英文介绍武汉,有关武汉的信息

1、WuhanWuhan(simplifiedChinese：武汉；traditionalChinese：武漠；pinyin：WUhan；Mandarinpronunciation:wuOOxanOOListen(helpinfo)isthecapitalofHubeiprovince,PeoplesRepublicofChina,andisthemostpopulouscityincentralChina.ItliesattheeastofJianghanPlain,andtheintersectionofthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeandHanRiver.Arisi

2、ngoutoftheconglomerationofthreeboroughs,Wuchang,Hankou,andHanyang,Wuhanisknownasthenineprovincesleadingthoroughfare；itisamajortransportationhub,withdozensofrailways,roadsandexpresswayspassingthroughthecity.ThecityofWuhan,firsttermedassuchin1927,hasapopulationofapproximately9,100,000people(2006),with

3、about6,100,000residentsinitsurbanarea.Inthe1920s,WuhanwasthecapitalofaleftistKuomintang(KMT)governmentledbyWangJingweiinoppositiontoChiangKai-shek,nowWuhanisrecognizedasthepolitical,economic,financial,cultural,educationalandtransportationcenterofcentralChina.HistoryTheareawasfirstsettledmorethan3,00

4、0yearsago.DuringtheHanDynasty,Hanyangbecameafairlybusyport.Inthe3rdcenturyADoneofthemostfamousbattlesinChinesehistoryandacentraleventintheRomanceoftheThreeKingdo-theBattleofRedCliffstookplaceinthevicinityofthecliffsnearWuhan.Aroundthattime,wallswerebuilttoprotectHanyang(AD206)andWuchang(AD223).Thela

5、ttereventmarksthefoundationofWuhan.InAD223,theYellowCraneTower(黄鹤楼)wasconstructedontheWuchangsideoftheYangtzeRiver.CuiHao,acelebratedpoetofTangDynasty,visitedthebuildingintheearly8thcentury；hispoemmadethebuildingthemostcelebratedbuildinginsouthernChina.Thecityhaslongbeenrenownedasacenterforthearts(e

6、speciallypoetry)andforintellectualstudies.UndertheMongolrulers(YuanDynasty),Wuchangwaspromotedtothestatusofprovincialcapital.Byapproximately300yearsago,Hankouhadbecomeoneofthecountrystopfourtradingtowns.WuhanCustomHouse,openedin1862Inthelate19thcenturyrailroadswereextendedonanorth-southaxisthroughth

7、iscity,whichthenbecameanimportanttransshipmentpointbetweenrailandrivertraffic.Atthistimeforeignpowersextractedmercantileconcessions,withtheriverfrontofHankoubeingdividedupintovariousforeigncontrolledmerchantdistricts.Thesedistrictscontainedtradingfirmoffices,warehouses,anddockingfacilities.In1911,Su

8、nYat-sensfollowerslaunchedtheWuchangUprisingthatledtothecollapseoftheQingDynastyandtheestablishmentoftheRepublicofChina.WuhanwasthecapitalofaleftistKuomintanggovernmentledbyWangJingwei,inoppositiontoChiangKai-shekduringthe1920s.In1938,WuhanandthesurroundingregionbecamethebattlefieldoftheBattleofWuha

9、n,amajorconflictintheSecondSino-JapaneseWar.AfterbeingtakenbytheJapanesein1938,WuhanbecameamajorJapaneselogisticscenterforoperationsinsouthernChina.InDecember1944,thecitywaslargelydestroyedbyU.S.firebombingraidsconductedbytheFourteenthAirForceIn1967,civilstrifestruckthecityinthWuhanIncidentasaresult

10、oftensionsarisingoutofbytheCulturalRevolution.Thecityhasbeensubjecttonumerousdevastatingfloods,whicharesupposedtobecontrolledbytheambitiousThreeGorgesDam.Thatprojectissettobecompletedin2011.HistoryOpeningHankouasaTradingPortDuringtheSecondOpiumWar(knownintheWestastheArrowWar,18561860),theGovernmento

