新高考版英语高中总复习专题十七《主从复合句（讲解练）》教与学

1、专题十七主从复合句高考英语课标导航主从复合句主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用分为定语从句、名词性从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)和状语从句。第一节定语从句考点清单在主从复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。高考常考点详解一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句从句类型用法关系词例句限制性定语从句对先行词起限制作用,是先行词不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意义就会不完整、不明确或失去意义;与主句关系密切,书写时不用逗

2、号与主句隔开that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、whyPeople who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。从句类型用法关系词例句非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充说明的作用,和主句关系不是很密切,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然清晰,往往用逗号与主句隔开;不能用that引导,关系代词作宾语时也不能省略which、who、whom、whose、when、whereHis daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士

3、顿,下星期回家。续表二、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语等,其用法具体如下:关系代词指代作用例句which物、句子主语、宾语The work which has just been finished is very important.刚刚完成的那项工作很重要。The book, which I bought yesterday, is very instructive. 我昨天买的那本书很有教育意义。that人、物主语、宾语I know a foreigner that is from Japan.我认识一个来自日本的外国人。This is th

4、e pen (that) I wrote the letter with.这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。关系代词指代作用例句who人主语、宾语She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的那个女孩。The people (who)we met in France have sent us a card. 我们在法国结识的人给我们寄来了一张贺卡。whom人宾语I happened to meet the professor(whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday.昨天在购

5、物中心,我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上认识的教授。whose人、物定语This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户碎了的那所房子。续表that只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。在限制性定语从句中关系代词作宾语时可以省略,在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。三、关系副词引导的定语从句当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。关系副词指代作用例句when时间状语I still rem

6、ember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得我第一次来北京的那一天。where地点Can you tell me the office where he works?你能告诉我他工作的办公室在哪儿吗?why原因Do you know the reason why he was late?你知道他迟到的原因吗?关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句。当先行词为situation、case、stage、point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they

7、have to separate from each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。课标必备点梳理一、as 引导的定语从句(1)as引导限制性定语从句时主要用于the same.as.、such.as.和so.as.结构中。as在定语从句中既可指人也可指物,在从句中常可作主语、宾语和表语。We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的这些材料。(as在从句中作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.

8、这些房子以人们期望的这样低的价格出售了。(as在从句中作宾语)He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as在从句中作表语)(2)as引导非限制性定语从句,其先行词是整个主句,译成“正如,正像”。As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer. 每个人都知道,莎士比亚是个著名的作家。二、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句(一)“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,关系代词常用which (指物)或whom(指人),即“介词+which/whom”。1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词which或wh

9、om不能省略。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person, to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上,没有一个她可以求助的人。2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物)或that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。This is the hero we are proud of.这是那个我们引以为荣的英雄。3.“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有:some/several/a few/a little/many

10、/more/most+of+which/whom等形式。Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.这儿有些问题,其中一些我认为对你来说是难的。 (二)关系代词前介词的确定1.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书,这些书花了我积攒的所有的钱。2.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定。Ill never forget the time during w

11、hich I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记孩童时期我在乡村度过的时光。 She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years.她带领游客们参观了这个博物馆,建设这个博物馆花了三年多的时间。 3.根据所表达的意思来确定。The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体称为氧气,离了它我们不能存活。 易混易

12、错点突破一、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语依据定语从句中所缺少的成分确定选用关系代词还是关系副词关系副词在定语从句中作状语试比较下面的句子:(1)Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer hol

13、idays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此可用关系代词that/which来引导从句,也可省略;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此需用关系副词when来引导从句。二、关系代词that和which1.限制性定语从句中用关系代词that不能用which的情况:当先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one, little, few等时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么为自己说的吗?当先行

14、词被the only, the very(恰恰,正好),any, ev-ery, some, all, much, few, little, no, the right, the last等词修饰时The only thing that we can do is (to)give you some money.我们唯一能做的事情就是给你一些钱。当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best way that has been used against pol-lution.这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时This train is

15、 the first(one)that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的第一趟火车。当先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况:在非限制性定语从句中He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.他通过了考试,这让他的父母非常高兴。在“介词+关系代词”结构中This is the house in which Lu

16、 Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。先行词后面有插入语时Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。先行词本身为that时Whats that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?第二节名词性从句考点清单高考常考点详解一、名词性从句概述及引导词名词性从句相当于名词,包括宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其引导

17、词如下表所示: 引导词语法功能连接副词when, why, where, how在从句中主要作状语,有时可作表语连接代词what(ever), which(ever), who(ever), whom(ever),whose在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语从属连词that,whether,if在从句中不充当成分二、连接副词引导的名词性从句名词性从句例句主语从句Why he is often absent from class is a mystery.他为什么经常逃课是个谜。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿

18、开会都无所谓。(It为形式主语,where we shall have the meeting为真正主语)宾语从句I cant imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。(从句作及物动词imagine的宾语)It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。(从句作介词on的宾语)表语从句The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。三、连接代词引导的名词性从句引导词用法例句what=the thing(s) that.,意为:的东西What t

