as a paper. 4 positionsPosition: Where to find literaLength of a literature

9、 review they constitute a section of the paper. Several sentencesOne or two paragraphsA complete chapter（章节） for doctors degreeSometimes a literature review is written as a paper in itself.Length of a literature review Different names for literature review:Literature reviewRelated workBackgroundDiff

10、erent names for literatureLiterature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconclusionDefinition&functionStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbpractice:Read the sample,

11、and decide1)the location of literature review, 2) how can you divide the structure of a literature review?practice:1)There has been extensive research on modeling of laser material processing, including a number of studies focused on laser drilling. generalized statement Transitional sentence, from

12、topic to literature review1)There has been extensive resIt would thus appear that there have been no publications in the open literature detailing full three-dimensional modelling of the laser drilling of (anisotropic) fibre composite materials, with or without relative beam-specimen motion during i

13、rradiation. Conclusion: move from literature review to gapIt would thus appear that therStructure of a literature reviewIntroduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review/overview, transitional sentence from topic Body: your discussion of sources Conclusions/Recommendations: Disc

14、uss what you have drawn from reviewing literature /towards gap Structure of a literature reviStructure of a literature reviewIntroduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review/overview, transitional sentence from topic Body: your discussion of sources Conclusions/Recommendations:

15、 Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature /move to gap Structure of a literature revi英语论文分析学习_第2节_literature_review课件Literature reviewintroductionbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseconcl

16、usionDefinition&functionStructure interpretationLiterature reviewintroductionbbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to org

17、anize the reviewOrganising the bodyCommon text structures( a single passage):Problem and solutionCause and effectComparison and contrastAdvantages and disadvantagesOrder and sequenceDefinition and classificationOrganising the bodyCommon text4.1 Organizing the body Is there any typical patterns in th

18、e organization of a literature review?practice:Study example 1, and decide which approach is used4.1 Organizing the body Is t4.1 Analysis on example 1example 1:structured chronologically,4.1 Analysis on example 1exampChronological:According to when the reviews were published. E.g: history of enginee

19、ringProblem: just a timeline, no synthesisChronological:Chronological:- By publication: only if the order demonstrates a more important trend. E.g: development of situational approach-By trend: to exam the sources under different trend E.g: criteria of speech communityA better way Chronological:Exam

20、ple2:Free generalized thermoelastic waves have been considered in isotropic media by Puri(1973; 1975), Agarwal(1979), and Tao and Prevost(1984). The interaction of generalized thermoelastic waves with anisotropic media was studied by Banerjee and Pao(1974), and Sharma et al.(1986;1989)Guided waves w

21、ere considered by several researchers. Nayfeh and Nemat(1971), Sinha(1975) studied thermoelastic Rayleigh waves. Harinath et al. (1976) studied Stonely-type waves. Mondal et al.(1973), Massalas (1986) considered the propagation of generalized thermoelastic waves in thin plates. Erby and Sunhubi(1986

22、) studied the problem of longitudinal waves in a circular rod. In contrast, little work has been conducted on thermoelastic waves in layered/or composite media. Sve(1971) used the classical theory of thermoelasticity treat obliquely travelling waves in a bilaminated isotropic medium. His analysis wa

23、s conducted by using potential functions. The results were given in the form of an exact dispersion relation resulting from the vanishing of a selfthorder determinant. Example2:4.1 Analysis on example2A methodological approach the focusing factor usually does not have to do with the content of the m

24、aterial. Instead, it focuses on the “methods” of the researcher or writer. 4.1 Analysis on example2A methMethodological orderFree generalized thermo elastic wavesGuided wavesMethodological orderFree generIn example2, the studies are divided into 2 categories1.Free generalized thermo elastic waves2.

