神经系统调控课件

1、运动神经调节the nerve regulation of motor邓石可神经系统调控运动神经调节the nerve regulation ofcatalogue神经元结构功能电活动电位产生突触传递神经调控神经通路脊髓反射神经系统调控catalogue神经元结构功能电活动电位产生突触传递神经调Structure of neurons1 细胞膜 cytomembrane2 胞体 soma （细胞质和细胞器）3 细胞骨架 cytoskeleton4 突触 synapsis神经系统调控Structure of neurons1 细胞膜 cytocytomembrane神经系统调控cytomembr

2、ane神经系统调控Soma线粒体 mitochondria内质网 endoplasmic reticulum高尔基体 Golgi apparatus 核糖体 ribosome 溶酶体 lysosome神经系统调控Soma线粒体 mitochondria神经系统调控cytoskeleton神经元纤维 neurofibril微管 microtubule神经丝 neurofilament微丝 microfilament神经系统调控cytoskeleton神经元纤维 neurofibril神synapseSynapse：一个神经元与另一个神经元进行信息交流的接触点，是神经元信息交流的基本结构。突触传递

3、：The process of information transter at a synapse chemical synapseSynapse electrical synapse神经系统调控synapseSynapse：一个神经元与另一个神经元进行信Neuronal activity1 代谢活动 Metabolic activity2 胞浆活动 Axoplasmic activities3 电活动 Electrical activity4 递质释放 Neurotransmitter release神经系统调控Neuronal activity1 代谢活动 MetaboElectrical

4、 activity信息载体脑的重要功能活动形式神经系统调控Electrical activity信息载体神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity五种电位1 电紧张电位 Electrotonic potential （线性关系）2 局部反应 Local potential （电刺激+膜电位改变）3 动作电位Action potential （介绍极化状态的改变，发放的模式表示不同的信息）4

5、 突触电位 Synaptic potential 膜电位神经系统调控Electrical activity五种电位膜电位神经系统Electrical activity神经系统调控Electrical activity神经系统调控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion channels2 gated ion channel voltage-gated ion channels Na K cl ligand gated channels Neurotransmitter神经系统调控Ion channels1 Non-gate ion chaResting potentialResti

6、ng potential 神经元及其他可兴奋细胞未受刺激时存在于细胞膜内外两侧的电压差非门控离子通道是静息电位的形成基础神经系统调控Resting potentialResting potenAction potential动作电位是可兴奋细胞兴奋时原有膜电位基础上出现的跨膜电位变化Na离子通道是动作电位的形成基础Na离子内流的再生循环Na离子通道的失活关闭神经系统调控Action potential动作电位是可兴奋细胞兴奋时原1 绝对不应期 absolute refractory period2 相对不应期 relativle refractory period3 超常期 supernorm

7、al region4 低常期 subnormal period特征：全或无、不衰减扩布、脉冲发放、兴奋性变化神经系统调控1 绝对不应期 absolute refractorsynapsis神经系统调控synapsis神经系统调控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapses structure functionSynaptic Chemical synapses structure classification神经系统调控Synaptic transmission Electrical synapsesGap junction神经系统调控Electrical

8、 synapsesGap junctioElectrical synapses介导神经元同步活动通过相邻细胞共享电信号和化学信号，参与调节和营养神经元参与神经胶质细胞功能调节神经系统调控Electrical synapses介导神经元同步活动神经chemical synapsemost synaptic transmission in the mature human nervous system is through chemical synapseelementary strcture of chemical synapse presynaptic elements postsynapti

9、c elements synaptic cleft神经系统调控chemical synapsemost synaptic Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vesicle and mitochondria secretory vesicle Synaptic vesicle large densecore vesicle神经系统调控Presynaptic elementsSynaptic vsynaptic cleftextracellular matrix protein cell adhesion molecular细胞外基质蛋白粘附分子神经系统调控synaptic

10、 cleftextracellular mapostsynaptic elements1 postsynaptic membrance2 receptors 3 postsynaptic density ( 致密带）神经系统调控postsynaptic elements1 postsynPSDThe postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane. PSDs were originally identified by electron micro

11、scopy as an electron-dense region at the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron. The PSD is in close apposition to the presynaptic active zone and ensures that receptors are in close proximity to presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites. PSDs vary in size and composition among brain regions and have be

12、en studied in great detail at glutamatergic synapses. Hundreds of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density including glutamate receptors, scaffold proteins, and many signaling molecules. 致密带(PSD)是一种附着于突触后膜的蛋白质致密化。PSDs最初被电子显微镜鉴定为一个在突触后神经元膜上的电子致密区域。PSD与突触前活跃区密切相关，并确保受体接近突触前神经递质释放位点。PS

13、Ds在大脑区域的大小和组成上各不相同，并在谷氨酸根神经突触上进行了大量的研究。在突触后的密度中有数百种蛋白质，包括谷氨酸受体、支架蛋白和许多信号分子神经系统调控PSDThe postsynaptic density (PClassification of chemical synapseBased on the part of the neuron post to the axon terminal Based on the presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane Gray 球形 后膜较前膜厚 兴奋性突触 Gray 椭圆形 对称性 抑制性突触Based on

14、 the neurotransmitter神经系统调控Classification of chemical synPrinciples of synaptic transmission合成递质所需的酶首先向轴突末梢转运 在胞浆进行递质合成 递质进入突触囊泡进行储存转运体 transporter 囊泡膜上的特殊镶嵌蛋白经典神经递质按化学梯度和电梯度进行转运神经系统调控Principles of synaptic transmiQuantal release 量子释放神经系统调控Quantal release 量子释放神经系统调控Neurotransmitters acting on synaps

