新视野大学英语5原文对照翻译

1、A Technological Revolution in Education教育界的科技革命Para. 1 A human being transported from the year 1900 to our time would recognize much of what goes on in todaysclassroomsthe prevalent lecturing, the emphasis on drill, and the materials and activities ranging from the basic reader to theweekly spelling

2、 tests. With the possible exception of the church, few institutions have changed as little as those charged with theformal education of the next generation.Para. 1如果让生活在 1900 年的人来到我们这个时代，他会辨认出我们当前课堂里发生的许多事情那盛行的讲座、对操练的强调、从基础读本到每周的拼写测试在内的教学材料和教学活动。 可能除了教堂以外，很少有机构像主管下一代正规教育的学校那样缺乏变化了。Para. 2Contrast th

3、is continuity with childrens experiences outside the school walls. In modern society children have access to arange of media that would have seemed like a miracle in an earlier era. The visitor from the past, who would readily recognizetodays classroom, would have trouble relating to the -of-school

4、world of a 10-year-old today.让我们把上述一贯性与校园外孩子们的经历作一番比较吧。 在现代社会，孩子们有机会接触广泛的媒体，而在早些年代这些媒体简直就是奇迹。 来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课堂，但很难适应现今一个 10 岁孩子的校外世界。Para. 3 Schoolsif not education are inherently conservative institutions. In large measure, I would defend thisconservative tendency. But changes in our world are

5、so rapid and so decisive that it will not be possible for schools to remain asthey are or to simply introduce a few superficial improvements.likely to be replaced by other more flexible institutions.Indeed, if schools do not change rapidly and radically, they are学校如果不是一般意义上的教育界天生是保守的机构。 我会在很大程度上为这种保

6、守的趋势辩护。 但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速而明确，学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。 的确，如果学校不迅速、彻底地变革，就有可能被其他较灵活的机构取代。Para. 4The Transforming Power of Computers 计算机的变革力Para. 5 The most important technological event of our time is the rise of the computer. Computers already permeate manyaspects of our lives, from transportation an

7、d telecommunications to entertainment. Scarcely ignorant of these trends, many schoolsnow have computers and networking capacity. To some extent, these technological accessories have been absorbed into the life ofthe school, though often they simply deliver the old lessons in a more convenient and e

8、fficient format.当今时代最重要的科技事件要数计算机的崛起。 许多学校当然不能漠视这种趋势，于是也配备了计算机和网络。 在某种程度上，这些科技辅助设施已被吸纳到校园生活中，尽管他们往往只是用一种更方便、更有效的模式教授旧课程。Para. 6 In the future, however, education will be organized largely around the computer. Computers will permit a degree ofindividual instruction that in the past was available only

9、 to the rich.All students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs,learning style, pace, and record of success with earlier materials and lessons. 所有的学生都会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和进度的课程设置，以及对先前所学材料、课程的成绩记录。Para. 7Computer technology puts all the information in the world at ones fingers, quite liter

10、ally.This is both a blessi ng and acurse. No longer do we have to spend long periods of time hunting down a source or a personnow, delivery of information isinstantaneous. Soon we will not even have to type in an instruction; we will be able to simply ask a question out loud and thecomputer will pri

11、nt out or speak the answer. Thus people will achieve instant “cultural literacy”. 这既是幸事又是灾难。 我们再也无须花费很长时间查找某个出处或某个人现在，信息的传递是瞬时的。 不久，我们甚至无须键入指令，只需大声提出问题，计算机就会打印或说出答案， 这样，人们就可实现即时的 文化脱盲。Para. 8Less happily, the Internet has no means of quality control; “anyone can play”.Information and disinformation

12、minglecomfortably and, as of yet, there are no reliable ways to distinguish sense from the distorted facts and downright nonsense commonon the Net. Identifying the true, the beautiful, and the good and which of these truths, beauties, or goods are worth knowing constitutes a formidable challenge.美中不