19、hey need (=The thing that they need)is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好课本。whatever=anything that.,意为:的任何东西Whatever he likes(=Anything that he likes)will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。whichever=any member of a group of peo-ple or things that.,意为:(在某范围之内)的任何人、物Whichever book he bought would be paid for.(这些书中)

20、无论他买哪一本书都要付款。It doesnt matter to me whichever you choose.你选择哪一个对我来说都无所谓。whoever=anyone who.,意为:的任何人Whoever (=Anyone who) did this job must be rewarded.干这项工作的任何人一定会得到报酬。四、连接词that引导的名词性从句(一)that从句作主语that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语 句型例句It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely

21、,certain,prob-able,etc.)+that 从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam.可以肯定她会考得很好。It+be+名词(词组)(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arrange

22、d,etc.)+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到北京了。It+动词或动词短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, prove, occur,etc.)+that从句It happened that he was out.他碰巧出去了。It proves that he is silly.事实证明他很愚蠢。(二)that从句作宾语1.that从句可作及物动词的宾语 结构例句及物动词、be sure等+that从句Do you know(that)he has

23、joined the army?你知道他参军了吗?及物动词+it+宾补+that从句He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的,这一点他已经明确表示了。结构例句in/except+that从句He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.他是个好学生,就是有点儿粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用

24、在了读书上。其他介词+it+that从句You may depend on it that I shall always help you.你要相信我会一直帮助你的。2.that从句作介词宾语 (三)that引导的表语从句that从句作表语,that一般不省略。My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way. 他迟到的原因是他的车在

25、路上抛锚了。五、whether/if(是否)引导的名词性从句1.whether/if(是否)引导的主语从句条件引导词例句放于句首whetherWhether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否要开会仍然是个问题。it作形式主语,主语从句置于句末与or not直接连用It makes no difference whether or not he comes.他是否来无关紧要。与表示选择的or连用It makes no difference whether he comes or leaves.他是来还是去无关紧要。与or not不直接连

26、用whether或ifIt makes no difference whether/if he comes or not. 他是否来无关紧要。2.whether/if(是否)引导的宾语从句引导词条件例句只用whether不用if与or not直接连用I dont care whether or not he comes.我不在乎他是否来。作介词宾语It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。作discuss的宾语We are discussing whether we will accept his offer.我

27、们正讨论是否接受他的帮助。引导词条件例句if或whether均可与表示选择的or连用I dont care whether/if he will leave or stay.我不在乎他是去还是留。宾语从句中不含or(not)He didnt tell me if/whether he would come.他没告诉我他是否来。与or not不直接连用I dont care whether/if he comes or not. 我不在乎他是否来。续表3.whether(是否)引导的表语从句 The problem is whether the meeting will be held.问题是这

28、个会议是否将要举行。课标必备点梳理同位语从句对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明其内容的句子叫作同位语从句,常放在evidence、doubt、fact、idea、news、decision、thought、hope、belief、truth、suggestion、warning、message、feeling、reason、report、question等名词后。引导词例句连接词thatI hold a firm belief that we will win the match. 我坚信我们将赢得这场比赛。whetherWe are faced with the problem whether

29、 we should continue the work. 我们面临着是否应该继续这项工作的问题。引导词例句连接代词what, who, which, whoseI have no idea who will help us out. 我不知道谁会帮我们。The question what we should do next requires consideration. 我们下一步应该做什么的问题需要考虑。连接副词when, why, where, howI have no idea why he didnt accept the present. 我不知道为什么他不接受礼物。We have

30、nt made the decision where we will spend the summer holiday. 我们还没有决定在哪里度暑假。续表易混易错点突破一、that与what引导名词性从句时的区别二、why 与 because 引导表语从句的用法区别why与because均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调原因。I had a cold. Thats why I didnt attend school.我感冒了,因此我没上学。I didnt attend school. Thats because I had a cold. 我没上学,那是因为我感冒了。that不可省略(

31、宾语从句除外),在从句中不作成分,没有词义That he will succeed is obvious. 显然,他会成功。what不可省略,在从句中作成分,有词义(一般指的东西/事情/人/时间/地点/话等)What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。动词doubt肯定形式使用whether/if引导宾语从句,如:I doubt whether/if its true.我怀疑它是否是真实的。否定形式使用that引导宾语从句,如:I dont doubt that you are honest.我不怀疑你的诚实。名词doubt肯定形式使用whether引导

32、名词性从句,如:I have some doubt whether he will come.他是否会来,我有点疑问。否定形式使用that引导名词性从句,如:There is no doubt that we will win.毫无疑问,我们会赢。三、doubt后的名词性从句第三节状语从句考点清单高考常考点详解一、时间状语从句(一)before和since1.若表达“还未就;不到就;才;还没来得及就”时,需用连词beforeWe had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。We hadnt run

33、 a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就感到累了。Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。2.before从句中谓语不用否定式Before they reached the station,the train had gone.他们到火车站前(他们还没到火车站),火车就已开走了。3.“It will be/was+一段时间+before.”常翻译成:才;就It was half a year before I came back.半年后我才回来。It wont