25、Guided wavesIn each category, chronological order is adopted respectively. Thus, a combination of different approach is common. In example2, the studies are dChronological order within Methodological orderChronological order within Metmaterial on HEV (hybrid electric vehicle): cultural, social, tech

26、nological issues.Hybrid electric vehicleCultural issuesTechnological issuesSocial issuesmaterial on HEV (hybrid electrThematic:Reviews are organized around a topic or issue, rather than progression of time.Progression of time still important factor;More authentic thematic approach: break away from c

27、hronological order;Thematic:Difference between “chronological” and “thematic”: what is emphasized the most.E.g: the development of HEV HEV technologyDifference between “chronologiSummary organizing the bodyChronological-By publication -By trendThematic-A structure which considers different themesMet

28、hodological-Focuses on the methods of the researcher, Summary organizing the bodyCh4.1 Organizing the bodypractice:Study the sample and decide 1. how many pieces of literature are reviewed?2.which approach(es)/order is used 3.draw a chart to indicate their relationships if you can. 4.1 Organizing th

29、e bodypracticPractice: samplePractice: sample4)Early work by Chan and Mazumder 2 involved a one-dimensional steady state finite difference method (FDM) model of laser-specimen interactions. 7)A number of models have been developed based on the finite element method (FEM). 14)A one-dimensional FDM mo

30、del was developed by Boley and Early 7, oriented towards the effects of the plasma state on the heat transfer. different methods/approach4)Early work by Chan and Mazum4)Early work by Chan and Mazumder 2 involved a one-dimensional steady state finite difference method (FDM) model of laser-specimen in

31、teractions. Semi-empirical relationships. have been given by von Allman 3.A more rigorous treatment of melt expulsion has been presented recently by Ganesh et al. 4 Different trend 4)Early work by Chan and MazumA number of models have been developed based on the finite element method (FEM). 8)Kim et

32、 al. 5 developed a two-dimensional FEM model for laser cutting, using a continuous wave (CW) laser beam with a Gaussian energy flux distribution 10)Similar work was done by Yu 6, who developed a three-dimensional FEM model. Compare the similarityA number of models have been d14)A one-dimensional FDM

33、 model was developed by Boley and Early 7, oriented towards the effects of the plasma state on the heat transfer. 18)A one-dimensional FDM model for laser drilling of fibre composites was proposed by Tagliaferri et al. 8. general to specific 14)A one-dimensional FDM modelChart indicating the relatio

34、nshipsModels of laser material processingFDM by ChanFEMFDM by BoleyKimVon AllmanGaneshYuTagliaferriChart indicating the relationsbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretat

35、ion of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewReporting wordsReporting verbs or expressions are used to report on what other authors have done: whether they have made claims, argued a case, established findings, drawn conclusions, etc. Note the differences in these verbs: your c

36、hoice of word will reveal to your reader your attitude toward the status of the authors theories/research; it will also indicate whether or not you consider her/his claims to be substantiated.Reporting wordsReporting verbsReporting wordsGroup 1 Authors argument (author making a point to develop or j

37、ustify his/her argument)Group 2 Authors emphasis (author drawing readers attention to a particular point)Group 3 Authors references to other authors (author positioning him/herself against other authors)Group 4 Authors omissions (author not fully arguing a point)Group 5 Authors admissions (author co

38、nceding a point of potential weakness)Reporting wordsGroup 1 AuthorPractice: see sample analysisPractice: see sample analysisKeys to reporting verbsAccount for 1 Acknowledge5Argue1 Assume4Challenge3Claim1Contend1Dispute3Draw attention to2Emphasise2Establish1Find1Focus on2Hold the view1Insist2Maintai

39、n1Note2Observe2Point out2Propose1Prove1Recognise5Recommend1Reiterate2Reject3Remark2Stress2Suggest1Support3Take for granted4Underline2Keys to reporting verbsAccountPractice:Read example1 again, and try to find words signaling your personal evaluation. Practice:4.1 Example 1The situational approach wa

40、s very much a product of the 1960s, one of its pioneering achievements being Neile Osmans work with Australian immigrants (Osman, 1959). As a movement, however, it did not really survive the attack made on it by Wilkins in the early 70s (e.g. Wilkins, 1973). Wilkins main objection therefore is that

41、the situational approach is superficial. . Widdowson, for instance, observes that The danger of such analysis is that . Recent work by Ventola (1983; 1984), Martin (1985), Coupland (1983) and others opts for . Current trends are towards reconstructing accounts that include.Speech community has been

42、an evolving concept . and the variety of . criteria has been discussed by Hudson (1980), Saville-Troike (1982) and especially by Braithwaite (1984). At the outset, a speech community was seen as being composed of those who share similar linguistic rules (Bloomfield, 1933) . Later, Labov will emphasi