11、fQingDynastywasdefeatedbythewesternpowersandsignedtheTreatiesofTianjinandtheConventionofPeking,whichstipulatedelevencitiesorregions(includingHankou)astradingports.InDecember1858,JamesBruce,8thEarlofElgin,HighCommissionertoChina,ledfourwarshipsuptheYangtzeRiverinWuhantocollecttheinformationneededforo

12、peningthetradingportinWuhan.Andinthespringof1861,CounselorHarryParkesandAdmiralHerbertweresenttoWuhantoopenatradingport.OnthebasisoftheConventionofPeking,HarryParkesconcludedtheHankouLend-LeaseTreatywithGuanWen,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei.Itbroughtanareaof30.53squarekilometersalongtheYangtzeR

13、iver(fromJianghanRoadtoHezuoRoadtoday)tobecomeaBritishConcessionandpermittedBritaintosetuptheirconsulateintheBritishConcession.Thus,Hankoubecameanopentradingport.editHubeiunderZhangZhidongInthefifteenthyearofGuangxuPeriod(1889)oftheQingDynasty,ZhangZhidongwastransferredfromGuangdongtobethegovernor-g

14、eneralofHunanandHubei.By1906,hehadgovernedHubeifor17years.Duringthisperiod,heelucidatedthetheoryof“Chineselearningasthebasis,Westernlearningforapplication,”knownastheti-yongideal.Hesetupmanyheavyindustries,foundedHanyangSteelPlant,DayeIronMine,PingxiangCoalMineandHubeiArsenalandsetuplocaltextileindu

15、stries,boostingtheflourishingmodernindustryinWuhan.Meanwhile,heinitiatededucationalreform,openeddozensofmoderneducationalorganizationssuccessively,suchasLianghu(HunanandHubei)AcademyofClassicalLearning,CivilGeneralInstitute,MilitaryGeneralInstitute,ForeignLanguagesInstituteandLianghu(HunanandHubei)G

16、eneralNormalSchool,andselectedagreatmanystudentsforstudyoverseas,whichwellpromotedthedevelopmentofChinasmoderneducation.Furthermore,hetrainedmodernmilitaryandorganizedamodernarmyincludingazhenandaxie(bothzhenandxiearemilitaryunitsintheQingDynasty)inHubei.Alloftheselaidasolidfoundationforthemoderniza

17、tionofWuhan.YellowCraneTowereditWuchangUprisingOnOctober10ofthethirdyearofXuantongPeriodoftheQingDynasty(1911),anarmeduprisingbrokeoutinWuchang.Beforeuprising,withthepurposeofoverthrowingtheManchuDynasty,bourgeoisrevolutionariesconducteddeepandwidepropagandaandmobilizationandfoundedvariousrevolution

18、aryorganizationsinWuhan.InearlierSeptember1911,theQingGovernmentmovedpartoftheHubeinewarmytoSichuanforsuppressingthepeoplesuprisingthere,whichmadeagoodchancefortheuprisinginWuhan.OnSeptember14LiteratureSocietyandgongjinhui,thetwogreatestrevolutionaryorganizationsinHubei,jointlyfoundedtheuprisinghead

19、quartersinWuchanganddecidedtoriseup.OnthemorningofOctober9thebombattheofficeofthepoliticalarrangementexplodedaccidentallyandunfortunately,andtheuprisingproclamation,beadrollandofficialsealfellintothehandsofRuiCheng,thegovernor-generalofHunanandHubei,whodemolishedtheuprisingheadquartersinWuchangthesa

20、meday,anddecidedtoraidtherevolutionariesaccordingtothebeadroll.Atthiscriticalmoment,theconductorsfromthebasalbackbonesofrevolutionaryorganizationscontactedeachothersecretlyandmadeadecisionofimmediateuprising.Onthenightof10th,therevolutionariesfiredtoriseinrevoltattheengineeringbarracksofnewarmy,andt

21、henledonthenewarmyofallbarrackstoriseupsuccessively.UndertheguidanceofWuZhaolin,CaiJimin,etc.,therevolutionaryarmyseizedtheofficialresidenceofthegovernorandgovernmentofficesincludingfan,nie,etc.inHubei.RuiChengfledinpanicintotheChu-YuShipanchoredbytheriver,andZhangBiao,thecontrollerofQingarmy,alsodi