34、 be long before we meet again.过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了。4.since引导时间状语从句时,意为“自从”since引导时间状语从句I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这儿,我已经给家里写过四次信了。She has been working in this factory since she left school.她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。5.在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,since引导的从句的谓语动词若是延续性动词,常理解为某一状态的终止;若是终止性动词,则

35、理解为某一动作的开始It is three years since the war broke out.(终止性动词)自战争爆发以来已有三年了。It is three years since I smoked(=since I stopped smoking).(延续性动词)我不吸烟已有三年了。如果译成“我吸烟已有三年了”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke.(终止性动词)(二)when, while和as 1.从属连词when既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作;可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于从句动作先于主句动作发生

36、When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。When the film ended,the people went back.电影一结束,看电影的人便回去了。2.从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比Please dont talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时请别那么大声谈话。3.从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为“一边,一边”或“随着”He hurried home,loo

37、king behind as he went.他匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。4.如果主句谓语动词表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行体表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.当我正沿大街行走时,我碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。(三)till,until和not.unt

38、il1.肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”He remained there until/till she arrived.他在那儿一直待到她来。You may stay here until/till the rain stops.你可以在这里待到雨停。2.否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”He wont go to bed till/until she returns.直到她回来他才会去睡。3.till不可以置于句首,而until可以Until you told me I

39、had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道此事。4.not until.句型的强调和倒装用法It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型)Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首,主句要部分倒装)直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。(四)as soon as,immediately,directly,the moment,the minute,the instant和once(一就)这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生

40、,主句的动作随即发生,常译为“一就”。The moment I heard the voice,I knew my father was coming.一听到那个声音,我就知道父亲快来了。The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。注意:no sooner.than.;hardly/scarcely.when.也可表示“一就”,这一结构的时态搭配为:no sooner与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时;此外,当

41、把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的主句应用倒装语序。二、结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that,so.that.,such.that.。在非正式语体中,由so.that.,such.that.引导的句子中的that可以省略,注意其结构:Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都信任他。It is such fine wea

42、ther that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。注意:(1)为了强调形容词和副词,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.他是如此聪明的一个学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。(2)当so或such所在的主句主

43、语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简化为:so/such.as to.。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult ques-tions.He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult questions.三、比较状语从句1.原级比较的用法(1)原级比较的肯定式常用as.as.结构。There are as many people in our town as(there are)in your

44、town.我们镇的人口和你们镇的人口一样多。(2)原级比较的否定式常用not as/so.as.结构。His handwriting is not as/so good as yours(is).他的书法不如你的好。 2.比较级比较(1)比较级比较常用结构为.than.。He was more successful than we had expected.他比我们预想的要成功得多。 He comes to the club less often than he used to.他来俱乐部不如原来来得频繁。 (2)另一种常用结构为“the+比较级.,the+比较级.”。The more car

45、eful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心,出的错就越少。 The sooner you are back, the better it will be.你回来得越早越好。 四、让步状语从句1.although/though(尽管,虽然),even though/even if(即使,尽管)引导的让步状语从句although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或neverthe-less连用,但不能和but连用。He is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of m

46、oney.虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。Even though it is raining,well go there.(陈述语气)尽管下着雨,我们也要去那里。 Even if I were busy,I would go.(虚拟语气)即使忙,我也要去。注意:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。如:He said he would come;he didnt,though.他说他会来,可是没有来。2.

47、whether.or.(不管还是);疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词(不管;无论)Whether you believe it or not,it is true.不管你相信与否,那都是真的。Whatever(=No matter what)you say,he wont believe you.无论你说什么,他都不会相信你。Whoever you are(=No matter who you are),you must obey the rules.无论你是谁,你都要遵守规则。注意:whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。Yo

48、u can take whatever you like.(宾语从句)你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。3.when,while也可作从属连词表让步,while常用在句首,when常用在句中,相当于although。Suddenly,she stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去,她却突然停住了。While I admit that there are problems,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。五、条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词

49、有:if,unless(=if.not如果不;除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(如果),on condition that(条件是),suppose/supposing(that)(假设),providing/provided that(如果)等。Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard).除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。As long as you dont lose heart,you will succeed.你只要不灰心就会成功。 Suppose/Supposing(

50、that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help?假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助谁?In case there is a fire,what will we do first?如果发生火灾,我们首先做什么?六、原因状语从句1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有:because,as,since,now that。每个连词的含义不尽相同 连词区别because(因为)as(由于)since/now that(既然)位置主句前或后主句前或后主句前内涵直接因果关系双方都知道的原因语气强弱能否回答why能不能能否被强调能不能I was absen

51、t from the meeting because I was ill.因为我病了,所以我开会缺席了。As it is raining,we shall not go to the park.由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。Now that/Since everybody is here,lets begin our meeting.既然大家都在这里,我们开始开会吧。2.此外when,seeing that和considering that也可以表示原因,意为:既然;考虑到It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there

52、 in five minutes.既然你步行5分钟能到那里,却打出租车,真够愚蠢的。课标必备点梳理一、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。Do as you are told,or youll be fired.叫你做什么你就做什么,否则你会被解雇。The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.(虚拟语气)这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。I feel as if I hav