13、足的是，因特网没有质量控制手段；任何人都可以拨弄。 信息和虚假信息往往混杂在一起，现在还没有将网上十分普遍的被歪曲的事实和一派胡言与真实含义区分开来的可靠手段。 要识别出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值1得知晓的, 这对人们构成巨大的挑战。Para. 9It might be said, in response, that the world has always been filled with misinformation.True enough, but in the pasteducational authorities could at least choose their f

14、avorite lions of sources, is without precedent.Todays situation, with everyone having instantaneous ac cess to 的确如此，但以前教育当局至少能选择他们中意的课本。 而今天的形势则是每个人都拥有瞬时可得的数以百万计的信息源，这种情况是史无前例的。Para. 10Para. 11Customizing Education 教育的客户化In a change from previous trends, the acquisition of a diploma from ce

15、rtified institutions may become less important.Individuals will be able to educate themselves and exhibit their competence in a simulated setting. Why pay $120,000 to go to lawschool, if one can “read law” as in earlier times and then demonstrate ones repertoire of legal skills via a computer-simula

16、tedpractical examination? Or learn to fly a plane or conduct surgery by similar means, for that matter? 每个人都能在模拟的环境中自学并展示个人才能。 如果一个人能像早些时候那样读法律，然后通过计算机模拟的实践考试展现自己的全部法律技能，为什么还要花 12 万美元去上法学院呢？ 用类似的方法学开飞机或学做外科手术不同样可行吗？Para. 12Much of education in the past was essentially vocational: designed to make su

17、re that individuals could carry out a singleFew people will remain in the samejob, reliably, throughout their productive adult years. Nowadays, this assumption is flawed.occupation for their whole lives; many will move frequently from one position, company, and sector of the economy to another. 目的是确

18、保个人在其年富力强的整个成人阶段能可靠地从事某项工作。 设想有了缺陷。 很少有人会一生只从事一种职业；许多人都会频繁地从一个职位、公司或经济部门跳到另一个。Para. 13The explosion of new and rapidly changing roles in the economy makes education much more complicated. Most adultteachers and parents will not have experiences on which they can draw to prepare youngsters for a worl

19、d in which they can expect tochange jobs regularly. In the absence of precedent, adolescents will have to prepare themselves for rapidly changing “career paths”and life situations.在经济中，这些新的、迅速变换的角色的激增使教育变得大为复杂。 大部分老成持重的教师和家长对帮助青年一代应对这个会经常变换工作的世界缺乏经验。 由于没有先例，青少年们只有自己为快速变化的事业之路和生活状况作准备。Para. 14Para. 1

20、5The Further Effects of Technology 技术的更深远影响While computer-based teaching figures to be the dominant technological influence on education, other innovations willhave impacts as well. Medical technologies will permit study of students brain activity and blood flow as they engage in va riouskinds of pr

21、oblem-solving or creative activities.决各类问题或进行创造性活动时的大脑活动和血流状况进行研究。Para. 16 (a)Enhanced understanding of the genetic basis of learning is also likely to invade the classroom. It may be possible todetermine which youngsters are likely to advance quickly and which ones seem d oomed to “difficult” schoo

22、l experiences. Someauthorities will insist that these findings be applied in specific cases, while others will vigorously object to any decisions made on thebasis of genetic information.有 艰难的” 所做的任何决定。Para. 16 (b) Drugs that claim to improve learning, memory, or enthusiasm will become readily availa

23、ble.may face moral dilemmas that would in earlier times have been restricted to science fiction.Teachers and parents声称能改善学习、记忆或激发热情的药品将唾手可得。 教师和家长将面对以往只在科幻小说中出现的道德上的两难窘境。Para. 17 Finally, recent breakthroughs in biology and medicine may change education in the most radical ways. If individualsseek t

24、o “design” offspring through genetic engineering, or to alter the genetic structure of an already existing person, or if it becomespossible to clone humans, then our definitions of what it means to be a human being, and to be a part of a human society, will bechanged forever.最后，近来在生物学和医学方面的突破会给教育界带来

25、翻天覆地的变化。 如果每个人都设法通过基因工程设计后代，或2定义将永远处于变化中。Para. 18Conservatism Is Not Necessarily Evil 保守主义未必是坏事Para. 19 (a)I have noted that education is conservative, and that this conservative tendency is not necessarily an evil.Indeed,with respect to the transmission of values and the teaching of certain subject