22、scardedthecityandfledaway.Onthemorningof11th,therevolutionaryarmytookthewholecityofWuchang.ButtheleaderssuchasJiangYiwu,SunWudisappearedthen,thustheacephalousrevolutionaryarmyrecommendedLiYuanhong,theassistantgovernorofQingarmy,asthecommander-in-chief,foundedHubeiMilitaryGovernment,proclaimedtheabol

23、ishmentoftheQingDynastysimperialismandthefoundingofRepublicofChina,aswellaspublishedanopentelegramforcalltouprisingofeveryprovince.AsthebeginningoftheRevolutionof1911(ledbyDr.SunYat-sen,whichoverthrewtheQingDynasty),WuchangUprisingplayedamostimportantroleinraisingupsurgeofthedemocraticrevolution,whi

24、chalsowascalled“theleadinlaunchingtheRevolutionof1911”since1911wastheyearofxinhaiintraditionalChinesechronology.editNationalgovernmentmoveditscapitaltoWuhanIn1926,withthenorthextensionofNorthernExpedition,thecenterofGreatRevolutionshiftedfromthePearlRiverbasintotheYangtzeRiverbasin.OnNovember26,theK

25、MTCentralPoliticalCommitteedecidedtomovethecapitaltoWuhan.InmiddleDecember,mostoftheKMTcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissionersarrivedinWuhan,setupthetemporaryjointconferenceofcentralexecutivecommissionersandNationalGovernmentcommissioners,performedthetopfunctionsofcentralpart

26、yheadquartersandNationalGovernment,anddeclaredtheywouldworkinWuhanonJanuary1,1927anddecidedtocombinedthethreetownsofWuchang,Hankou,andHanyangintoWuhanCity,called“CapitalDistrict”TheNationalGovernmentwaslocatedintheNanyangBuildinginHankou,whilethecentralpartyheadquartersandotherorganizationschosethei

27、rlocationsinHankouorWuchang.editBattleofWuhanMainarticle：BattleofWuhanInearlyOctoberin1938,JapaneseaggressorsmovedeastandnorthrespectivelyuponoutskirtsofWuhan.Asaresult,numerouscompaniesandenterprisesandlargeamountspeoplehadtowithdrawfromWuhantothewestofHubeiandSichuan.TheKMTnavyundertooktheresponsi

28、bilityofdefendingtheYangtzeRiveronpatrolandcoveringthewithdrawal.On24October,whenoverseeingthewatersoftheYangtzeRivernearthetownofJinkou(JiangxiaDistrictinWuhan)inWuchang,theKMTwarshipZhongshancomeupagainstsixJapaneseplanes.Theplanestookturnstodive,strafeandbombtheship.Thoughtwoplaneswereeventuallys

29、hotdown,theZhongshanwarshipsankdownduetoseriousdamagewith25casualties.editCompletionandopening-to-trafficofthefirstYangtzeRiverbridgeTheprojectofbuildingthefirstYangtzeRiverBridgewasregardedasoneofthekeyprojectsduringtheperiodofthefirstfive-yearplan.TheEngineeringBureauoftheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,s

30、etupbytheMinistryofRailwayinApril1953,wasresponsibleforthedesignandconstructionofthebridge.Thedocument“ResolutionsonBuildingtheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge”waspassedinthe203rdconferenceofStateCouncilon15January1954.Thetechnicalconferenceontheroutesofthebridge,washeldinHankouon15January1955,determinedthat

31、theroutefromTortoiseHilltoSnakeHillwasthebestchoice.On25October,thebridgeproperwasunderconstruction.Thesamedayin1957thewholeprojectwascompletedandanopening-to-trafficceremonywasheldon15October.Thewholebridgewas1,670m(5,479.00ft)long,ofwhichthesuperstratumwasahighwaywithawidthof22.5m(73.82ft)andthesu

32、bstratumwasadouble-linerailwaywithawidthof18m(59.06ft).Thebridgeproperwas1,156m(3,792.65ft)longwithtwopairsofeightpiersandninearcheswithaspaceof128m(419.95ft)betweeneacharch.ThankstotheFirstYangtzeRiverBridge,Beijing-WuhanandGuangdong-WuhanrailwayswereavailableandanyplacecouldbereachedfromWuchang,Ha

