写作教程总结

1、Unit1theCorrectWordFocusDenotationandConnotationDenotationreferstotheliteralandprimarymeaningofaword-thedefinitionyoufindinadictionary.Connotationreferstotheimpliedorsuggestedmeaningofaword.Wecanlistsomewordstocompareitsdifferentmeaningofdenotationconnotation.WordDenotationConnotationSentence(connot

2、ation)andgoldAkindofExpensive,moneyGoldnowisverymaterialsourcewealthexpensive.moonThenaturalbodyBeautylonely,Manyyearspastshestillthatmovesaroundcoldness,purity,keepacharitylikethetheearthonce28tranquilitymoon.days.iceWaterfrozensoColdness,Theiceinhisvoicewasthatithasindifferenceonlytohidethepain.be

3、comesolid.cruelty,death,etcbloodRedliquidRelationship,Bloodisthickthanflowingthroughdeath,water.thebodiesofdescent,race,humanoranimaltemperamentwinterAseasonColdness,Pleasewalkoutyoutired,upsetwinteroflife,justsmiletoyourlife.Attitude:whenwewriteinEnglish,wehavetobecarefulwithsomeemotionallyloaded.w

4、ordsthatcanrevealthewritersattitude.Wecandividethewordsattitudeintothreeparts:1commendatorypositive2neutral3derogatorypejorativeCommendatoryNeutralPejorativequaintstrangebizarrepersiststubbornpigheadedcomplimentpraiseflatteringSeniorcitizenOldpersonfossilBachelorgirlSinglegirlspinsterCollocation:fix

5、edcombinationofwordsThereareseveralsuccess)+AD(thinktypesofcollocation:+N(followthefashion)2.A+N(abrilliantalike)+N(theanswertoaquestion)5.V+PREP(thinkofanidea)FalseFriendsAdvise(v)vs.advice(n)angel（天使）vs.angle（角度）capital（国都，资本）vs.capitol（国会大厦）Complement（增补）pliment（夸赞）credible（可信的，的确的）vs.credulous（轻

6、信的，易被骗的）getknowledge(t)vs.learnknowledge(f)GrammarSubject-Verbagreement1whenthesubjectiscompoundWorkandplayareequallyimportant.Hamandeggsismyfavoritebreakfast.由and或bothand连结的并列构造作主语时，假如意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；如果作主语的并列构造不是指两个或两个以上的人或物，而是表示单数，则动词用单数；与each等限制词时，随后动词用单数。(2)由neithernornotonlybutalso连结的并列构造作主语，随后动词

7、形式常按照就and近原则。(3)主语后用alongwith,togetherwith指引等词组，动词形式依据主语形式而定。2Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity有manya等限制词，后来动词形式为单数(2)apair,heapof后动词多接单数形式3whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,awhat-clause,orinthethere-bestructure以nominalclause作主语，随后动词往常用单数(2)relativeclause中谓语动词单复数形式往常以关系代词先行项的形式而定(3)therebe谓语动词单复数形式取决于所

8、后的Unit2TheAppropriateWordFocusStyle:inEnglish,wordscanbe,roughly,formal,general,colloquial,andslangintermsofstyle.FormalandgeneralFormalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyandareusedforeverydaycommunication.formalgeneralfracturebreaklucidclearterminateendcorpulentfatfac

9、ilitateMakeeasyverifyproveconcuragreeNotice:acommonbeliefamongstudentsisthatformalityisavirtue,butthebestpolicyistousegeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontexts.ColloquialandslangWell,now,youknow,Idliketosay,oh,maygod,Ithink.whichcanbeusedincolloquial,andcontractionandabbreviatio

10、nalsocanbeused.Butinsomeformalconstitutionwedbetternotuseit.Notice:thecolloquialstyletakesalessprominentrole,therefore,formostwritingtasks,itmaynotbeideal.Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.StyleandaudienceTheformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuseof

11、formalandabstractwords,absenceofslangandalmostnocontractionorclippedwords.Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabulariesrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostlygeneral,andoccasionalandclippedwords.Differentstyleareusedtoaddressdifferentaudiencesandondifferentoccasions.Chinglish:itreferstotheunidiomatic

12、useofEnglishbyChinesespeakerAvoidliteraltranslationchinglishdiomaticBigfilmblockbusterEarlylovePuppyloveConvenientnoodlesInstantnoodlesFistproductKnockoutproductOnesexgoodsDisposablegoodsGrasptheconnotation请帮我们(宣传)一下这个新产品。Pleasehelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.Propagateshouldbereplacedbypromote他遇事老是先