26、s, a conservative approach may well be called for.方法。Para. 19 (b)Yet the explosion of knowledge calls for close and fresh attention to the curriculum. New and imaginative approaches willhave to be developed if young people are to be prepared for the rapidly changing roles they can expect to assume.出

27、新的和富于想象力的方法。Do we really want eternal life? 我们真的想长寿吗？Para. 1Are you hoping for a long life? Thought so. Are you looking forward to growing old?Thought not. Men have wantedone without the other for thousands of years, and have invariably been disappointed. The Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon wasm

28、ore famous for his search for the Fountain of Youth than for discovering Florida in 1513.natives had told him of, and perished from a poisoned Indian arrow a few years later.He never did find the spring that the你希望长寿吗？一定想过。你期望自己变老吗？不期望。几千年来，人们一直想要长寿，不变老，然而他们总是失望。 西班牙探险家胡安 庞塞 德莱昂之闻名与其说是因为他在 1513 年发现了

29、佛罗里达，倒不如说是因为他寻找青春泉。他从来没有找到过当地人告诉他的青春泉” ，而自己却在几年之后死于印第安人的毒箭之下。Para. 2was widely known there in the Middle Ages. One painter painted a famous picture of the fabulous spring, with wrinkled old womengoing in at one end and young beauties coming out at the other. Writers have constantly imagined worlds w

30、here people lived toextraordinary ages while holding on to their youthful looks and vigor by various means, mostly foul. In the real world too, peopleThe legend of the Fountain of Youth may have originated in northern India. It had reached Europe by the 7th century, andare tempted to try all kinds o

31、f disgusting things, from bathing in tubs of warm mud to receiving injections of monkey glands, all inthe hope of foiling the negative effects of ageing. “青春泉的传说也许起源于北印度;7 青春泉经变得年轻貌美了。 许多作家总是幻想着有可以长命百岁的福地，在那里，人们以各种办法，多数是左道旁门的招数，保射猴子的腺体等，以抑制衰老的负面影响。Para. 3Though the probability of living to old age h

32、as risen sharply, the individual human lifespan set by nature has remainedmuch the same throughout most of recorded history. It even if mainly in theory, 70 years at the time the Bible was written, and itisnt much more now. Most people died of one thing or another long before their maximum span was

33、up.要从理论上探讨，人的寿命在写圣经的那个时候就是 70 岁，到现在也没有增加多少。大多数人在他们的最大寿限到达之前就由于这样或者那样的原因死去了。Para. 4The big achievement of modern times is that, in developed countries at least, most peopleare now well enough off to3reach the age they were designed for. No longer do they die in large numbers in the first year of life

34、, or later from infectiousdiseases and medical problems such as a ruptured appendix, or suffer from hunger, or work themselves to death. Barring accidents,most people now go on until they die of one of the diseases that afflict the old, such as heart disease or cancer.如不发生意外，多数人能够一直活下去，直到他们死于像心脏病或癌症

35、那样折磨老年人的疾病。Para. 5 The current emphasis in age research is on finding ways to ensure that the rising number of people who achieve themaximum lifespan do so in optimum health, not just die after extra years of chronic illness and decay.Much of the advice handedout is simple common sense: adhere to a

36、healthy lifestyle, eat and drink in moderation, do not smoke, take regular exercise but dontoverdo it. These rules are often ignored, sometimes without apparent ill effect. In a speech at his 70th birthday celebration, MarkTwain outlined his own survival strategy:慢性病和体力衰退的折磨下再多活几年。人们得到的多数忠告都是一些简单的常识

37、：坚持一种健康的生活方式，饮食适度，不吸烟，经常锻炼，但是不要过量。这些忠告常常被人们忽略, 有时也不会产生不利于健康的负面影响。马克 吐温在他的70 岁生日讲话中介绍了他的养生之道：Para. 6when I had to. In the matter of diet, I have been persistent in not eating the things that didnt agree with me, until one or the other ofus made the best of them. I have made it a rule never to smoke m