33、nkoutoHanyang.ThusWuhanwasathoroughfaretonineprovincesnotonlyinrealitybutinnameaswell.GeographyandclimateWuhanissituatedinthemiddleofHubeiProvince,11341-11505East,2958-3122North,eastoftheJianghanPlain,andtheconfluenceofthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverandHanshuiRiver.Themetropolitanareacomprisesthre

34、eparts-Wuchang,Hankou,andHanyang,commonlycalledtheThreeTownsofWuhan(hencethenameWuhan,combiningWufromthefirstcityandHanfromtheothertwo).Theconsolidationofthesethreecitiesoccurredin1927andWuhanwastherebyestablished.Thesethreepartsfaceeachotheracrosstheriversandarelinkedbybridges,includingoneofthefirs

35、tmodernbridgesinChina,knownastheFirstBridge.Itissimpleingeographicalstructure-lowandflatinthemiddleandhillyinthesouth,withtheYangtzeandHanriverswindingthroughthecity.Wuhanoccupiesalandareaof8494.41km2,mostofwhichisplainanddecoratedwithhillsandagreatnumberoflakesandpools.Wuhansclimateishumidsubtropic

36、al(KoppenCfa)withabundantrainfallandfourdistinctiveseasons.Wuhanisknownforitsoppressivelyhumidsummers,whendewpointscanoftenreach26C(79F)ormore.Becauseofitshotsummerweather,WuhaniscommonlyknownasoneoftheThreeFurnacesofChina,alongwithNanjingandChongqing.Springandautumnaregenerallymild,whilewinteriscoo

37、lwithoccasionalsnow.Intherecentthirtyyears,theaverageannualrainfallis1269mm,mainlyfromJunetoAugust;annualtemperatureis15.8-17.5,annualfrostfreeperiodlasts211to272daysandannualsunlightdurationis1810to2100hours.TransportationBridgesWuhanhassixbridgesandonetunnelacrosstheYangtzeRiver.TheWuhanYangtzeRiv

38、erBridge,alsocalledtheFirstBridge,wasbuiltovertheYangtzeRiver(ChangJiang)in1957,carryingtherailroaddirectlyacrosstheriverbetweenSnakeHill(ontheleftinthepicturebelow)andTurtleHill.Beforethisbridgewasbuiltitcouldtakeuptoanentiredaytobargerailcarsacross.Includingitsapproaches,itis5,511feet(1680m)long,a

39、nditaccommodatesbothadouble-trackrailwayonalowerdeckandafourlaneroadwayabove.ItwasbuiltwiththeassistanceofadvisersfromtheSovietUnion.TheSecondBridge,acable-stayedbridge,builtofpre-stressedconcrete,hasacentralspanof400meters;itis4,678metersinlength(including1,877metersofthemainbridge)and26.5to33.5met

40、ersinwidth.Itsmainbridgeheadsare90metershigheach,pulling392thickslantingcablestogetherintheshapeofdoublefans,sothatthecentralspanofthebridgeiswellpoisedonthepiersandthebridgesstabilityandvibrationresistanceareensured.Withsixlanesonthedeck,thebridgeisdesignedtohandle50,000motorvehiclespassingeveryday

41、.Thebridgewascompletedin1995.citationneededSecondbridgeTheThirdWuhanYangtzeRiverBridgewascompletedinSeptember2000.Located8.6kilometerssouthwestoftheFirstBridge,constructionofBaishazhouBridgestartedin1997.Withaninvestmentofover1.4billionyuan(about170millionU.S.dollars),thebridge,whichis3,586meterslon

42、gand26.5meterswide,hassixlanesandhasacapacityof50,000vehiclesaday.ThebridgeisexpectedtoserveasamajorpassageforthefutureWuhanRingRoad,enormouslyeasingthecitystrafficandaidinglocaleconomicdevelopment.TheYangluoBridgecarriesWuhansRingRoadacrosstheYangtzeinthecityseasternsuburbs(connectingtheHongshanDis