13、想着自己，真是太个人主义了Heisself-concernedandindividualistic。IndividualisticshouldbereplacedbyselfishnessGrammarPronouns1Subjectivevs.objectiveSubjective:IsheyouheitwhowhomtheyObjective:meheryouhiswhomwhosethemits2Singularvs.plural3Pointofviewisusedtodescribetheperspectiveinwriting.Unit3theBetterWordFocusConci

14、seness(Brevityisthesoulofwit.)Tip:1eliminateorexpressionrewritethatrepeatthesamepoint2cutoutunnecessaryintensifiers3avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs4changephraseintosinglewords5changeunnecessary“that,whoandwhich”clauseintophrases.Notice:redundancyisnotalwayseasytospot.thebestwayistoproofreadyourwri

15、tingcarefullyandtrytofindwords,phrasesorevensentencethatarenotessential.Preciseness：TheconcretenessofexpressionGeneralwordsconveyinexactintangibleandoftenabstractconceptswhereasspecificwordsprovideprecise,sensoryorconcretedetails.Forexample:itwasfinelastweekend,sowewenttothecountrysideandhadagoodtim

16、e.Wesawmanythingsandpeoplethere.Andwehadawonderfultime.Improved:Itwasawonderfulandrelaxedweekend,wedriveourprivateandspaciouscartothecountryside,therewewereaenjoyableandrelaxtime.Wesawsomanypeoplewhoweariedplainandsimpleclothesandtherearesomuchinterestingtingslikeassemblyandfolkdance.Werewelcomedbyp

17、assionatevillagerandhaddeliciousdinnerwiththem.Thatwasreallyamemorableandwonderfultime.EffectivenessSentenceBaseUnit4FocusThesentencebase,whichislikethetrunkofatree,consistsofatleastonesubjectandoneverb.Subject:tochooseagoodsubjectisthefirstcrucialstepinsentencewriting,telluswhoorwhatisresponsiblefo

18、ranaction,feelings,andstateorprocess.Positionofthesubject:Thesubjectisusually,throughnotalways,putatthebeginningofasentence.Thesubjectofadeclarativesentence-asentencethatmakesastatementusuallyprecedestheverb.butinonesituation,itfollowstheverb,(Inthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyinwhite.)Voice:thevoi

19、ceofaverbdependsontherelationbetweentheverbanditssubject.whenthesubjectacts,theverbisintheactivevoice;whenthesubjectisactedupon,theverbisinthepassivevoice.1ChoosingtheactivevoiceTheactivevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeasentencedirect,concise,andvigorous.2ChoosingthepassivevoiceTho

20、ughtheactivevoiceismorecommonlyusedinwriting,thepassivevoicemaybemoresuitableforthefollowing:1whentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifier,weusethepassivevoicetoavoidsuspensionoftheverb2thepassivealsousedtokeepthefocusoftwosentencesGrammarTense1Thesimplepresent:a表示此刻的状态，b表常常或习惯性动作，c表主语具备的性格和功能d广泛真谛和自然规律e表示

21、未来和过去时间2Sequenceoftenses:simplepresent,simplepast,presentprogressive,pastprogressive,presentperfective,pastperfective,presentperfectiveprogressive,pastperfectiveprogressiveMood:theindicativemood,theimperativemood,thesubjunctivemoodThesubjunctivemood:Ingrammar,thesubjunctivemood(abbreviatedsjvorsbjv)

22、isaverbmoodtypicallyusedinsubordinateclausestoexpressvariousstatesofunrealitysuchaswish,emotion,possibility,judgment,opinion,necessity,oractionthathasnotyetoccurred.Itissometimesreferredtoastheconjunctivemood,asitoftenfollowsaconjunctionUnit5ExpandedSentenceBaseFocusAttributes:wordsorphrasesusedtona

23、rrowdownordescribenounsarecalledattributes.WhatcanbeusedasattributeADeterminers:referstowordsthatareusedtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounoranominalphrase.Itincludedarticles,possessiveanddemonstrativepronouns,andcardinalandordinalnumerals.Badjectivesarethemostcommonattributes.Forexample:hairyanima

24、ls,aredroseCnouns:mostofthemindicatethefeatureofthenounmodified.Forexample:Herboyfriendisafashiondesigner.D-ingforms:todescribethefunction,feature,ortoindicatethepresentstateofthenoun.Wealllikehersmilingface.EedformsHeonlydrinksimportedwine.Finfinitives:nowitmustbeplacedafterthenoun.Doyouhaveafriend