38、ore than one cigar at a time. As for drinking, when others drink I“I have made it a rule to go to bed when there wasnt anybody left to sit up with; and I have made it a rule to get uplike to help. I have never taken any exercise, except sleeping and resting, and I never intend to take any. Exercise

39、I despise.”我的规矩是，当所有人都走了，没人要陪时，就去睡觉。当我必须起床的时候，我就起床；这也是我的一个规矩。至于饮雪茄。至于喝酒，我喜爱在别人喝酒时作陪。除了睡觉和休息外，我从来不锻炼，从来就没想过要锻炼；我讨厌锻炼。”Para. 7 He lived to 75. In 1910, that was much longer than most Americans.他活到 75 岁。在1910 年，这个岁数比大多数美国人活得都要长多了。Para. 8 But even for those who stick to the rules, all that a healthy lif

40、estyle can do is to improve their chances of staying inreasonable shape for their age; it will not slow down the ageing process. And despite all the advertising, none of those highlyprofitable patented remedies so widely marketed nowadays can achieve this either, at least not for now. The onlyexperi

41、ments onlaboratory animals that have definitely shown a life-lengthening effect have involved subjecting rats and mice to a severely restricteddiet. The fewer calories they eat, short of actual starvation, and the longer they go on doing so, the longer they live. But they paya price; starving rats r

42、eproduce less, and starving mice dont reproduce at all.的健康状况, 而不会减缓衰老的过程。那些利润丰厚的专利药物, 尽管广告做得很多，市场火爆，但至少到目前为止没有一, 受试的大家鼠和小家鼠要接受严格的饮食限制。让它们吃的食物热量越少，在不让它们真正挨饿的条件下，这样持续的时间越长，它们的寿命就越长。但是，它们要付出代价。挨饿的大家鼠较少生育，挨饿的小家鼠则完全失去了生育能力。Para. 9 A different approach might work. To some extent long life is an inherited

43、trait. Experiments with that old friend ofscience, the fruit fly, have shown that mating flies with long lifespans can produce significantly longer-lasting descendants. But again,that would not be much help to humans: we have long life-cycles, so the results might be centuries ahead, even were we re

44、ady tochoose potentially long-lived mates rather than beautiful or wealthy ones., 对它们的实验表明，与长情了。Para. 10all sorts of gene therapy treatments are beginning to look promising.different genes appear to be involved, but in time it may become possible to use gene therapy to slow down ageing, if not elimi

45、nateWhat, though, if instead of selective breeding for longer-lived descendants, we were to manipulate our genes?Now,The process of ageing is a complex matter in which many4it.如果我们不采用择偶的方式使后代长寿，而去控制我们的基因的话又怎么样呢？ 现在，所有的基因治疗方法都开始看上去前景不错。衰老的过程是一个复杂的事情，涉及到许多不同的基因。但是，即使人们不能消除衰老，最终也能够用基因疗法减缓衰老。Para. 11 Me

46、anwhile, having individuals around for hundreds or even thousands of years would necessitate some radical changes.与此同时，人类要能健康地活到几百岁甚至是几千岁，一些根本性的变化是少不了的。Para. 12 If people were to live a lot longer, and everything else stayed the same, old people would soon end up as a huge majority.Scientists reckon

47、 the planet will have trouble handling just the 8.9 billion people forecast for 2050 under current conditions, notcounting a new group of the extremely old. Even were there shelter and food, these multitudes of the super-old would face a grimlife, unless they could survive without extra medical care

48、 and remain fit enough to go on and on working, to avoid having to bemaintained by a diminishing minority of younger people.下，地球难以供养到2050 年预计达到的89 亿人口，这还没有将那些新出现的、超高龄的群体计算在内。到那时，即使他们食宿无忧, 这一大群超老年人也将面临非常艰难的生活，除非无需额外的医疗照顾能够生存，且能够保持足以继续工作的健康水平，他们才能避免依靠数量不断减少的年纪较轻的少数人群来抚养。Para. 13 It is desirable for a