43、trictwiththeXinzhouDistrict).ItwasopenedonDecember26,2007.TheWuhanTianxingzhouYangtzeRiverBridgecrossestheYangtzeinthenortheasternpartofthecity,downstreamoftheSecondbridge.ItsnameisduetotheTianxingIsland(Tianxingzhou),abovewhichitcrossestheriver.Builtatthecostof11billionyuan,the4,657-metercablesuspe

44、nsionbridgewasopenedonDecember26,2009,hiintimefortheopeningoftheWuhanRailwayStation.Itisacombinedroadandrailbridge,andcarriestheWuhan-GuangzhouHigh-SpeedRailwayacrosstheriver.editRailwayTheoldDazhimenStation(大智门火车站)，theoriginalHankouterminusoftheBei.jing-HankouRailway.Constructedin1900-1903,itwasclo

45、sedin1991,aftertheopeningofthepresentHankouRailwayStationUntilthelate2009,thecityproperinWuhanwasservedbytwomajorrailwaystations,namelytheHankouRailwayStationinHankouandtheWuchangRailwayStationinWuchang.Asaresult,therailwaysysteminChinaactuallydidnothaveauniquedesignationforthenameWuhan,andtrainshea

46、dingtoWuhanaremarkedwiththerespectiveboroughsstationname,andnotthecitys.The(original)HankouStationwastheterminusfortheJinghanRailwayfromBeijing,whiletheWuchangStationwastheterminusfortheYuehanRailwaytoGuangzhou.ButsincetheconstructionoftheFirstYangtzeBridgeandthelinkingofthetwolinesintotheJingguangR

47、ailway,bothHankouandWuchangstationshavebeenservedbytrainsgoingtoalldirections,whichcontrastswiththesituationinsuchcitiesasNewYorkorMoscow,wheredifferentstationsservedifferentdirections.WiththeopeningoftheHefei-Wuhanhigh-speedrailwayonApril1,2009,Wuhanbecameservedbyhigh-speedtrainswithHefei,Nanjing,a

48、ndShanghai;severaltrainsadaynowconnectthecitywithShanghai,gettingthereinunder6hours.Asoftheearly2010,mostoftheseexpresstrainsleavefromtheHankouRailwayStation.ThenewWuhanRailwayStation,openedin2009In2006,constructionbeganonthenewWuhanRailwayStationwith11platforms,locatedonthenortheasternoutskirtsofth

49、ecity.InDecember2009,thestationwasopened,asChinaunveileditssecondhigh-speedtrainwithscheduledrunsfromGuangzhoutoWuhan.Billedasthefastesttrainintheworld,itcanreachaspeedof394km/h(244.82mph).Thetraveltimebetweenthetwocitieshasbeenreducedfromtenandahalfhourstojustthree.Eventually,therailservicewillexte

50、ndnorthtoBeijing.位Asoftheearly2010,thenewWuhanRailwayStationisprimarilyusedbytheWuhan-Guangzhouhigh-speedtrains,whilemostregulartrainstootherdestinationscontinuetousetheHankouandWuchangstations.editPublictransitWhenWuhanMetroopenedinSeptember2004,WuhanbecamethefifthChinesecitywithametrosystem(afterB

51、eijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,andGuangzhou).Thefirst10.2kmline(10stations)isanelevatedrail(andthereforecalledlightrailinChineseterminology).ItrunsfromHuangputoZongguaninthedowntownareaoftheHankouDistrict,anditisthefirstoneinthecountrytouseacommunication-basedtraincontrolsystem(aMovingBlocksignallingsystem

52、,providedbyAlcatel).Thedesignedminimumintervalisonly90secondsbetweentwotrainsanditfeaturesdriverlessoperation.Phase2ofthislinewillextendthelengthto28.8km(17.90mi)with26stationsintotal.ItplanstostartrevenueserviceonJuly28,2010.同editAirMainarticle：WuhanTianheInternationalAirportOpenedinApril1995,Wuhan

53、TianheInternationalAirportisoneofthebusiestairportsincentralChinaanditislocated26kmnorthofWuhan.IthasalsobeenselectedasChinasfourthinternationalhubairportafterBeijingCapitalInternationalAirport,Shanghai-PudongandGuangzhouBaiyun.AsecondterminalwascompletedinMarch2008,havingbeenstartedinFebruary2005withaninvestmentofRMB3.372billion.editH