15、esConformation changes of receptorsFunctional changes of receptors神经系统调控Neurotransmitters acting on syMain types of heurobransmitter receptors1 transmitter-gated ion channel 门控离子通道 contormabon change Ion channed open Ion flux postsynaptic potential Na cl 神经系统调控Main types of heurobransmitterThe neuro

16、transmitter is released and cleared1 simple diffusion2 reuptake into the presynaptic axon terminaltransponer veloaded into synaptic vesiclesenzymatically destroyed3 uptake by glia cell 4 degradation in synaptic cleft神经系统调控The neurotransmitter is releasneurotransmitterneurotransmitter: 作用于次一级神经元或效应器细

17、胞膜上相应的受体而发生效应的化学物质neurotransmitter: Ach，NE，DA，Glu， GABA 神经肽 neuropeptides NO，CO 神经系统调控neurotransmitterneurotransmittThe characteristic of neurotransmitter1 神经元必须具有合成该N递质的合成酶系2 合成的神经递质必须能被突触囊泡所储存3 存储的神经递质以胞裂外排的方式释放，直接外加该递质可以产生相同的突触后效应4 释放神经递质迅速作用于突触后膜产生生物效应5 突触间隙的神经递质将快速失活6 递质拟似剂和受体阻断剂能加强或阻断该递质的突触传递效

18、应神经系统调控The characteristic of neurotraNeurotransmitters act on receptorsHigh efficaryReversibleStereospecificAgonist and antagonist神经系统调控Neurotransmitters act on recep运动的神经调节1 中枢神经系统对感觉信息的兴奋与抑制 CNS can enhance or suppress sensory information2 运动与神经活动 Motor and Nerve Activites（1 运动中神经活动的整合 integration

19、 of neuronal activity in movement（2 运动控制中反射活动的作用 The role of reflex activity in motor control神经系统调控运动的神经调节1 中枢神经系统对感觉信息的兴奋与抑制神经系统运动控制理论Theory of motion control反射理论reflection theory等级理论 Level of theory运动程序理论 Theory of motion programming系统理论动态动作理论神经系统调控运动控制理论Theory of motion controlsensory system躯体感觉系

20、统视觉系统听觉系统前庭系统神经系统调控sensory system躯体感觉系统神经系统调控感觉系统 sensory system浅感觉 superficial sensibility 痛觉 ，温度觉，触压觉深感觉 deep sensibility 本体感觉，位置觉，震动觉神经系统调控感觉系统 sensory system浅感觉 superfi兴奋与抑制1传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhib

21、itory interneurons2许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估神经系统调控兴奋与抑制1传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The mo外周感受器1 muscle spindle2 GTOs3 joint receptor4 skin receptorsomatosensory system神经系统调控外周感受器somatosensory

22、 system神经系统肌梭muscle spindlea型纤维 型纤维单突触脊髓反射 经皮质反射神经系统调控肌梭muscle spindlea型纤维 型纤脊髓反射 reflect牵张反射 myotatic reflex1 腱反射、肌紧张2 屈反射 和 交互抑制反射 Reciprocal inhibition reflex神经系统调控脊髓反射 reflect牵张反射 myotatic re牵张反射环路神经元神经元增强a及型纤维的能力肌梭对脊髓反射通路和长环反射同路形成起重要作用神经系统调控牵张反射环路神经元神经系统调控高尔基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突触反射神经系统调控高尔基腱器 GTOs抑制性去突

23、触反射神经系统调控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢Pacinian corpuscle帕西尼体形式末梢Ligament receptor韧带感受器 Teleneuron 神经末梢神经系统调控joint receptorRuffini 型末梢神经系统调skin receptor神经系统调控skin receptor神经系统调控The body sensation at the spinal cord levelGrillner and Wallen （1985）CONTROL OF MOTONEURONE OSCILLATIONS DURING RHYTHMICITY 神经系统

24、调控The body sensation at the spinSensory pathway背侧束-内侧丘系传导通路 DC-ML前外侧系传道通路神经系统调控Sensory pathway背侧束-内侧丘系传导通路 DCthalamus神经系统调控thalamus神经系统调控Thalamus神经系统调控Thalamus神经系统调控Thalamus and somatosensory cortexThe thalamus, an undeveloped animal in the cortex, is the highest level of sensation. Animals in the c

25、erebral cortex are the most important sensory transduction stationsDamage in this area can cause serious sensory problems神经系统调控Thalamus and somatosensory cor丘脑及躯体感觉皮层神经系统调控丘脑及躯体感觉皮层神经系统调控integration of neuronal activitysensory integrationmultisensory integration神经系统调控integration of neuronal activi兴奋

26、与抑制1传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The most strongly stimulated receptors may，through collaterals from the afferent fibers， stimulate inhibitory interneurons2许多激活的神经被不活泼或沉默神经元抑制区包围The most activated neurons will be surrounded by an inhibitory zone of less active or silent neurons3触觉刺激就会被大脑皮层更精确地定位和评估神经系统调控兴奋与抑制1

27、传入纤维的侧支可刺激抑制性中间神经元The mo联合皮层 association cortical神经系统调控联合皮层 association cortical神经系统调motorcortex运动区域的输入信号来自基底节，小脑和感觉区域（丘脑，s1以及顶叶感觉联合区）神经系统调控motorcortex运动区域的输入信号来自基底节，小脑和神经系统调控神经系统调控锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal tract神经系统调控锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal trac锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal tractEvarts （1968） Georgopoul

28、os（1982）The discharge of cortical spinal neurons in the wrist of a monkeyrelated the firing rates of individual neurons to various movement parameters such as position, velocity, and force (Evarts, 1968, Georgopoulos et al., 1982)神经系统调控锥体束（皮质脊髓束） corticospinal traCP神经系统调控CP神经系统调控SMA，Cingulate，PMv，PMdFour pre