43、ze shared norms . (Labov, 1966:7). Finally, there are those such as Hymes who argue for multiple criteria.4.1 Example 1The situational ahowever, it did not really survive the attack made on it by Wilkins in the early 70s (e.g. Wilkins, 1973). Wilkins main objection therefore is that-contrastbeing co

44、mposed of those who share similar linguistic rules (Bloomfield, 1933) . Later, Labov will emphasize shared norms . (Labov, 1966:7). Finally, there are those such as Hymes who argue for multiple criteria.-comparehowever, it did not really sur4.1 Analysis on example 1example 1:its real achievement (as

45、 well as covering a great deal of ground very concisely) is to compare and contrast a number of scholars, applying a clear and consistent personal perspective.4.1 Analysis on example 1exampbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent cit

46、ationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the reviewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretatio

47、n of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewCiting previous researchTry to compare and find out the difference between the two sentences:Example 1a: For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger e

48、t al., 1974).Example 1b: Boger et al (1974) claim that for viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important.Citing previous researchTry tCiting previous researchexample1a. Information prominent citation-资料导向引述-研究领域的一般描述Example1b. A

49、uthor-prominent citation作者导向引述-多作者导向，-论文作者导向Citing previous researchexampInformation-prominent citation资料导向引述Information is given primary importanceExample 1: For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger et al., 1974

50、).“句子的主语是作者要讨论的主题Information-prominent citation资料导向引述的两种格式Example1: in some climates, control of house dust mite allergen loads has been found to be possible by seasonal regulation of indoor relative humidity 2.参考文献的序号放在括号内，该序号是指参考文献在论文末尾参考文献目录中的序号Example2：this hypothesis is supported by cell morpho

51、logy results in studies of myalgic trapezius muscle (Larsson et al.,1988; Kadi et al.,1998).参考文献的作者的姓氏有出版年代置于句末的括号内资料导向引述的两种格式Example1: in some cCiting previous researchTry to compare and find out the difference between the two sentences:Example 1a: For viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time

52、-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important (Boger et al., 1974).Example 1b: Boger et al (1974) claim that for viscoelastic fluids, the behaviour of the time-dependent stresses in the transient shear flows is also very important.Citing previous researchTry tauthor-promine

53、nt citationBoger et al (1974) claim that . the authors name is given more emphasis. It serves as the subject of the sentence, followed by the date or citation number in parentheses（括号）, and then by the information. Such citations can be either strong or weak, depending on how much emphasis is placed

54、 on the identity of the authorauthor-prominent citationBogerExample 2: Close (1983) developed a simplified theory using an analogy between heat and mass transfer and the equivalent heat transfer only case. example 3: Several authors have suggested that automated testing should be more readily accept

55、ed (Balcer, 1989; Stahl, 1989; Carver and Tai, 1991). Example2：strong,作者导向引述Example3: weak，多作者导向引述Example 2: Close (1983) deve多作者导向引述的句型Example:1.Many researchers have studied the fast decoupled continuation power flows(3,4,5).2. The effects of devices such as VDTs have been studied by several autho

56、rs (Brown, 1982;Forman, 1986;McGee, 1988)多作者导向引述的句型Example:Practice: read the sample, and decide which are information/author dominant citation and summarize the use of tenses时态：现在完成时语态：主动语态或是被动语态Practice: read the sample, andbodyHow to organize the reviewsHow to evaluate each workHow to cite the re

57、viewsInformation/author prominent citationQuotation/paraphraseInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewInterpretation of reviewbodyHow to organize the reviewParaphrase or quotation?You will need to introduce the work of others to your reader, and you can do this in different ways. You can:dir

58、ectly quote the words of other researchers, making sure you integrate the quote properly, 直接引用paraphrase other researchers ideas by expressing the ideas in your own words，意译Paraphrase or quotation?You wExample1:According to Kim(1999), “the WTO still has many obstacles to overcome, particularly decis

59、ion-making process.”- direct quotationExample2:According to Kim(1999), the WTO needs to improve the processes by which decisions are made. -paraphraseExample1:Direct quotation: found more commonly in humanities and social science writing, not so frequently in the science and technology disciplines.

60、aim to paraphrase. Direct quotation:1. what is appropriate paraphrasing ? make the words and structures as different as possible from the original. 2. How to do it?Change both language and organization.1. what is appropriate paraphrPractice:Exercise1:people are increasingly interested in natural foo