49、man to be terminated at his proper time. For as nature has marked the bounds of everything else, so shehas marked the bounds of life. Moreover, old age is the final scene, as it were, in lifes drama, from which we ought to escape whenwe grow weary and, certainly, when we have had our fill.以说是人生戏剧中的最

50、后一幕，当我们疲倦时，当我们已经饱尝了人生一切之后，我们应该从这一幕中消失。An Introduction to Sales Promotion 产品促销概述Para. 1 (a) Sales promotion consists of those promotional activities other than advertising, personal selling, and publicity.Assuch, any promotional activities that do not fall under the other three activities of the prom

51、otion mix are considered sales promotion.Para. 1 (b) One airline, for example, offered its passengers discount cards that could be used to purchase coats at greatly reducedprices from a well-known clothing company. For our purposes here, promotion is a broad term that includes sales promotion as wel

52、las the other three promotional activities.个广义的概念，包括促销以及其他三种推销活动。Para. 2 (a)The techniques of sales promotion are varied and numerous. The common ones used are coupons, drawings, games,contests, discounts, demonstrations, premiums, samples, money refund offers, and trading stamps. A combination of t

53、hese can be,and often is, used in the same campaign. When a breakfast cereal company expanded its business abroad, it had to enlightenconsumers about dry cereal and cold breakfasts.促销的手段多种多样，数不胜数。 常见的促销手段有附在商品上的优惠券、各种抽奖活动、游戏、竞赛、打折、产品演示、各种奖励、样品试用、钱款返还以及可兑换商品的赠券等。在同一促销活动中，多种手段可以结合使用，实际情况通常就是这样。一家从事早点麦

54、片销售的公司为了拓展海外业务，还得向消费者传授吃干麦片和凉早餐的知识。Para. 2 (b) To encourage this new eating habit, the company used samples and demonstrations in conjunction with a heavyadvertising campaign. To regain market share during an economic slump, another company distributed 1.5 million free samples ofimproved baby napkin

55、s. Each box also had a picture of a little bear. Parents could get baby items by saving the required number ofbears. 150 齐规定数量的小熊照片，即可获得各式儿童用品。5Para. 3 (a) Sales promotion is temporary in nature. Not being self-sustaining, its function is supplementary to advertising,personal selling, and publicity.

56、 To launch Budweiser beer in Great Britain, the beer company employed an American theme. Itbroadcast TV commercials on the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving Day that were filmed in California with American actors.美国主题，在7 月 4 日和感恩节播放由美国演员在加利福尼亚拍摄的电视广告片。Para. 3 (b) To amplify its advertising effort, the

57、 company used a variety of sales-promotion techniques. It made posters, flags,banners, and T-shirts available to pubs for promotional parties. Budweiser glasses, bar towels, football banners, and similar itemswere also offered for sale to pub patrons. Moreover, Americans were brought in to plan Amer

58、ican music nights.为加强宣传力度，该公司运用了大量的促销手段，向举办促销晚会的酒吧提供海报、装饰旗帜、横幅以及T恤衫等。 同时公司还制作了带有百威标志的玻璃杯、酒吧餐巾、足球赛用的三角旗以及诸如此类的物品卖给酒吧常客。 此外，该公司还专门邀请美国人筹划美国音乐之夜。Para. 4Sales promotion is not restricted to stimulating demand at the consumer level. It may be used as a stimulus to magnifybusiness peoples support as well.

59、 In order to get businesses in Thailand to carry one American companys dairy products, thecompany used sales contracts to provide small retail outlets and restaurants with refrigerators for $1 if a certain quota of thecompanys products were sold. The American company also had to convince the Thai bu

60、sinessmen not to store other companiesproducts in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units at night to save electricity.促销不仅限于刺激消费者的需求，也可以鼓励中间商加大对销售产品的支持。 为使泰国的中间商销售其乳制品，一家美国公司同其签订销售合同。 合同规定，只要产品销售达到一定的定额，该公司即以一美元的价格向零售小商店和饭店提供冰箱。 同时，该公司还得说服这些泰国中间商不要在冰箱中储存其他公司的产品，并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰箱的电源插头。Para. 5 Th