25、totalkto.Gprepositionalphrases:itisplacedafterthenounitmodifiers.Icantstandthatsillyadfordogfood,canyouRelativeClausesWhyuserelativeclause:tomakethenounseithermoreexactormorevivid;wecandirectreadersattentiontothemainclauseMysonlikedthetoycarverymuchwhichIboughtforhisbirthday.Thetoycarwaslikedbymyson

26、verymuchwhichIboughtformyson.WritingcorrectrelativeclausesRULE1wheretheantecedentreferstoathingRULE2wheretheantecedentreferstoapersonRULE3wheretheantecedentisusedaspossessiveintheclauseForexampleA+whose+clauseRULE4wheretheantecedentreferstoatimeForexampleA+when+clauseRULE5wheretheantecedentreferstoa

27、placeForexampleA+where(inat+which)+clauseRULE6wheretheantecedentreferstoacauseForexampleA+why+clauseRULE7wheretheantecedentreferstoamannerForexampleA+inwhich+clauseRULE8wheretheantecedentreferstothemainclauseasawholeFoeexampleprecedingsentence+which+clauseRule9wheretherelativeclausehasnorelativeword

28、Iftherelativeisusedasobject,itcanbeomitted.Rule10wheretherelativebeginswithaprepositionForexampleantecedent+prep+which+clauseRule11wheretheantecedentandtherelativeclauseareseparatedbyacommaForexample:anon-restrictiveclause(Theboy,whohaveplayedtruanttowatchthefootballmatch,willhavetocopythetext.)Gram

29、marIncompleteSentenceAPhrasefragment:inexperiencedwritersmaywriteaphraseasifitwereasentencebecausetheyborrowthephrasedirectlyfromthespokenlanguage.Illmeetyouinthelibrary.Atfourintheafternoon.(Illmeetyouinthelibraryatfourintheafternoon.)BfragmentwithoutasubjectShestoodbythewindow.Andlookedatthestreet

30、below.(Shestoodbythewindowandlookedatthestreetbelow.)Cfragmentwithoutaauxiliaryverb:fragmentsoftencontainverb-likeparticlesorinfinitiveswhichcausethewritertothinkaverbhasbeeninclude.Dfragmentofdependentclauses:whenadependentclausearefairllong,awritermightmispuctuateitasasentence.WordOrderDeterminers

31、:名词前的限制词次序为前位-中位-后位，同时一个名词中心词前不可以同时用两其中位限制词或两个前位限制词。Adjectives形容词修饰名词的次序为：限制词-数词-描述词-（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）出处-资料性质类型-名词。Unit6ExpandedSentenceBaseFocusParticipleGettingtoknowparticiple:therearetwokindsofparticiple,oneendingwithing,andtheotherendingwithedwhichformstousedependsontherelationshipbetweentheverb

32、andthenoundescribed.1Thetremblingoldmanstoodbythebrokenwindow.2Frightenedbyastrangenoisedownstairshewentdownslowly,holdinghisguninhishandComplexparticiplephrasepresentparticipleindifferentmodesandaspectsBParticiplewithconjunctionTime:weusewhilewhentoemphasizethattheparticipleactionandthepredicateact

33、iontakeplaceatthesameplace.Wealsousewordslikebefore,aftertoshowthesequenceofthetwoactionWhilechasingthecat,thedoghurtitsfeet.Concession:weusewordslikethough,although,evenif,etc.toshowconcession.Shedoesntplantogototheparty,eventhoughinvited.Condition:weuseifwhenorunlessbeforeaparticipletoindicatethat

34、thisisjustacondition,insteadofafact.Whenhearted,thismaterialwillgiveoffaverybadsmell.GettingtoknowparticiplesfunctionAcreatingconcisesentenceBproducingmoredetailedsentence1Theoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand,shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword.2Shockedatwhathewastold,notutteringasingleword,t

35、heoldmanheldthereceiverinhishand.(Better)CestablishingclearerlogicIllhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays,hurtinaaccident.Hurtinaaccident,Illhavetostayinbedforacoupleofdays.AbsolutesGettingtoknowabsolutesUsingabsolutewithpurposeaddingdescriptivedetailstomakesentencemuchmorevivid.Themanagersatquietlyinhis

36、office,hiseyeclosed.Themanagersatquietlyinhisoffice,acigaretteburninginhishand.(better)indicatingcause-effectrelationshipsHeglaredathisboss,smiledisappeared.Thegirlwasenjoyingherfavoritesong,laughedloudly.GrammarComma-splitsentence:useacomatoconnecttwoseparateideas,ortwoindependentsentenceWecanuseso

37、meconjunctiontocombinethesentence.FusedsentenceWeshouldknowthebasestructureofsentence,likeSVC,SV,SVO,SVOC.Unit7JoiningSentenceTogetherFOCUSCoordination:isacommonsyntacticpatternformedbygroupingtogethertwoormorecategoriesofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,but,or.CoordinatestructuresAbasi

38、ccoordinateformulaCoordination=itemA+andbut+itemB(aredandyellowcurtain)Bcoordinationadifferentgrammaticallevels1hardbutrewarding(wordlevel)2afive-thousand-Yuansalaryandatwo-monthpaidholiday(phraselevel)3whoisoldenoughtoprovideknowledgeablelessonsaboutlifeandwhoisyoungenoughtotreatstudentsasfriends.(

39、clauselevel)4Leadersworkwithmind,andlaborersworkwithhand.(sentencelevel)Ccoordinationwithdifferenttypesofcoordinators1.Singlecoordinators:and,but,or2.Pairedcoordinators:bothand,eitheror,neithernor3.SerialcoordinationCoordinationinseries=itemA+itemB+itemC,+Coordinator+lastitemDusingconjunctiveadverbs

40、(sentenceconnectors)1indicatecontrast:however,instead,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,otherwise,incontrast2indicatecauseandeffect:therefore,thus,hence,consequently,asaresult,forthisreason3inndicateasimilarideafollows:besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,similarly4indicateemphasisandillustration:indee

41、d,infact,inparticular,forexample,forinstance5indicatetime:then,meanwhile,atthesametime,afterward,laterCoordinationatthesentencelevelcoordinatorrelationshipandThetwoitemsaresimilarbutThetwoitemsaredifferentorTwoitemsarealternativenorNeitherofthetwoitemstakeplacesoCausetheeffectyetWhatthesentencelessc

42、losethanwithbutFunctionofcoordinatesentences:toclaritytherelationshipbetweenclausesandassignsequalweighttotheideasAdvancedusagesofcoordinatesentenceAnominalclauseArepetitionorabsenceofcoordinatorsBsemicolons:aitquittancethepaceofthesentence;bslowlythesentencedown,sothereaderwillpundateovertheideas.C

43、interruptedcoordination:thephraseinsertedaddsmoreinformationtotheoriginalsentence.BMakingthesentencepasternsmorevaried.JoiningSentenceTogetherUnit8FocusSubordinationTheclausethatcanbeusedindependentlyiscalledindependentclause;theclausethatcannotbeusedaloneiscalleddependentclause,andthewordusedtoconn

44、ectthemandindicatedrelationshipiscalledsubordinator.Subordinationvs.coordinationSimilarity:theybothcombinetwoclauseintoonesentenceDifference:Thetwoclausesincoordinatesentencecanbeusedindecently,becausetheirmeaningsarecomplete;whileinsubordinateonlyonesentenceiscompletemeaningsandcanbeusedindigently.

45、Coordination:Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechosetomajorinaccounting.Subordination:AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechosetomajorinaccounting.Typesofsubordination:anominalclauseisadependentclausefunctioningasanoun.Whyyourfathercomeshereisamysterytome.Brelativeclauses:IlikethedogthatwhichischasingacatC

46、adverbialclausesFunctionsofsubordinationAmoreinformationBemphasis:tosumup,subordinationcanaddmoreinformationtoasentence,andmoreimportantly,itcangivespecialemphasistopartofthesentence.EffectiveuseofsubordinationApositionofthesubordinateclauseBsimplifiedsubordinationUnit9SentenceVarietyWaystoachievese

47、ntencevariety1Byvaryingthelengthshortsentence:emphatic,suitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas.Blongsentence:capableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision;suitablefortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.2Byvaryingthepattern:bysentencepatterns,wemeansente

48、nceofdifferentfunctionsandstructuresAvoidstringsofbriefandsimplesentenceAvoidtoomanycompoundsentence.Sentencefunction:errogativeimperativeexclamatoryGrammaticalstructure;simple,compound,complex,compound-complex3ByvaryingtheemphasisThefirststrategyforemphasisNaturalemphasispositioninEnglishsentence1T

49、heendofasentenceisthemostemphasisposition;thebeginningthesecond;themiddlethelast.2Whenweshifttheorder,wecreateacertainemphaticeffect,otherelementssuchasattributesandadverbialsareusuallyplacedclosetowhattheymodify.Thesecondstrategy;byusingemphaticpatterns,likewhatis,itistherebewhothat,doverb,passivevoicethat,4ByvaryingthebeginnerAsubject:besidesnounsandpronouns,numerals,infinitives,ingparticipleandclausecanalsobeusedassubject.byusingdifferentkindsofsubjectstob